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espanolIntroduccion La anemia hemolitica autoinmune (AHAI) es una enfermedad rara en ninos, generalmente autolimitada. Material y metodos Estudio descriptivo transversal en menores de 18 anos diagnosticados de AHAI desde enero de 1997 a julio de 2019. Se recogieron variables clinicas y se clasificaron segun el test de Coombs directo (TCD) en AHAI por anticuerpos calientes (IgG+/-C3d) y frios (C3d). Se analizo la respuesta al tratamiento y su evolucion. Resultados Se incluyeron 25 pacientes, siendo el 72% varones. La media de edad al diagnostico fue de dos anos (rango 0,4-9). Los sintomas predominantes fueron fiebre (72%), palidez (68%), ictericia (64%), hepatoesplenomegalia y coluria (48%). La mediana de hemoglobina al diagnostico fue 5,4 g/dL. En el 96% el TCD fue positivo, con deteccion de anticuerpos IgG en el 76%. Un solo caso presento TCD negativo. Un 20% asociaron otra citopenia, uno de ellos fue diagnosticado posteriormente de inmunodeficiencia variable comun. En un 32% se sospecho o documento una infeccion viral concomitante. La mayoria de los casos fueron autolimitados y respondieron a tratamiento con corticoides (72%). Aquellos con respuesta parcial (24%), principalmente los que asociaban otras citopenias, precisaron otras lineas de tratamiento (rituximab, micofenolato, inmunoglobulinas). Se detectaron complicaciones (32%) y recaidas (26%) unicamente en AHAI por anticuerpos calientes. Conclusiones Nuestra serie confirma que la AHAI es una enfermedad muy poco frecuente en la infancia. La mayoria de los casos evolucionan favorablemente, aunque hasta una cuarta parte precisan segundas lineas de tratamiento y casos excepcionales tratamientos muy agresivos. Estos ultimos suelen corresponder a pacientes con mas de una citopenia en la evolucion de la enfermedad. EnglishIntroduction Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare and generally self-limiting disease in children. Material and methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in children under 18 years diagnosed with AIHA from January/1997 to July/2019. Clinical variables were collected and AIHA was classified according to the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in warm AIHA (IgG+/-C3d) and cold AIHA (C3d). Response to treatment and evolution were analyzed. Results 25 patients were included and 72% were males. The median age at diagnosis was 2 years (range 0.4 to 9). Fever (72%), pallor (68%), jaundice (64%), hepatosplenomegaly and coluria (48%) were the most common presenting symptoms. The median hemoglobin at diagnosis was 5.4 g/dl. DAT was positive in 96%, with detection of IgG antibodies in 76%. A single case presented negative DAT. 20% of the patients associated another cytopenia, one of which was subsequently diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency. Concomitant viral infection was suspected or documented in 32%. Most of the cases were self-limiting and responded to corticosteroid treatment (72%). Those with partial response (24%), mainly those associated with other cytopenias, required other lines of treatment (rituximab, mycophenolate, immunoglobulins). Complications (32%) and relapses (26%) were detected only in warm AIHA. Conclusions Our case series confirms that AIHA is a very rare disease in childhood. Most cases evolve favorably, although up to a quarter of them require second lines of treatment and, in exceptional cases, they need very aggressive treatments. These latter cases generally correspond to patients who present more than one cytopenia in the course of the disease. Previous article in issueNext article in issue

2 Figuras, 1 Tabla, Microbiota have emerged as key modulators of both the carcinogenic process and the immune response against cancer cells, and, thus, it seems to influence the efficacy of immunotherapy. While most studies have focused on analyzing the influence of gut microbiota, its composition substantially differs from that in the lung. Here, we describe how microbial life in the lungs is associated with host immune status in the lungs and, thus, how the identification of the microbial populations in the lower respiratory tract rather than in the gut might be key to understanding the lung carcinogenic process and to predict the efficacy of different treatments. Understanding the influence of lung microbiota on host immunity may identify new therapeutic targets and help to design new immunotherapy approaches to treat lung cancer.

