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Electronic government (e-Government) is a research field that studies the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the public sector. Such initiatives are often associated with prom ...

The adoption of e-governing practices has revolutionised the administrative machinery of governments worldwide by improving efficiency, transparency, and accountability. Researchers and administrators often aim to identify emerging research fronts and the timeline of the evolution to forecast and implement technology. In this work, we systematically investigate the trajectory of the global evolution and emerging research fronts as well as the prospects for e-governance using citation network analysis. The growth curve fitted to the number of articles published per year shows that the research activities are still in the ascendant phase. We visualise the global main path of the citation network and investigate the patterns to trace the knowledge diffusion path, major milestones, and emerging research fronts. The cluster analysis identifies the major topics of research as administration and information system management, e-governance framework design, efficiency or quality evaluation, and the application of social networks and open data leading to e-democracy. The adoption of open data and social networking for user interactions with government that leads to participatory governance are the emerging research trends. We also identify research that can have a future impact based on network parameters. The results contribute to the literature by setting the focus of future research, and assisting administrators in selecting suitable models and methodologies, and manufacturers with the development of required technical devices suitable for the upcoming phase of symbiosis.

This study tackles the inquiry of whether the Internet is a tool for democracy or oppression.E-participation did not significantly mediate political evolution from electoral democracy to liberal democracy.Online filtering or censorship significantly mediated the relationship between electoral democracy and liberal democracy.Technological readiness for e-participation is not consistent with the level of civil liberties. This study addressed the question of whether the Internet is a tool for democracy or oppression. To that end, it analyzed the relationships among national-level indicators on a global scale (national economy, human capital, ICT deployment, electoral rights, civil liberties, and online filtering). The results of the cross-national examination through the path analyses found that Internet-enabled participation did not significantly mediate political evolution from electoral democracy to liberal democracy. On the contrary, online filtering or censorship significantly mediated the relationship between electoral democracy and liberal democracy. Moreover, the study identified the countries that were experiencing inconsistencies between their technological readiness for Internet-enabled participation and the extent of oppression of their civil liberties by categorizing their levels of Internet-enabled participation and liberal democracy.

Decentralized civic engagement, i.e. engagement which is not initiated and managed by government, has been often used as a popular slogan in various public speeches to highlight the importance of genuine civic interests in governance, yet offering very limited options on how to actually promote such involvement. The advent of the digital era has facilitated the development of a plethora of digital participatory platforms that could presumably help to boost the effective engagement of civic communities in decision making processes in an explicitly decentralized manner and, more so, the demand for such decentralized e-participation services is increasing during the current Covid-19 crisis. However, there is a real shortage of studies that directly focus on the analysis of such autonomous cases and all the more so from real life contexts in their natural settings. In this regard, this paper aims to fill the gap by analyzing the phenomena from an intrinsically peer-to-peer networking perspective, which could be observed today in popular autonomous civic engagement initiatives that have been launched in recent times in the area.

The paper attempts to examine the determinants of two types of citizens' e-participation – initiated by the citizens and the government. The factors of e-participation were delineated from a review of democracy and e-participation literature and a regression model was developed. On the basis of 407 responses collected through an online and offline survey among the Indian participants, the model was tested. The analysis showed that the citizens' participation efficacy and values determine e-participation of both types. For the citizens' initiatives freedom to participate and legal support for the participation efforts were also the determining factors. The extant research on types of e-participation services is inadequate. The paper attempted to fill the gap and contributes in i) explaining the importance of facilitating multiple stakeholders' initiatives for improved citizens' participation ii) differentiating determining factors among e-participation initiatives and iii) suggesting policy recommendations for successful e-participation initiatives. The future research can focus on determinants for collaborative service initiatives from the citizens and government.

