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To compare the rates of schizophrenia among 1st and 2nd generation immigrants from two distinct backgrounds and across sequential periods of immigration.A 30-years retrospective cohort study (187,184 individuals) of 1st and 2nd generation East-African immigrants (EAIs) and former Soviet-Union immigrants (FSUIs) who migrated to Israel between 1980 and 2012. EAIs were further divided according to waves of immigration. Period prevalence was calculated between the years 2002-2012. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between immigration-related factors and prevalence of schizophrenia (Native-Born Israelis serving as reference group).The prevalence of schizophrenia in 1st generation EAIs and FSUIs was 1.8% and 1.2%, respectively, compared to 1.0% among NBIs (p0.001). The prevalence of schizophrenia among 2nd generation EAIs and FSUIs was 1.3% and 0.8%, respectively, compared to 0.6% among NBIs (p0.001). Adjusted odds ratios for developing schizophrenia compared to NBIs were 1.6 (95%CI:1.4-1.8) and 2.1 (95%CI:1.6-2.7), among 1st and 2nd generation EAIs and 1.1 (95%CI:0.9-1.2) and 1.3 (95%CI:1.0-1.8) among 1st and 2nd generation FSUIs respectively. Among EAIs, we observed the highest rate of schizophrenia in the pioneer wave of immigrants with gradual decline across subsequent waves: 2.4%, 1.9% and 1.0% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves of immigration, respectively (p0.001).The increased risk for developing schizophrenia among 2nd generation immigrants and among pioneer groups of immigrants emphasizes the importance of persistent investment in acculturation. Further studies elucidating the impact of country of origin and ethnic density on the risk for developing schizophrenia are warranted.

Immigrant children are a diverse group and include refugees, asylees, and internationally adopted children. They have various infectious disease risk factors, depending on conditions within their country of origin, journey, and current living conditions. Infectious disease screening should take place within the framework of a comprehensive medical evaluation in the medical home. Some screening is recommended for all immigrant children including hepatitis B, syphilis, HIV, tuberculosis, and intestinal parasites; other diseases can be tested for based on individual risks. Although guidelines and resources are available, there is limited evidence supporting much of the care of immigrant children and youth.

Drawing on equity theory, we apply Van Westendorp’s Price Sensitivity Meter (PSM) to compare the “pricing footprints” of a brand originating in countries differing in their country image favorability. This footprint is captured by the different price levels for which consumers perceive the brand to be (a) too cheap (i.e. raise concerns about its quality), (b) cheap (i.e. seem like a bargain), (c) expensive (i.e. not cheap but would still consider buying it), and (d) too expensive (i.e. priced so high as to prevent purchase). Based on two studies conducted in Ukraine and Brazil, and controlling for several consumer dispositions, we find that differences in country image do not always translate into significant differences across all components of the pricing footprint. Moreover, even if such differences are observed, they do not apply to all target countries. Implications for country-of-origin research and practice are considered and suggestions for future research made.

Despite its importance, there is no clear understanding of the impact of small firms’ capabilities (networking, innovation, and marketing) on their export performance. This article attempts to address this issue with a meta-analysis of 74 recent empirical studies comprising 76 independent samples and covering more than 30 countries. We found that innovation, marketing, and networking capabilities positively influence export performance of small firms. However, the context-dependent nature of these relationships demands a more fine-grained examination. The variations in the ES of these relationships are explained by the role of external business environmental factors prevailing in the country of origin of the firm (developing/developed country and individualism/collectivism culture). We examined the divergent results provided by empirical studies using the moderator analysis. The findings of this article shed light on the role of small firms’ capabilities in enhancing export performance in different contextual settings.

This study proposes a new approach to the Country-of-Origin Image (COI) literature. Unlike previous research which gathers COI from an outsider (external) perspective, it argues that the COI phenomenon should be understood from insider (internal) perspective, that is how national stakeholders within the home country perceive COI. Measuring the image of a country from the insider perspective can help its national stakeholders recognize COI as a valuable resource that can be translated into a Country-Specific Advantages (CSA). It thus introduces the construct ‘Country Self-image’ (CSI) that covers an insider perspective and identifies it as an antecedent of COI based CSA (COI-CSA). It adapts and validates a scale of CSI to this effect and test the relationship between CSI and COI-CSA by performing a structural equation modeling (SEM) on a dataset collected from two different surveys. The adapted scale of CSI comprises six dimensions and twenty-three items.

Purpose To objectively identify the 50 most influential studies in knee arthroscopy and provide an analysis of their key characteristics. Methods The Clarivate Analytics Web of Knowledge database was used to gather data and metrics of knee arthroscopy research. The search list was sorted by the number of citations, and articles were included or excluded based on relevance to knee arthroscopy. The information extracted for each article included author name, publication year, country of origin, journal name, article type, and the level of evidence. Results For these 50 studies, the total number of citations was calculated to be 12,168, with an average of 243.4 citations per paper. The most-cited article was cited 1,220 times. The 50 studies included in this analysis were published between 1972 and 2013. All 50 articles were published in English and came from 10 different orthopaedic journals. The United States was responsible for the majority of articles (n = 26); however, many other countries were represented. The most prevalent study designs were case series (n = 20). Conclusions The 50 most influential articles in knee arthroscopy were cited a total of 12,168 times. The study designs most commonly used were case series and cohort studies. This article serves as a reference to direct orthopaedic practitioners to the 50 most influential studies in knee arthroscopy. We hope that these 50 studies and the analysis we provide help health care professionals efficiently assess consensus, trends, and needs within the field. Clinical Relevance This analysis of the 50 most influential studies in knee arthroscopy will provide medical students, residents, fellows, and attending physicians with a comprehensive inventory and citation analysis of the most impactful academic contributions to one of the most important fields within orthopaedic surgery.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on orthopedic surgery practice, but there has been little investigation of the effects of COVID-19 on the orthopedic surgery literature. Additionally, because orthopedic research plays a vital role in physician education, changes to the characteristics and content of published literature can have lasting impacts on future teaching and learning. This paper represents the first known analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on peer-reviewed articles published in orthopedic surgery journals. Methods: The 20 orthopedic journals with the highest impact factors in 2019, according to the Journal Citation Reports, were included in this study. Using PubMed and COVID-19 related keywords as well as manual screening, a final count of 199 articles were assessed for this study and subsequently sorted by country of origin, orthopedic subspecialty, article type, and general theme. Kruskal Wallis and Pearson's Chi-squared tests were used to analyze continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results: Fourteen journals published articles relating to COVID-19, representing 26 countries with the United States (37%) and United Kingdom (13%) publishing the greatest proportion of all COVID-19 articles. Sixty percent of publications discussed COVID-19's impact on the overall field of orthopedic surgery, with the remainder focusing on specific subspecialties. Forty-seven percent of publications were original research articles while 46% were editorials or commentaries. The median time to publication for all COVID-19 related articles was 24.5 days, compared to the 129 days reported for orthopedic journals prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (p