Background In hematopoietic transplantation, graft T lymphocytes play a determining role in promoting hematopoiesis, transferring immunity to pathogens and acting as mediators of the graft-versus-leukemia effect (GVL). However, they are also responsible for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the main cause of post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Depletion of CD45 RA lymphocytes, by eliminating naive T lymphocytes from inoculum, aims to conserve GVL without GVHD. Methods Since April 2016, 20 patients (12 boys and 8 girls), with a median age of 8 years, have undergone an allogeneic hematopoietic transplant from an HLA identical donor with CD45 RA depletion. Indication for transplant was: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n=7), acute myeloblastic leukemia (n=7) and myelodysplasia (n=6). Donor was familiar in 7 cases and unrelated in 13. Conditioning regimen consisted on fludarabine, busulfan and thiotepa. Median of CD34 + cells infused was 6.82 × 106/ Kg. On day 0, +15 and +30 a programmed infusion of 1 × 106 / Kg lymphocytes CD45RA- was performed. Results All patients grafted with a median neutrophil (> 0.5 × 109/ L) and platelet (> 20 × 109/ L) engraftment time of 15 and 10 days, respectively. Only one patient has developed acute GVHD grade I and another patient has developed moderate chronic GVHD. Immune reconstitution was early and rapid in all lymphocyte subsets (see Figure 1). Four patient have relapsed so far. There was no case of toxic mortality. Overall survival was 77 ± 10% with a median follow-up of 1 year (2 months-2 years). At present, 17 patients are alive and doing well (Figure 2). Conclusions Allogeneic transplantation with CD45 lymphocytes RA depletion resulted on encouraging results, with a very low incidence of acute and chronic GVHD, but preserving the GVL effect by infusing CD45 RA- donor lymphocytes. Conflict of interest Miguel Angel Diaz, Marta Gonzalez-Vicent, Blanca Molina, Elena Sebastian, Josune Zubicaray, Julian Sevilla: Nothing to disclose. Keywords CD45RA depletion, Allogeneic transplant, Children

Changes in emission of berberine cation, induced by non-covalent interactions with lipids on silica gel plates, can be used for detecting and quantifying lipids using fluorescence scanning densitometry in HPTLC analysis. This procedure, referred to as fluorescence detection by intensity changes (FDIC) has been used here in combination with automated multiple development (HPTLC/AMD), a gradient-based separation HPTLC technique, for separating, detecting and quantifying lipids from different families. Three different HPTLC/AMD gradient schemes have been developed for separating: neutral lipid families and steryl glycosides; different sphingolipids; and sphingosine-sphinganine mixtures. Fluorescent molar responses of studied lipids, and differences in response among different lipid families have been rationalized in the light of a previously proposed model of FDIC response, which is based on ion-induced dipole interactions between the fluorophore and the analyte. Likewise, computational calculations using molecular mechanics have also been a complementary useful tool to explain high FDIC responses of cholesteryl and steryl-derivatives, and moderate responses of sphingolipids. An explanation for the high FDIC response of cholesterol, whose limit of detection (LOD) is 5 ng, has been proposed. Advantages and limitations of FDIC application have also been discussed.

Berberine and coralyne experience either fluorescence enhancement or quenching when long hydrocarbon chain compounds (e.g., n-alkanes or alcohols) are added to their solutions, depending on solvent polarity. In polar solvents, as methanol or acetonitrile, the added compounds provide an apolar microenvironment that hinders alternative relaxation mechanisms, favouring fluorescence emission. However, alkane additions produce quenching in dichloromethane, which has been explained taking into account ion pairing between cationic fluorophore and counterion. The strong quenching measured after alcohol additions in dichloromethane suggests reversed micelle formation. Procedures and results described here may find practical applications in the development of analytical methods.

Different methodologies, based on planar chromatography/detection with densitometry, have been used to analyse compound classes (also known as hydrocarbon group type (HGT)) in samples coming from petroleum and coal conversion. The main problem encountered to analyse these samples is the choice of standard: because of the high variability of the signal that is dependent of molecular structure, one pure hydrocarbon does not reflect the response of a mixture. However, a step based on thin layer chromatography at preparative scale has allowed the fractionation of sample to obtain its derived standards. After this, alkanes have been quantified by fluorescence in presence of berberine sulfate and aromatic compounds have been detected by UV after separation by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) at analytical scale. The feasibility of the planar chromatography has been tested. The quantitative results obtained for different samples are in agreement with those provided using well-established techniques in the petrochemical industry and the coal-derived product (CDP) analysis.

6 Figures, 2 Tables, A large number of analytes, including non-fluorescent ones, can be sensitively detected by fluorescence scanning densitometry using silica gel HPTLC plates impregnated with a solution of coralyne cation. This is carried out by the variation, increase or decrease, that the corresponding analyte induces on native coralyne emission at a given excitation wavelength. A similar phenomenon was previously described for berberine cation, and Reichardt's dye probes. However, the sensitivity of coralyne in HPTLC detection of non-fluorescent, structurally different analytes (e.g., long-chain alkanes, alcohols, alkylbromides, neutral lipids) is superior to that of the above-mentioned probes. In this work, the analytical viability of this phenomenon for HPTLC detection using coralyne as a probe is explored, and fluorescent responses of a number of analytes on the coralyne system are rationalized in the light of a previously proposed model. This establishes that the resulting intensity for a probe in the presence of a given compound can be explained as a balance between radiative (contribution of non-specific interactions) and non-radiative processes (specific interactions), the latter producing fluorescence quenching. Experimental results and proposed model suggest that this phenomenon may be general for practically all kinds of analytes., The authors thank the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC) and the Diputación General de Aragón (DGA) for financial support (projects CTQ2005-00227/PPQ and PM010, respectively).