With the art and practice of government policy-making, public work, and citizen participation, many governments adopt information and communication technologies (ICT) as a vehicle to facilitate their relationship with citizens. This participation process is widely known as E-Participation or Electronic Participation. This article focuses on different performance indicators and the relevant tools for each level. Despite the growing scientific and pragmatic significance of e-participation, that area still was not able to grow as it was expected. Our diverse set of knowledge and e-participation policies and its implementation is very limited. This is the key reason why e-participation initiatives in practice often fall short of expectations. This study collects the existing perceptions from the various interdisciplinary scientific literature to determine a unifying definition and demonstrates the strong abilities of e-participation and other related components which have great potential in the coming years., Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure

Russian Abstract: В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивости субъективных прав в процессе реализации электронных демократических процедур. Особое внимание уделено вопросу изменения содержания универсальных демократических прав в рамках различных проектов электронной демократии English Abstract: The article examines the issues of sustainability of subjective rights in the process of implementing electronic democratic procedures. Particular attention is paid to the issue of changing the content of universal democratic rights in the framework of various e-democracy projects.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены электронные общественные инициативы как базовый механизм электронной демократии на современном этапе развития общества и государства. Изложены результаты анализа общественных инициатив на интернет-портале "Российская общественная инициатива". Сформулированы выводы и предложения. English Abstract: It considers the electronic public initiatives as the basic mechanism of electronic democracy at the contemporary stage of development of society and the state. It highlight the results of the analysis of public initiatives on the internet portal "Russian Public Initiative". It formulated conclusions and suggestions.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены основные концепции электронной демократии в России и дана общая оценка их применимости в текущих условиях. English Abstract: It considers the basic concepts of e-democracy in Russia and a general assessment of their applicability in the current conditions is given.

В данной статье исследованы теоретические аспекты электронного голосования и электронной демократии, установлено содержание электронной демократии и формы ее реализации, даны рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства. This article examines the theoretical aspects of e-voting and e-democracy, describes e-democracy content and form of its implementation, and recommendations to improve the legislation.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены некоторые подходы к определению электронного голосования в системе электронной демократии. Особое внимание уделено конституционному реформированию в условиях внедрения новых технологий. English Abstract: It considers some approaches to the definition of e-voting in the system of e-democracy. Particular attention is paid to constitutional reform in the context of the introduction of new technologies.

It considers the main conceptual problems of e-democracy, related to the implementation of e-democracy mechanisms in the legal and political system. It formulate conclusions and suggestions for improving the legal regulation of e-democracy.

Russian Abstract: Исследуются вопросы интеграции медиаобразования, правового просвещения и электронной демократии на основе создания единого информационно-правового пространства. Информационно-правовое пространство рассматривается как фундамент электронного обучения и основа правового просвещения на основе технологий и методологии разработанной наукой медиаобразования. English Abstract: It considers the problems of integration of media education, legal education and e-democracy on the basis of creating a single information and legal space are examined. The information and legal space is considered as the foundation of e-learning and the basis of legal education on the basis of technologies and methodology developed by the science of media education.

Russian Abstract: Изложены базовые концепции электронной демократии, определены инструменты и практики электронной демократии. English Abstract: It considers the basic concepts of e-democracy, defines the tools and practices of e-democracy.

It considers the main tendencies in the development of e-democracy in the CIS member states. It formulate the main prospects for the development of e-democracy in the CIS member states.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены основные причины и условия формирования медиакомпетентной личности в системе электронной демократии. Обоснована необходимость медиаобразования в современном информационном обществе. English Abstract: It considers the main causes and conditions for the formation of a media competent person in the system of e-democracy are considered. It considers the necessity of media education in the modern information society.

В данной статье рассматриваются основы электронного голосования во взаимосвязи с электронной демократией. Даны основные классификационные критерии для данных понятий, выявлена их специфика и содержание. This article decides the foundations of e-voting in relation to e-democracy. It gives the main criteria for the classification of these concepts, and identifies their specificity and content.