Objectives Country of origin might affect vaccine uptake in children born to immigrants. We aimed to evaluate differences in childhood vaccination coverage (VC) and timeliness by macro-area of origin of foreign mothers residing in Italy. Study design Multicentre retrospective birth cohorts. Methods We analysed data of 23,287 children born in 2009–2014 to foreign women in the cities of Rome, Turin and Treviso. We retrieved data through record-linkage of the population, vaccination and birth registries. We estimated VCs at different ages for vaccines against tetanus, measles and meningococcal group-C, using the Kaplan–Meier method. Factors associated with vaccine uptake were evaluated using multilevel Poisson models. Results Estimates of VC at any age and for all antigens were significantly lower in children born to women from Asia and higher in children born to women from Africa, as compared to other macro-areas. Similar differences by area of origin were observed for timeliness; independently of mother's sociodemographic characteristics and neonatal outcomes, the probability of delay vaccination after 2 years of age for each antigen was highest in children born to women from Asia. The risk of missed vaccination for all antigens was significantly higher in children born to younger and unemployed women. Conclusions Factors related to area of origin (e.g., cultural habits, language skills) are likely to affect parents’ decision to vaccinate their children. These factors, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, should be adequately investigated and addressed to increase vaccine uptake in foreign children, especially those born to Asian women.

With greater understanding of preferred and frequently used modes of transportation, urban planners can design and promote efficient, equitable, and sustainable living environments. Few studies have examined the transportation needs immigrants who have recently arrived in the United States. Most of our limited understanding of this subset of the population is based on research obtained from immigrants who have resided in the United States for extended periods of time. Moreover, little is known about how post-immigration travel behaviors are affected by pre-immigration travel behaviors. This study examines how pre-immigration travel behaviors of Latinx immigrants affect their post-immigration travel behaviors within one year of their arrival to Miami-Dade County, Florida. The findings of this study align with previous research suggesting that, among this immigrant group, multiple modes of transportation are used—with variations by sex, income, and country of origin. Unlike previous studies, however, our results reveal a relatively high prevalence of driving, particularly among men, indicating the uniqueness of Latinx travel behavior in Miami-Dade County. An important and novel study finding is that transportation behaviors of immigrants soon after arrival are highly influenced by transportation behaviors in their country of origin. This knowledge can potentially be highly relevant to transportation planners in the United States, as it facilitates the adoption of early behavioral interventions to address immigrants’ transportation needs.

Introduction Meta-analyses provide high-level evidence and understanding their trends may provide understanding of the field as a whole. Bibliometric analysis was undertaken to understand research trends in a particular field or subfield and to assess citation as a measure of impact. Methods All journals categorised as “Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging” under the Web of Science subject category were included. After analyzing impact factors of the journals in up to 2018, the top five journals were identified. The retrieved results were ordered by citation count based on Web of Science and Scopus. Specific parameters regarding the title, journal, publication year, authors, country of origin, institution and university, field of study and funding sources were analyzed. Results A total of 139 articles were identified. The mean number of citations per article was 25.3 and 22.6 in Scopus and Web of Science respectively, with four articles receiving 100 or more citations. European Radiology had the greatest number of top cited articles (n = 68; 49%). Most number of articles originated from South Korea (n = 60; 43%) and the commonest field of focus with the most common being oncology (n = 51; 27%). Conclusion The top 5 high impact journals published a large number of meta-analysis and systematic reviews. The greatest number of top-cited articles were from South Korea, shifting away from the United States. Large number of studies focused on oncologic imaging, consistent with recent trends towards development of imaging biomarkers and personalized medicine. Author H index did not predict citation number or density.

Purpose To determine the 50 most frequently cited studies in the orthopaedic shoulder arthroscopy literature and to conduct a bibliometric analysis of these studies. Methods The Clarivate Analytics Web of Knowledge database was used to gather data and metrics using Boolean queries to capture all possible iterations of shoulder arthroscopy research. The search list was sorted so that articles were organized in descending order based on the number of citations and included or excluded based on relevance to shoulder arthroscopy. The information extracted for each article included author name, publication year, country of origin, journal name, article type, and the level of evidence. Results For these 50 studies, the total number of citations was calculated to be 13,910, with an average of 278.2 citations per paper. The most-cited article was cited 1134 times, whereas the second- and third-most cited articles were cited 920 and 745 times, respectively. All 50 articles were published in English and came from 7 different orthopaedic journals. The United States was responsible for most of the included articles (31), followed by France (9) and Japan (3). Conclusions The majority of the most-cited articles in shoulder arthroscopy are case series and descriptive studies originating from the United States. In addition, more than one half of the top 50 most-cited studies were published after 2004, which suggests that article age may be less important in the accumulation of citations for a rapidly growing field like shoulder arthroscopy. Clinical Relevance The top 50 most-cited studies list will provide researchers, medical students, residents, and fellows with a foundational list of the most important and influential academic contributions to shoulder arthroscopy.

