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The purpose of this research was study of relationship between child rearing styles and anxiety rate in parents. The method was correlation and the statistical population was parents who have 4 to 12 years old children in west Tehran and Karaj. The sample of this research was 161 mothers that selected by multistage cluster sampling method. To achieving the purpose, used of Baumrind parenting styles and Cattell's IPAT anxiety questionnaires. The results showed that there is significant negative relation between authoritarian parenting style and self-sentiment development subscale, and between permissive parenting style and ergic tension subscale. Also there is significant positive relation between authoritative parenting style and ego strength subscale. Therefore, it is very important to consider child rearing styles to reduce parents and children anxiety.

Change in the use of defense mechanisms between late adolescence and adulthood was assessed in two different longitudinal studies from the Institute of Human Development. The results were virtually identical: the use of Identification decreased, the use of Denial increased, and there was little change in the use of Projection. Both the use of Identification at adolescence, and its subsequent decrease in adulthood were found to be predicted by ego strength and committed Identity – that is, by evidence of developmental maturity at late adolescence. The decrease in Identification is consistent with predictions from the theory of defense mechanism development: defenses are related to developmental period; once that period is concluded, the use of the related defense declines.

A study was conducted to examine the joint influence of psychosis-proneness and ego strength on creativity in college students. Psychosis-proneness and ego strength were defined psychometrically by means of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and California Psychological Inventory profile, a procedure that resulted in creation of four categories of research subjects: (1) psychosis-prone/high ego strength, (2) psychosis-prone/low ego strength, (3) not psychosis-prone/high ego strength, and (4) not psychosis-prone/low ego strength. As predicted, psychosis-prone persons who were high in ego strength exhibited the highest level of evaluated creativity in their proposed solutions to an engineering problem and also the highest scores on the Remote Associates Test.

The present study was conducted to determine whether there exists a relationship between regularities in individuals' thought and mood experiences, and regularities in their personality characteristics. Thought samples were collected from 87 students by randomly interrupting a series of university lectures and exams. Students rated their experiences on 42 cognitive and affective variables, yielding data which were factor analyzed and then correlated with scales for the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Factors produced from the classroom data (Aggressive/Bad Mood, Pleasant/Sexual, Clear Thought, Daydreaming/Past Sexual, Duration, Self-Critical) generally corresponded to factors described in earlier thought-sampling studies. Significant correlations were observed between three of these factors and scales from the 16PF: individuals scoring high on the Aggressive/Bad Mood factor tended to have low ego strength and to be highly apprehensive; individuals with high Self-Critical factor scores also tended to be high in apprehension and low in ego strength, as well being tense, practical, and shy; and individuals with a high Clear Thought factor score tended to be highly imaginative, as measured by the 16PF.

One hundred and twenty-nine female undergraduates took the Barron's Ego Strength Scale, the Levenson Locus of Control Scale, and the Holland VPI. Congruence scores were calculated using three-letter codes from the VPI and expressed major choice. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that congruent subjects were significantly more consistent and reported higher levels of certainty and perceived congruence. No satisfaction differences were found. Results are discussed with respect to Holland's theory and previous research on the correlates of congruent person-environment interactions.

This is a time of rampant violence at home and abroad, a time of dehumanization of ourselves and others. This is a time of opportunity for those of us from various disciplines who daily appraise “the other” from backgrounds and histories, perhaps differing from our own, to ask the question, “Is this the one?” Is this the one who will contribute to his own and society’s reconstruction? Reconstruction is a term from an adaptive approach to psychoanalysis. Is this the one who can work toward his own and society’s redemption? Redemption is a messianic hope. The question itself is a true one, shared by myths, of which all of us, from various backgrounds, are a part. It was most poignantly asked by Miss Jane Pittman (played by Cicely Tyson) in “The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.” Miss Pittman, a black woman born in slavery, and already old, cradled a black manchild on her knee. She asked of herself, the small group that surrounded her, and the child himself, “Is thisAre you the one?” It is the appraiser who asks this question of the one who is being appraised; a person, infant or adult, is fully cognizant of the mood in which this question is asked or if it is being asked at all. The question is significant to his or her ability to join in the work, which first and foremost, I propose, is the identification of ego strength. An attitude of positive expectation on the part of one who appraises reaches out and stimulates the child’s or adult’s search for latent ego strength. Ego strength may be recalled from as long ago

Ego strength was measured by the E s scale of the MMPI, and body image by the pencil and paper method of Askevold. A group of 15 female anorexic patients had a significantly lowered mean E s when compared with a normal control group. The patients' overestimation of body width at shoulders, waist and hips was significantly different from the normal group; ρ values for E s /body image perception indices were significant in the patient group. Comparisons of E s and body image with a second control group having a low mean E s score produced mixed results: subdivision of this normal group into subgroups having higher/lower mean body weight produced two patterns of data, with the lower body weight subjects' data resembling that of the anorexic patients.

Diseases that cause physical handicaps can seriously interfere with the life of a patient. Some disorders such as vitiligo cosmetically disfigure patients without producing any physical disabilities. The effects of such diseases as vitiligo on the life of a patient have not been widely investigated. The investigation reported here utilized a questionnaire survey to focus on emotional disturbances caused by vitiligo and on the factors that differentiated patients who cope well from those who cope poorly with this stress. The results indicate that the cosmetic disfigurement of a seemingly inconsequential skin disease also can seriously disrupt the lives of a large number of patients. Those who cope well with their disfigurement have higher self-esteem than a matched control group without the disorder. Those who cope poorly have significantly lower self-esteem, which suggests that response to disfiguring diseases is affected by basic ego strength. Younger patients and those individuals in the lower socioeconomic groups show especially poor adjustment. A number of suggestions for better patient care are offered.

Personality factors, objectively measured on the O-A Battery, which distinguish paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics, general psychotics and normals are described. Measures on the general personality factors, hitherto found as unitary traits in normals and psychotics, are applied for the first time to distinguishing normals and psychotics. Fifty-four non-paranoids, 24 paranoids, and 138 general psychotics, measured at admission and drug free, were scored on the 18 factor O-A Battery, and compared with 96 controls. Significant diagnostic differences, at the P

Summary A 12 category ego rating system for dreams was constructed on the basis of psychoanalytic theory, empirical evidence from dreams and group judgment by a seminar of experienced analysts and psychologists. When applied by 2 judges to the dreams of 28 psychotic and 30 nonpsychotic subjects, the scores on the ego rating system differentiated between the 2 groups to a statistically significant degree. By contrast, 1 psychiatrist and 2 psychologists unfamiliar with the rating system were unable to distinguish between the 2 groups. The ego rating system of evaluating dreams appears to be promising enough to justify further testing, refining, and application to other psychological data.