Challenging the assumption that the Internet is far more diverse than traditional forms of media, this study provides evidence that newspaper readership is more concentrated online than offline. Further, results suggest that the observed high concentration of readership on the Internet is associated with the presence of search engines that benefit a small number of top news outlets. Search engines allow people to access to new information at a lower cost, but this benefit may come at a price; the traffic referred by search engines goes mostly to a small number of top national news providers. We then discuss the political implications of these findings by challenging the notion that the Internet will benefit democracy.

It considers the forms and means of implementing e-democracy based on the analysis of international documents and application practices. It formulate definition of forms of e-democracy.

Russian Abstract: Исследованы возможности электронной демократии в контексте минимизации коррупционных проявлений между государством и бизнесом, в том числе посредством внедрения электронного документооборота. English Abstract: It considers the possibilities of e-democracy in the context of minimizing corruption between the state and business, including through the implementation of electronic workflow.

Russian Abstract: Рассматриваются политико-правовые основания формирования новой демократической парадигмы на основе развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий. Выделены проблемы, ограничивающие потенциал развития электронной демократии и модернизации общества и государства. English Abstract: It considers the political and legal foundations of the formation of a new democratic paradigm based on the development of information and communication technologies. It highlight the problems that restrict the development potential of e-democracy and the modernization of society and the state.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены проекты электронной демократии в России и некоторые особенности их реализации. English Abstract: It consider the projects of e-democracy in Russia and some features of their implementation.

Russian Abstract: Существуют различные формы и правовые механизмы электронной демократии. В их число входит электронное правосудие. Электронное правосудие характеризуется прозрачностью, подотчетностью, открытостью информации, обеспечением электронного документооборота. Автор рассматривает в данной работе перспективы влияния электронного правосудия на обеспечение беспристрастности и независимости арбитров. English Abstract: There are various forms and legal mechanisms of e-democracy. It include a e-justice. E-justice is characterized by transparency, accountability, and openness of information, provision of electronic document circulation. The author considers in this paper the influence of e-justice perspective on the impartiality and independence of arbitrators.

В данной статье рассматривается дефиниция электронного голосования, излагаются основные критерии к определению данного явления в общемировой практике. This article describes the definition of e-voting, and sets out the basic criteria for the definition of this phenomenon in the world practice.

Russian Abstract: Исследованы основные нормативные правовые документы, регулирующие сферу электронной демократии. Особое внимание уделено формированию новых подходов к регулированию электронной демократии. English Abstract: It considers the main regulatory legal documents regulating the sphere of e-democracy. Particular attention is paid to the formation of new approaches to the regulation of e-democracy.

Russian Abstract: В статье анализируются основные риски развития механизмов электронной демократии, возникающие в связи с отсутствием адекватного правового регулирования электронной демократии. Отмечены перспективы правового регулирования электронной демократии в Российской Федерации. English Abstract: The article analyzes the main risks of the development of e-democracy mechanisms arising from the lack of adequate legal regulation of e-democracy. Prospects for the legal regulation of e-democracy in the Russian Federation are outlined.

В данной работе исследуются основные формы, методы и способы взаимодействия электронной демократии и электронного голосования в контексте их совместного развития и эволюции. Электронное голосование рассматривается, как часть системы электронной демократии и обладает всеми свойствами, качествами и недостатками последней. This paper examines the main forms, methods, and ways of interacting e-democracy and e-voting in the context of their common development and evolution. Electronic voting is seen as part of e-democracy; and has all the features, qualities, and faults of the e-democracy.

Russian Abstract: В данной статье рассматриваются основные проблемы обеспечения конституционного соответствия электронного голосования в части взаимодействия электронного голосования с механизмами электронной демократии. Внимание уделено рассмотрению предпосылок создания "конституционной" системы электронного голосования.English Abstract: This article describes the problems of ensuring basic constitutional rights of electronic voting in the terms of interaction with the electronic voting mechanisms of e-democracy. Attention is paid to the background of the "constitutional" electronic voting system.