The purpose of the study is to describe how society expresses itself in regard to people who, due to war, politics or religion, migrate from their country of origin to foreign countries. Refugees are considered minority groups. Thus, examining their behavior reveals significant data on sociocultural factors (Tsai, 2011). Under a qualitative approach and the netnography method, we used Twitter as an instrument for data collection. The model proposed by Perez-Cepeda and Arias-Bolzmann (2020), which describes cultural factors, is used to analyze the Twitter conversation flow that evidences the sociocultural factors of minority subcultures. Studies have shown that the data structure, classification, categorization, and purpose are based on the information production and consumption of the users who participate in Twitter conversations with @Refugees—the official account of the ACNUR/UNHCR Americas. The findings showed recurrent subjects and sets of ideas related to sociocultural factors, human rights, economic news, critical reflection, and religious topics. Tweets about refugees describe the sociocultural issues around this minority group. This paper focuses on refugees, the consumption of refugee information, text writing, sociocultural factors, and the environment on Twitter. This research contributes to the social sciences, especially to sociocultural interaction studies. The originality of the work is the identification of sociocultural factors related to the social sciences that emerge from minority groups' tweets through images, texts, and objects.

In the present study, we examined satisfaction with life (SWL), group identifications, perceived discrimination, and socio-economic status among immigrants and stayers. The study had two main objectives: 1) to test the morbidity and salutary hypotheses of immigration by comparing the psycho-social characteristics of immigrants and stayers; 2) to test a resource model of well-being among immigrants and stayers by investigating the effect of different resources and stressors on SWL. The study was conducted using a random representative sample of first-generation immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel (n = 400) and a not-random large and geographically dispersed sample of Jews staying in Russia (n = 935). The comparison of immigrants and stayers revealed that immigration is a mixed blessing, salutary in some aspects and onerous in others. In general, immigrants were more satisfied with their life than stayers. In addition, identification with the country of residence was stronger among immigrants than stayers. However, immigrants reported a higher level of perceived discrimination, and their socio-economic status was lower than that of stayers. Socio-economic status, identification with the country of residence, and perceived discrimination were directly connected to SWL among immigrants and stayers. In addition, among stayers, identification with the ethnic minority group was connected to SWL, while among immigrants, identification with the country of origin was not connected to SWL. Socio-economic status and perceived discrimination also affected SWL indirectly, through their connections to identification with the country of residence among immigrants and stayers and through their connection to ethnic identification among stayers. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd The study was partly supported by a grant from Leonid Nevzlin Research Center for Russian and East European Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Israel Science Foundation Grant 244/15 .

People who migrate often experience complex inter-connections between their countries of origin and new host societies. This paper explores the ways in which Sri Lankan migrants living in New Zealand navigate distances (geographical, social and relational) between their country of origin (Sri Lanka) and new host nation (New Zealand). To explore such processes we engaged eight Sri Lankan migrant households through repeat interviews, which were enhanced by photo-elicitation, object-related methods, and go-along techniques. Drawing insights from the resulting empirical materials, we document how particular places, such as culturally-textured kitchens, can bridge distances between the two countries. Our analysis also documents how migrant negotiations of distance are dynamic, relational and determined by socio-cultural contexts.

Background Capability beliefs and the intention to adopt EBP in future nursing practice have been identified as strong antecedents of subsequent utilization of EBP. Despite this, a multicountry comparison may yield interesting findings that can be useful in designing empirically based and culturally tailored strategies to facilitate and enhance students' capability beliefs as well as their intentions to integrate evidence into nursing practice. Aims and objectives This report sought to compare capability beliefs and intentions to adopt EBP in the future among student nurses from four countries—specifically, Oman, India, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia—and to identify specific variables that predict the intention to adopt EBP. Methods This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative research design to gather data from a convenience sample of 1387 nursing students from four countries using self-report questionnaires that captured their EBP capability beliefs and their intention to adopt EBP in clinical practice upon graduation. This study adhered to STROBE guideline for cross-sectional studies. Results Overall, nursing students reported a high intent to adopt EBP in their future nursing practice; however, the exact rate varied according to the country of origin. Students' gender, student track, education, country of origin, access to the internet, and capability beliefs were seen as important in explaining the likelihood of future implementation of evidence in clinical nursing practice. Capability beliefs among students were moderate, with large differences observed between countries. Conclusions Although the surveyed nursing students reported moderate capability beliefs, their intention to adopt and integrate EBP in their future nursing practice was relatively high. Relevance to clinical practice The findings of this study highlight the critical role of nurse educators and nurse administrators in fostering EBP capability beliefs and future intentions to adopt among students through curricular review, implementation of evidence-based strategies, and the promotion of EBP culture within the clinical learning sites.

Can CSR and sustainability signals increase corporate brand performance and brand equity? What makes these signals more effective? Although research largely evaluates these questions, this research, using secondary data on 135 different brands across industries and countries, explores foreign and domestic performance, and compares sustainability and CSR signals, providing new perspectives. Further, we uniquely contribute to the dialogue that country origin influences signal effectiveness, using the corporate brand's country of origin sustainability reputation (COSR). Using bivariate analysis and OLS regression to discover these relationships, the exploratory findings provide theoretical and practical implications. For domestic (vs. international) performance, sustainability (vs. both) signals are important, especially for corporate brands from mid-ranked CORS. Interestingly, consumer misbeliefs in sustainability affect domestic performance and brand equity. For equity, consumer perceptions, CSR signals, and sustainability signals contribute to brand equity, and can be more effective for corporate brands from low or mid-ranked COSR. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.

The current exploratory research aims to understand adolescent perceptions of credibility and ethical attitudes toward online native advertising (NA), in conjunction with persuasion knowledge, and explore how these attitudes might differ in three different cultures: U.S., Turkey and Israel. A survey employing a NA article was administered among adolescents (n = 610). The manipulation examined their ethical attitudes and credibility perceptions toward the NA articles before and after the persuasion knowledge. Findings strengthen research assumptions that most adolescents have encountered NA without recognizing it as persuasive communication. Adolescents find NA articles less credible and less ethical when they are informed about it. Moreover, results show that adolescents in general have a tendency to accept NA as a moral practice, while findings point to significant differences in responses moderated by country of origin.

Background Information on the world distribution of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in refugees/migrants is not available at the same rate for all countries or for different ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Today, Syria's humanitarian catastrophe has become a public health concern, which cannot be ignored. Methods A search was conducted across PubMed and Google Scholar for papers on cardiovascular diseases among refugees/migrants worldwide with a focus on Syrian in Turkey. Results The total number of papers identified through the database searches and from reference lists was 486. Of these, 62 were found to be relevant after further screening. A further 42 papers were considered not eligible after full-text, language and data assessments, resulting in a final 20 papers included in the qualitative analysis. These studies discussed several major themes: cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors among refugees/migrants, the effects of changing living conditions on refugees/migrants, the effects of psychological and socioeconomic factors, and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in refugees/migrants. The risk of cardiovascular disease varied by country of origin, country of destination, and duration of residence. The findings suggest that cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors are increased for Syrian refugees in Turkey. Conclusion Raising awareness, prevention, early detection, and good management as well as monitoring and reporting of risk factors are the key components to controlling cardiovascular diseases in refugees. Further studies and greater acquisition of survey data are urgently needed.

Contributing to research on consumer segmentation in the context of country-of-origin (COO) effects, the current study focuses on the need for cognition (NFC) and need for affect (NFA) as conditioning variables on the links between country image and attitude towards the country on the one hand and consumers' product-country image (PCI) assessments on the other. We conduct two studies: one in a highly developed, EU-member country (Austria, N = 203) and one in a developing CEE country (Bosnia & Herzegovina, N = 195). Our findings show that NFC and NFA have opposing influences on the aforementioned relationships in Austria. In contrast, in Bosnia & Herzegovina we find no significant interaction effects as well as a non-significant relationship between attitude towards the country and PCI. Overall, our results indicate that the utility of NFC and NFA as segmentation variables is country-specific and reveal cross-country differences in the operation of COO effects.

We introduce political conservatism as possibly associated with brand attachment. We propose that conservatism, in particular, might be related to stronger attachment bonds to brands due to greater feelings of uncertainty, encouraging consumers to seek security via forming brand attachment bonds. In five studies, we demonstrate a relationship between conservatism and brand attachment. Uncertainty is able to explain the relationship, as attachment bonds to brands can appease conservatives' uncertainty. We also observe downstream consequences for price sensitivity and purchase intentions. Finally, the relationship may arise primarily for a brand with a domestic (vs. foreign) country-of-origin. Accordingly, consumers' political ideology may play a role in brand attachment with implications for how brand managers can segment or target the market in order to predict consumer–brand relationships. We situate our work more generally on the relevance of consumers' political ideology for marketing activities.

In this research, we examined the effect of the country of origin (COO) image of an ingredient brand on consumers' evaluation of a host brand. Using airlines as host products and aircraft as ingredients, two experiments were conducted in Brazil and Canada respectively, to assess the COO effect of an ingredient brand on the host brand. Results show that a local host brand from a country with a favorable COO image (Canada) is unaffected by an ingredient brand from a country with an unfavorable COO image (Brazil), whereas a local host brand from a country with an unfavorable COO image is benefited by an ingredient brand from a country with a favorable COO image. This effect is moderated by a home country bias of consumers. Evaluation of the local host brand was unaffected by the COO image of the ingredient brand among those with a high bias toward local brands.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had an immeasurable impact, affecting healthcare systems, the global economy, and society. Exploration of trends within the existing COVID-19 data may guide directions for further study and novel treatment development. As the world faces COVID-19 disease, it is essential to study its epidemiological and clinical characteristics further to better understand and aid in its detection and containment. Methods We aimed to study the clinical characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19 in Dubai, a multi-national Society. Results Our findings demonstrate that during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic, age, gender, and country of origin were associated with more severe cases of COVID-19, higher risk for hospitalization and death. Male individuals between 41 and 60 years of age from India had the most significant hospitalization and death predictor (p = .0001). The predictors for COVID-19 related deaths were slightly less than UAE Nationals by individuals from GCC (p = .02) that were followed closely behind by Pilipino (p = .02) and Arabs (p = .001). Conclusion The vulnerability of individuals to infection and in the spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms remains to be understood. There are large variations in disease severity, one component of which may be genetic variability in responding to the virus. Genomics of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and the wide variation in clinical response to COVID-19 in patients should become active investigation areas.