Thanks to the expansive development of the Internet based technologies the on-line communities in which millions of users interact in real time is living and apogee. Leverage these networks as tools to carry out massive decision making processes such as the ones involved in e-democracy and e-health communities constitutes not only an extraordinary opportunity but an important research challenge. In this context issues such us influence propagation, agents interaction, and malicious users identification and isolation are key to provide successful solutions to this challenge. In this contribution we aim to address these issues by presenting a new opinion propagation network in which the influence that each agent exert with respect to their neighbours is assessed by means of a combination of the following three aspects: (i)agents’ self-confidence, (ii)inter-agents opinions similarity, (iii) the quality of the information provided by each agent, that is, the lack of contradiction also called as consistency. The proposed network allows to allocate more influence to those agents providing higher quality information and to isolate those who may present a malicious behaviour., This contribution has been carried out thanks to the financial support of the EU project H2020-MSCA-IF-2016-DeciTrustNET-746398 and the National Spanish project TIN2016-75850-P.

Russian Abstract: В данной статье исследуются особенности электронного голосования в контексте электронной демократии. Необходимо отметить, что определение правовой сущности электронного голосования может быть осуществлено через систему взаимосвязанных правовых критериев. Это позволит определить правовую сущность рассматриваемого явления и его место в правовой системе. English Abstract: This article is investigated the problem of allocating the features of electronic voting in the context of e-democracy. It should note that the determination of the legal basis of the electronic voting can be accomplished through a system of interlinked legal criteria. This will determine the legal essence of the phenomenon and its place in the legal system.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены основные подходы к определению электронного правительства и электронного управления в системе электронной демократии. Сформулирован авторский подход к соотношению понятий электронная демократия, электронное правительство, электронное управление. English Abstract: It considers the main approaches to the definition of e-government and e-government in the system of e-democracy. It formulated the author's approach to the relationship between the concepts of e-democracy, e-governance, e-government.

Russian Abstract: В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы применения современных информационно-коммуникационных технологий для развития и упорядочивания отношений между гражданами, государством и организациями. Исследуется российский опыт электронной демократии, изложены предложения по гармонизации законодательства в сфере электронной демократии, рассмотрены основные проблемы развития. English Abstract: This article examines the issues of application of modern information and communication technologies for development and ordering relations between citizens, government and organizations. We study the Russian experience of e-democracy, outline proposals for harmonization of legal acts in the field of e-democracy, are considered the main issues of development.

Russian Abstract: В данной статье исследуются конституционно-правовые перспективы развития электронной демократии. Автор рассматривает конституционно-правовой феномен электронной демократии во взаимосвязи с электронным голосованием как базовой избирательной процедурой, обеспечивающей выражение политической воли избирателей, основные проблемы законодательного регулирования электронной демократии в современной России. English Abstract: This article examines some the constitutional and legal perspectives of e-democracy. The author examines the constitutional and legal phenomenon of e-democracy, in connection with e-voting as a basic electoral procedure as it provides an expression of political will of the voters, the main problems of legal regulation of e-democracy in modern Russia.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены основные принципы электронного управления в системе электронной демократии, выделенные посредством анализа доктринальных и нормативных источников. English Abstract: The basic principles of e-government in the system of e-democracy, highlighted through the analysis of doctrinal and regulatory sources.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрены подходы к определению содержания электронной демократии на основе комплексной оценки возможностей, которые электронная демократия может предоставить населению. English Abstract: It determine the content of e-democracy are considered on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the opportunities that e-democracy can provide to the population.

It considers the features of the legal development of e-democracy in the CIS member states. It formulated the basic regularities of the development of e-democracy in the CIS space are formulated.

It considers the main legal characteristics of e-democracy in the Recommendations of the Council of Europe. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Council of Europe Recommendations in the formation of legal regulation of e-democracy.