The following describes the case of Miguel and a missed diagnosis in an undocumented minor. Miguel Estrada (all names changed to protect identity) was a 10-year-old boy of Central American origin initially seen at age 8 years in our university outpatient child psychiatry clinic. During the initial evaluation with a native Spanish-speaking provider, his mother, Mrs. Estrada, reported behavioral problems beginning at age 5 with diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability; a trauma history was denied. Over the subsequent 2 years, Miguel continued treatment in our outpatient service and later transitioned to our school-based clinic. At the intake visit, Mrs. Estrada explained (with the assistance of his school paraprofessional educator and translator) that they crossed the United States/Mexico border illegally when Miguel was 5 years old. Miguel's behavioral problems began when Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials separated him from his parents, his father was deported, and he was exposed to harsh conditions. During his parents' detention, he was transitioned to five failed foster placements with escalating behavioral problems that eventually led to a 3-month psychiatric residential stay. During the initial visit to the school psychiatric clinic a trauma history was again denied by Miguel and his mother. Ten months into treatment in the school-based psychiatric clinic, Miguel reported hearing a male voice and a motorbike throughout the day, and the diagnosis of a psychotic disorder was entertained. Upon questioning, Mrs. Estrada disclosed that a shooting occurred in their country of origin and prompted their flight to the United States; she stated, "He hears the voice of the men who came on motorbikes and shot at the family home." She explained that Miguel was in the home at the time of the incident and the target was his father. Reexperiencing surfaced with the Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School massacre on February 14, 2018; Miguel no longer felt safe at school and was fearful of being shot. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder was diagnosed, and treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy was recommended. Mrs. Estrada preferred trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy; however, the school's clinicians were not trained in this treatment modality and were unable to provide regular psychotherapy sessions. Six months later Miguel continued to report attenuated symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Transcultural consultations receive unaccompanied minors experiencing psychological distress as a result of their personal history in their country of origin, their harrowing journey until their arrival in France and their vulnerable situation. Presentation of the mental health pathway and identity issues of one of these young unaccompanied foreigners, and asylum seeker.

This research shows that effects of Alden, Steenkamp, and Batra's (1999) consumer-culture positioning strategies (i.e., global, local, or foreign consumer-culture positioning) on consumer attitudes toward brands are contingent on the image of the foreign brand's country of-origin and the communication of a Made-in-China label. In the context of luxury cars in China, we find that Made-in-China acts as a primary cue that overrides both the effect of consumer culture positioning strategies and the effect of the foreign brand's country-of-origin image on consumer attitudes. Consumer-culture positioning strategies differ in their effects on brand attitudes only when advertising does not signal Made-in-China. This research contributes to qualifying the effects of country of brand-origin image and consumer-culture positioning strategies in relation to global luxury brands manufactured in newly industrialized economies.

This paper uses micro data from the European Social Survey to investigate the impact of culture of leisure and taxes on labor force participation and hours worked of second-generation immigrants who reside in 26 European countries. These individuals are born in Europe, and they have been exposed to institutional, legal and labor market structures of their countries, including the tax rates. Their fathers are first-generation immigrants who migrated from 47 different countries. I construct measures of “taste for leisure” in the country of origin of each immigrant father. I employ average and marginal tax rates for each country of residence, and control for individual characteristics, in addition to a large set of attributes of the country of residence and country of origin. I demonstrate that systematic selection of first-generation immigrants (the fathers of the individuals analyzed) to countries of destination based on the tax rates is unlikely. The results show that for women, both taxes and culture of leisure impact labor force participation and hours worked. For men, taxes influence labor supply both at the intensive and the extensive margins, but culture of leisure has no impact. The results are insensitive to the omission of immigrants from Muslim countries.

Ethnic restaurant markets are proliferating due to expanding consumer demand for global flavors. This study investigated the most effective advertising formats for encouraging U.S. consumers to eat ethnic foods. This study compared the effectiveness of picture-dominant advertisements (food-focused vs. spokesperson-focused) and text-dominant advertisements with two different text lengths (short vs. long). The two experiments in this study found that the spokesperson-focused ad was more effective for customers with cultural familiarity. This study also found that a detailed description of the ethnic food was evaluated more highly in terms of cognitive understanding than the short summary. The text-dominant ads were significantly more effective than the picture-dominant ads for individuals who were unfamiliar with the culture of the cuisine’s country of origin. The results suggest that marketers need to increase customers’ attention by customizing advertising formats based on target customers with varied levels of cultural familiarity.

The current literature on forced migration offers only limited knowledge of how each of the different consequences of war, such as damage to property and casualties to family members, and the services provided to the refugees in the host country, affect the difficult choices that refugees subsequently must make as to when and where to migrate from their location as refugees. This paper contributes to that literature by studying the effects of armed violence in Syria on the intentions of Syrian refugees in Turkey to return to Syria, stay in Turkey or move on to Europe and elsewhere. The study is based on three waves of a survey of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Special attention is given to the impacts of war (loss of home, property damage and casualties) and the duration of stay and quality of services received as refugees in Turkey, as well the individual characteristics of the refugees (e.g., gender, age, education, and income). The results show that (1) the longer and greater the level of violence in the country of origin, and the longer the time spent outside of Syria, the lower the likelihood that the refugee will want to return to Syria; (2) the longer the time the refugee has spent in Turkey, the higher is the probability of permanent settlement in another European country; and (3) the more and higher quality of services provided to the refugees, the more likely they are to remain in Turkey. The results offer insights into the design of international policy for dealing with the violence and the handling of refugees.

This study proposes an alternative approach to the usual cognitive investigation of the purchasing behaviour for food products by country-of-origin (COO). The new approach is based on two well-known behavioural models: the Negative Binomial Distribution and the Dirichlet model. Using two large datasets of actual purchasing of COOs of wine and butter in the UK, the study finds that both models are capable of describing and predicting COO purchasing behaviour in a probabilistic and polygamous manner (not loyal to one origin). The study also identifies several important patterns of COO purchases that are associated with these models, including the double jeopardy pattern and the duplication of purchase pattern. These patterns can be used to develop strategy to grow product sales based on COO. They can also be used to evaluate the effects of marketing interventions, such as origin-based promotions and communications based on COO Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This article reports on a novel approach to tracing the career paths of recent doctoral graduates from South African universities. Little was previously known regarding the mobility of students from sub-Saharan Africa who obtain their doctoral degrees in South Africa’s universities, despite this group comprising over a third of South Africa’s total doctoral graduates. Given South Africa’s high-level skills shortage, and the fact such students are subsidized by the South African taxpayer, their career trajectory on completion is of interest to policy. A tracer study styled as MOTHS – Mobility of the Highly Skilled - used unconventional techniques to track the career paths of graduates over 2012 to 2013. Results of the first phase of the project indicate 'brain circulation' whereby the majority of graduates return to their country of origin. Implications for higher education and immigration policy are discussed.

Millions of learners have enrolled in MOOCs in the last few years. However, little is known about the essential skills students need to succeed in MOOCs. Even less is known about how country of origin or other aspects such as gender might affect these skills. By integrating the resources and appropriation scholarship with second-level digital divide research, this study considers skills used to engage ICTs with self-efficacy and locus of control among MOOC learners from five regions. Results from surveying 2882 learners who enrolled in five English and Arabic MOOCs reveal significant differences among learners from various regions. Based on the region in which they live, some of the learners have significantly higher skills than learners in other regions. Furthermore, male learners from three of the five regions have higher levels of engagement with ICTs than female learners. These findings inspire important considerations for future educational programs.

This study aims to investigate whether and to what extent income inequality of country of origin modifies the health trajectories of immigrants to the United States (U.S.). Much previous research has found a negative association between income inequality and health across nations. A separate, large literature shows that characteristics of immigrants' countries of origin affect their health status after migration. However, there is no evidence about whether income inequality of countries of origin affects postmigration health trajectories. Merging individual data from the Current Population's Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC CPS) (2013) with macro-level data, I find that income inequality exerts a statistically significant negative effect on immigrants' health trajectories. While immigrants arriving from countries with greater income inequality tend to be healthier than immigrants arriving from countries that are more egalitarian, their health tends to decline at a faster rate over time. The results are consistent with at least two mechanisms. Immigrants from higher-inequality countries may arrive in the U.S. with fewer transferable skills and take up low-paid jobs, with negative consequences for their long-term health. Alternatively, the harmful consequences of early exposure to high-income inequality in home countries before immigration may persist over the life course, damaging individuals' health even after they have left their home nations.

There has been a significant increase in the number of asylum-seekers entering the United States in recent years, including children and unaccompanied minors. Upon arrival to the country, these young patients may seek care in an emergency department for acute medical issues related to their journey or chronic conditions that were undiagnosed or inadequately treated in their country of origin. The purpose of this article is to familiarize emergency department clinicians with the common medical conditions seen in pediatric asylum-seekers and outline the ethical and legal issues that may arise when caring for this vulnerable patient population.

This paper explores motivations for diasporic medical tourism. Using a qualitative method it seeks to understand diasporic medical tourism behaviour. Specifically, it examines the case of the Polish diaspora in Belgium making return trips to their country of origin to obtain healthcare services. Narratives suggest that the Polish diaspora in Belgium travels primarily for VFR (visiting friends and relatives), yet medical tourism constitutes a secondary reason while it is well planned and organized up-front. Four motivational factors have an influence on this behaviour: time availability (by-the-by), relative cost, shopping for the best quality and cultural affinity. Furthermore, managerial and theoretical implications of diasporic medical tourism are discussed as well as recommendations for future research.

This article introduces the special issue on global marketing in business-to-business contexts. The aim is to advance knowledge on the subject that can stimulate further research in this important and emerging area of industrial marketing. The twelve contributions selected for this special issue bring together high quality contemporary research that address challenges and recent developments. The articles specifically offer unique insights that progress understanding in the area, provide interesting managerial implications, and present intriguing opportunities for future researchers. These contributions reflect the variety of current work in global marketing in the business-to-business context. While most of the contributions in this special issue focus on the development and deployment of unique resources and capabilities to enhance international competitiveness and performance success, insights are also offered on international relationships and/or relationship marketing within the business-to-business context, country of origin effects, and knowledge transfer between international partners in subsidiaries. The article concludes with a summary of important avenues for further research.

In business-to-business markets, customers can use a supplier's perceived country of origin as a cue in assessing that supplier; this inference making results in stereotypical supplier evaluation criteria which are the basis for country-of-origin evaluations. To date, these criteria have not been established properly by an empirical study. Using a qualitative approach, the current study uncovers a fuller picture of the stereotypical criteria behind this inference. Using the repertory grid method, the authors interview 30 purchasing agents from car manufacturers in three European countries. Through this empirical study, they outline a system of nine categories that are conceptually examined and result in the conclusion that stereotypical supplier evaluation criteria reflect a customer-perceived interpretation of suppliers' organizational competences.

There is an exponential growth in the field of biomedical literature over the years. Although numerous articles are published every year, few of them present important conceptual advances in that particular field and are found to be influential in the evolution of the field. The number of citations a publication receives can be used as a proxy marker of its impact on the field. Hence we aimed to analyze the top cited articles (n = 100) on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as of July 2018. Google scholar database was searched using a freely available software, Publish or Perish. Information related to number of citations, publication title, publication year, name of the journal, country of origin, author details, institution of origin, article type, and article design. The original research articles were further classified into descriptive/epidemiology, mechanism, management, scale/measurement, imaging and medical psychiatry. The citation classics suggest that clinical trials/management, epidemiology and neuroimaging were the most researched areas in the OCD research. These citation classics provide an important insight into the historical developments, like the role of serotonin and caudate in OCD. This approach of citation analysis provides an opportunity to retrieve the classic articles on OCD, and describes the trends in OCD research.