Russian Abstract: Рассмотрено понятие и принципы электронной демократии на основе анализа международных документов, теории и практики развития электронной демократии в мире. Изложены авторское определение электронной демократии и ее принципов. English Abstract: It considers the concept and principles of e-democracy based on the analysis of international documents, the theory and practice of the development of e-democracy in the world. It form the author's definition of e-democracy and its principles.

Russian Abstract: В данной статье рассматриваются особенности эволюции правового регулирования электронного голосования в России в контексте развития системы электронной демократии. Исследованы основные закономерности и тенденции совершенствования нормативно-правовой базы электронного голосования, в том числе в связи с развитием электронной демократии. English Abstract: This article describes the features of the evolution of legal regulation of electronic voting in Russia in the context of development of system of e-democracy. The authors describes basic regularities and tendencies in improving the legal framework of e-voting, including in connection with development of e-democracy.

In recent electoral politics, one of the most striking internet-related developments is the increasingly widespread use of Voting Advice Applications (VAAs). In this introduction to the symposium devoted to analysing the design, purpose, and effects of voting advice applications, we briefly discuss the literature on these tools for voters, articulate the aims of the symposium, and summarise the six contributions. These papers represent the leading edge of an emerging subfield of electoral research, which has not only significant practical relevance but also research links with many other fields in political science. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Information technologies are increasingly important for political and social activism. In particular, web 2.0 tools and social media applications have recently played a significant role in influencing government decision making and shaping the relationships between governments, citizens, politicians, and other social actors. After the Arab Spring and the uprisings that have led to significant political changes in Egypt, Tunisia, and Iran, commentators argue that information technologies have the potential to strengthen social movements and ultimately transform society. However, this influence is not new. There were movements in the 90s, using the new technologies of e-mail and websites, which were able to gather significant social attention and generate political pressure. Based on three Mexican social and political movements that span close to 20 years, this article identifies key similarities and differences in the use of information technologies and proposes a framework to understand the evolution of cyberactivism. Initially, activists used information technologies to promote a movement's main ideas and gain global support. More recently, a single tool or application, such as Twitter, has been the technological basis for certain social and political movements. However, there is a trend towards a more integrated use of social media tools and applications, generating what could be called cyberactivism 2.0. In addition, there are some distinguishable stages in the development of social protests using information technologies; this evolutionary model seems to be useful to understand very different social and political movements using very different levels of technological sophistication.

The European Union recently launched an innovative participatory mechanism allowing its citizens across Europe get together and set the agenda for policy-making in Brussels. The tool - the European ...

Starting from a brief roundup of the correlation between ICTs and politics in Asia, and especially China, this introduction to a special issue on China explores a number of the more political and technological issues related to power and the Internet. It highlights some opportunities and dangers from a democratic technology perspective.

In this paper, we examine data from a 2011 survey of grassroots (or local) governments in the United States with respect to their adoption of social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, and Flickr) especially to ascertain the drivers of local government social media adoption and whether the drivers are similar to or different from the drivers of e-government adoption. We also address whether the adoption of social media portends a move by local governments from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0. The findings of this research show that the principal drivers of local government adoption of e-information and services are highly consistent with those of previous research: size of government, type and form of government, region of the country, education, years of e-government experience, and the existence of a separate IT department are all related to adoption. The drivers of adoption of e-transactions are consistent, but somewhat less so, with prior research. And, the drivers of adoption of social media are closer to those of e-information and services than of e-transactions. Based on evidence from the survey (local governments use social media mainly for one-way communication) and prior studies of IT and government and e-government, we conclude that social media today do not appear to be moving local governments in the direction of Web 2.0, but perhaps in the direction of Web 1.5.