Objectives Professional athletes undergo annual pre-season laboratory screening, although clinical evidence supporting the practice is limited and no uniform set of guidelines on pre-season laboratory screening exists. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical value of annual pre-season laboratory screening tests for a major professional sports team over multiple years. Design Retrospective chart review. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all laboratory results as well as screening ECGs for a single major professional sports team over a 9-year timeframe (2009–2017). Results The data show that 10.01% of initial screening test results were abnormal and 40.32% of abnormal tests resulted in additional testing. Overall, only 0.35% of initial tests resulted in a clinically significant outcome. Non-US born players showed a significantly higher average rate of abnormal tests/year compared to US-born players (p-value 0.006), but there was no difference in clinically significant outcomes. There was no relationship between athlete age and laboratory screening outcomes. Conclusions In our study population, yearly pre-season laboratory screening of professional athletes did not yield substantial clinically significant outcomes and would not be warranted under normal clinical standards. Future best practice guidelines should combine research concerning effects of family medical history, race, gender, country of origin, and type of sport on athlete health when creating recommendations for which pre-season laboratory screenings may be pertinent even with evidence of little utility.

Introduction Scientometric analyses outline the research output in a field and, therefore, help researchers and funding agencies to focus more on underinvestigated areas and make more efficient decisions related to public health. The aim of this study was 1. to perform a scientometric analysis to characterize the status of the research and publications in the field of regenerative endodontics and 2. to identify the most effective actors (authors, countries, and journals) and to examine their role in the development of science using a bibliometric analysis. Methods Electronic searches were done in MEDLINE and Scopus databases using specified search criteria. All articles related to the field of regenerative endodontics until December 2017 were included. The total number of publication/year and the yearly growth rate of publications were calculated. The following data were extracted and analyzed: authors, country of origin, journal, number of citations, study design, and level of evidence (LOE). The visualization maps for authorship/coauthorship, citations, and country of origin of articles were prepared and analyzed. Results A total of 694 articles were included. The average yearly growth for publications was 40.4% between 2007 and 2017. The highest number of articles were ex vivo/in vitro (n = 342, 49.27%). The distribution of articles based on LOE was as follows: LOE 1, 8.34%; LOE 2, 6.00%; LOE 3, 0.66%; LOE 4, 11.67%; and LOE 5, 73.33%. Collectively, 1820 authors contributed to the publications included in this study: 1001 authors within 40 collaborating clusters and 819 authors within 149 noncollaborating clusters. The United Sates was the lead country regarding the number of publications, citations, and international collaborations. The Journal of Endodontics published the highest number of articles. Conclusions The total number of publications in the field of regenerative endodontics shows exponential growth in the past decade. However, the proportion of articles with LOE 1 is low. The research groups around the globe are encouraged to focus their collaborative efforts on higher-quality and clinically oriented research.

This article reviews the present state of research on multinational corporations (MNCs) in the international human resource management (IHRM) literature. Drawing on 342 articles from 39 English journals in the business and management field published over the period of 2000–2014, we identify three key strands within this section of the IHRM scholarly field (MNC country of origin/domicile effects; expatriate management; and, intra-organizational knowledge and strategy flows). Building up on our detailed assessment of trends in the literature based on a systematic review, we propose areas where the field could be developed and extended through drawing on insights from, and building synthesis with, cognate fields. We conclude that major developments on the ground – the increasing numbers of unskilled expatriate workers, the rise of MNCs from emerging markets, and the growth of transnational alternative investors – have the potential to transform the field of enquiry, yet are only starting to appear in the IHRM literature. In developing new major areas of enquiry – and in extending existing ones – insights may be drawn from the literature on comparative institutional analysis to take fuller account of trans-national actors.

The data presented in this article are based on provides a systematic and organized review of 219 studies regarding using of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in higher education from 2012 to 2017. Consequently, the extant, peer-reviewed literature relating to MOOCs was methodically assessed, as a means of formulating a classification for MOOC-focused scholarly literature. The publication journal, country of origin, researchers, release data, theoretical approach, models, methodology and study participants were all factors used to assess and categorise the MOOC. These data contribute to materials required by readers who are interested in different aspects related to the literature of using Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in higher education. Intention to use, interaction, engagement, motivations and satisfaction were five dynamics assessed in relation to the improvement of MOOCs. Students’ academic performance can be influenced by MOOC which has the advantage of facilitating the learning process through offering materials and enabling the share of information. Keywords: Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), Higher education, Systematic literature review

Tools for supranational communication of food safety risks like the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) play an increasingly important role in consumer protection along global supply chains. They allow for a coordinated response to emerging public health threats such as Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), the causative agent of the foodborne disease listeriosis. As a result of disease severity and the rising number of human listeriosis cases in Germany since 2011, an effective reporting system on Lm contamination in food products has become more crucial than ever to counteract this trend. Therefore, we analysed RASFF notifications on food products contaminated with Lm and distributed in Germany, 2001 to 2015, assessed trends in the reported data and addressed options for improvement in the current notification system. In RASFF Lm notifications concerning Germany from 2001 to 2015, there was often a discrepancy between country of origin and notifying country, indicating that the food safety risk was not always recognised at the earliest possible time point of the product's life span. In addition, in our dataset, most Lm notifications were driven by official controls when the respective product was already on the market. However, starting in 2005, there was an increasing trend for company's own checks. This trend of making food manufacturers accountable for the detection and notification of contaminated products in the production line is a first step into the right direction as it might help to reduce the number of contaminated food products that enter the market. Besides its function as a reporting tool, the RASFF may also facilitate the identification of risk factors associated with Lm contamination so that the problem can be tackled at its root. Unfortunately, information about packaging and food processing was only mentioned in a minority of Lm notifications. Hence, risk factors cannot be easily identified. In the future, a comprehensive database including additional metadata together with the RASFF notification should be established. Although a solid basis for the surveillance of Lm, there is still room for improvement in RASFF to speed-up the flow of information. This might help to identify food safety risks that can be harmful to European consumers much faster, more effectively prevent the spread of risk bearing food products and consequently reduce the burden of listeriosis.

This paper examines the joint effect of host’s cultural identity (i.e., ingroup vs. outgroup), presence of a travel companion, and consumer’s country of origin on international travelers’ evaluations of home-sharing services. A quasi-experimental design was implemented to collect data from U.S. and Chinese consumers. Results indicate a significant three-way interaction: In a culturally different destination, Chinese consumers prefer home-sharing services provided by ingroup hosts whether traveling alone or with a companion, whereas American consumers only show ingroup preference if they travel alone; when traveling internationally with a travel companion, American consumers prefer home-sharing services provided by an outgroup host. Further, psychological closeness and perceived experience authenticity are found to be the mediators underlying international travelers’ home-sharing preferences. Findings of this study offer new insights to the research and management of sharing economy.

European Economic Review, 111, ISSN:0014-2921, ISSN:1873-572X

Sustainable food products have become significantly more important over the last decades. One example is the constant growth in the market for organic food. However, market shares for sustainable aquaculture products remain small. Parallel to emerging markets for sustainable foods, consumers' interest in the geographical origin, in particular domestic and local food production evolved. The aim of this paper was to elicit target groups for fish from sustainable aquaculture and their preferences for different countries of origin. Choice experiments and structured interviews were conducted with 447 German consumers of fish to analyze heterogeneous consumer groups. The results of latent class modelling yielded five target groups. One consumer segment (19%) was predominantly considering sustainability labels and claims on production criteria, i.e. ‘production in natural ponds’ and ‘sustainably produced’. The largest consumer segment (39%) placed highest importance on the COO while sustainability labels and claims had a positive but much weaker impact. Yet, another consumer segment (20%) gave the country of origin priority over all other attributes. Two more classes based their choice primarily on price, with one class preferring premium prices and the other class low prices. Marketers of sustainable aquaculture products are advised to source products from countries of origin that consumers prefer, and prominently declare the country of origin. For reaching new target groups, certified sustainable producers should not only rely on their label. It is recommended to focus on production criteria of consumer interest, for example the production in natural ponds, and state these on the product package.

This paper examines whether foreign CEOs coming from Anglo-Saxon countries receive higher compensation than other foreign CEOs. The findings reveal a strongly positive association between Anglo-Saxon nationality and CEO compensation, including cash and non-cash components; and this finding is limited to a subset of firms that are headquartered in non-culturally and non-ethnically diverse counties. We interpret these findings as firms rewarding CEOs more for their perceived fit within the company given their shared cultural and social values, rather than Anglo-Saxon CEOs having higher rent-extracting capacities. Finally, the CEO's country of origin does not explain current and future firm financial performance.

In this paper, we measure demand growth characteristics for the imported salted & dried fish (klippfisk) market in Brazil. Norway has dominated this market but more recently, Portugal has expanded production of salted & dried fish. Codfish has traditionally been the prime input used in the salted & dried process but a variety of other whitefish (Pollock, Ling, Saithe, Tusk) are used for this product. Our interest here is twofold; measuring country of origin growth effects comparing Norwegian to Portuguese salted & dried codfish products and, measuring growth effects for salted & dried fish based on alternative primary fish inputs used in processing. For the former we anticipate quality differences based on country of origin. For the latter, the choice of primary fish input impacts both cost of processing and quality of final product. The model is used to simulate a number of price scenarios.

Many older people who have emigrated from Vietnam to the United States continue to use the traditional medicines that they used in their country of origin. Clinicians trained in the West may not be familiar with these products. We reviewed 6 Asian traditional medicines that are popular among older Vietnamese people living in the United States. Each medicine has significant side effects that can lead to complications in patients undergoing surgery. Here, we present the case of a patient who used Cordyceps sinensis daily as a tonic and experienced prolonged bleeding after dental surgery.

The impact of High Speed Rail (HSR) on tourism is an important issue that has not been sufficiently studied until now. An analysis of the recent literature leads to the conclusion that these impacts depend on the characteristics of each tourist destination and the different pattern followed by domestic and foreign visitors. While studies focused on Asia show HSR to have a significant effect on tourism indicators, European case studies reveal a lower impact, mainly caused by foreign visitors. Nevertheless, a deeper analysis of foreign tourism and its relation with HSR is required. This paper empirically analyses how Spanish HSR (its existence and the growth of the network) conditions the number of foreign visitors, per country of origin, in the six regions linked by HSR. A fixed effects model has been applied to a new panel database (1997–2016) compiled with official statistics from surveys of tourists at borders, rather than through the traditional approach of considering hotel overstays. The results by country of origin show, for the main nationalities, that the influx of tourists is not dependent on the existence or expansion of HSR. However, the analysis at the regional level suggests that HSR benefits trips within mainland Spain to some coastal tourist destinations while its impact on visitor numbers in inland regions may be irrelevant or even negative. Finally, the enlargement of the HSR network may favour the regions in a central position in the network, encouraging further competition between the tourist destinations located at HSR network nodes.

This study investigates the negative effect of the home country's institutional image on emerging-market multinational companies' acquisitions, and how these companies can increase their acquisition completion by overcoming this effect. We propose that a foreign acquisition is more likely to be completed if: (1) the acquirer has an extended home base - it has inward internationalization experience, or it acquires through overseas subsidiaries; and (2) it enters institutionally close markets. Using longitudinal data on 13,259 acquisitions between 1996 and 2012 by firms from ten major emerging economies, we empirically test our hypotheses. The findings have important implications for scholars, policymakers and managers.