In structuring its constitution, the United States ("US") put tremendous weight into the idea of giving future generations a government whose form and function can meet societal challenges. Thomas Jefferson, in one of his famous letters concerning the longevity of governance structures, said, "each generation" should be granted the "solemn opportunity" to update government with "periodic repairs, from generation to generation, until the end of time." For much of US history, this has meant creating voter protections, improving access to polls, and keeping an eye on gerrymandering. However, generations of political passivity has caused democracy in the United States to stagnate. Currently, countries around the world, in all stages of development, are experimenting with ways to update their democratic institutions to provide deliberative structures that actualize their citizens' contributions by taking advantage of cutting-edge information and communications technology ("ICT"). Updating governance structures to meet modern challenges is accomplished by re-imagining citizens' relationship with their government from one based on dominance and subservience to one that enshrines impartiality, accountability, transparency, and deliberation--the four basic functions of democracy. This paper lays out the theoretical and philosophical argument for updating US democracy to take advantage of ICT and lays out practical steps that can be taken, with limitations and power dynamics in mind.

By analyzing the Citizenship Involvement Democracy survey conducted on American citizens, this paper investigates categorical and demographic disparities between online and offline political participants and examines the two-sided effects (reinforcing and mobilizing) of the internet on political participation. The analysis presents three main findings. First, those who participate in online political activity do not differ categorically from those who conduct their political activity offline. Second, cross-group differences in how actively individuals participate in political activity make little distinction between offline and online modes. There is a trade-off between the generational gap in online political activity and the racial gap in offline political activity, but the gap in political participation between the socioeconomically advantaged and their counterparts appears in both online and offline political activities. Finally, the internet plays a dual role in mobilizing political participation by people not normally politically involved, as well as reinforcing existing offline participation.

Some scholars have supported e-government as a path to e-democracy, whereas others have been more cautious about the subject. In this article, we review the similarities between the concepts of e-government and e-democracy as well as evaluate e-government initiatives and e-democracy requirements in the case of Iran. We used a longitudinal study at two points in time to evaluate the path from e-government to e-democracy using two different methods: a systematic evaluation based on a checklist and a questionnaire survey. The trend of change in e-government initiatives was positive but low from 2008 to 2009, whereas the trend of change in e-democracy requirements was negative and substantial during the same period. We conclude that an emphasis on e-government as a way to e-democracy is not recommended in countries such as Iran.

This article addresses the widely debated question of whether online communication through the Internet will fulfill its potential to enhance democratic processes in society. The paper reports the findings of a survey of groups engaged in some form of civic activity, in both online and offline groups. Comparisons are drawn between the responses of those engaged in both types of group to determine whether the motivations, behavior, and satisfaction of participants differ because of the medium of communication. Contrary to some expectations in the literature, the findings suggest that participants in online groups are marginally less satisfied with their participation in their group. The findings have implications for politicians, policy makers, and groups engaged in civil society when using online channels of communication for democratic discourse.

This study investigated the perceptions of pre-service teachers concerning e-democracy. These perceptions were studied across individual variables such as: Internet use skills, frequency of Internet use, voting, and civic group membership. A total of 701 randomly selected pre-service teachers from a major research university in Turkey participated in the study completing a fourteen item questionnaire. The overall distribution of the data was examined through the descriptive statistics while the Mann-Whitney U, Kruskall-Wallis H, and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were employed to determine the differences and trends. The results showed that most of the pre-service teachers believed in e-democracy, while they rarely participated in e-politics. Findings also indicated that Internet use skills, frequency of Internet use, voting, and civic group membership had significant effects on specific components of e-democracy. The impacts of the results were discussed in terms of teacher education. The results highlight the need for integration of e-democracy components into the pre-service teacher education curriculum.

In recent years, several case studies have appeared on how mobile telephones, SMS and the Internet had an impact on political activities. It has been widely argued that information and communication technology (ICT) is influencing democracy all over the world. However, few studies provide any analysis of how ICT expansion correlates with measures of democracy. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the global expansion of ICT and the level of democracy within nations. We analyze archival data on 133 countries from 1995 to 2003, which was the period-of-time of explosive ICT expansion. Some important findings of our study are: (a) there is a growing digital divide in democratic freedoms among countries; (b) in spite of rapid ICT expansion in some countries, Internet filtering is having a significant impact on democratic freedoms.