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Circular carrier squeezing interferometry (CCSI) is proposed and applied to suppress phase shift error in simultaneous phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer (SPSPDI). By introducing a defocus, four phase-shifting point-diffraction interferograms with circular carrier are acquired, and then converted into linear carrier interferograms by a coordinate transform. Rearranging the transformed interferograms into a spatial-temporal fringe (STF), so the error lobe will be separated from the phase lobe in the Fourier spectrum of the STF, and filtering the phase lobe to calculate the extended phase, when combined with the corresponding inverse coordinate transform, exactly retrieves the initial phase. Both simulations and experiments validate the ability of CCSI to suppress the ripple error generated by the phase shift error. Compared with carrier squeezing interferometry (CSI), CCSI is effective on some occasions in which a linear carrier is difficult to introduce, and with the added benefit of eliminating retrace error.

We discuss the long time behavior of solutions for the non-autonomous three-component reversible Gray-Scott system with Dirichlet boundary condition on a bounded domain of space dimension n=

We report on a novel trigger for the liquid argon calorimeter which was installed in the H1 Experiment at HERA. This trigger, called the “Jet Trigger”, was running at level 1 and implemented a real-time cluster algorithm. Within only 800 ns, the Jet Trigger algorithm found local energy maxima in the calorimeter, summed their immediate neighbors, sorted the resulting jets by energy, and applied topological conditions for the final level 1 trigger decision. The Jet Trigger was in operation from the year 2006 until the end of the HERA running in the summer of 2007. With the Jet Trigger it was possible to substantially reduce the thresholds for triggering on electrons and jets, giving access to a largely extended phase space for physical observables which could not have been reached in H1 before. The concepts of the Jet Trigger may be an interesting upgrade option for the LHC experiments.

This paper estimates a non-linear model that allows for multiple equilibria using data on Korea during the currency crisis in 1997. Results suggest that Korea may have been vulnerable to self-fulfilling speculation as early as January 1997. An extended phase of multiple equilibria started in October 1997. The fundamentals for Korea remained in this crisis zone until March 1998. Korea briefly entered a multiple equilibria zone again in May and June 1998 before stabilizing in July 1998. Results are supportive of roles for weakness in fundamentals and for self-fulfilling beliefs in explaining currency crises.

The changes measured in intracellular fluorescein fluorescence polarization (IFFP) are used as a new tool for tracing cytoplasmic effects during contractile cycles of cardiac myocytes (1-2-day-old rat hearts), in addition to the established Ca(2+) monitoring and/or videometric methods of tracking cell-shortening. This novel method was found to be non-intrusive to the contraction cycles. The decay of the transient IFFP signal (from 0.220+/-0.01 to 0.170+/-0.013) seems to be closely related to the extended phase of contractile activation. This fact was further supported when Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor was introduced and significantly decreased (90%) the rate of beats of contraction and IFFP, but not the Ca(2+) beat rate changes. This result suggests that the IFFP indicator is probably associated with the physiological activation, rather than with Ca(2+) alterations. The IFFP measure monitors the average of effective changes in the micro-viscosity of the cytoplasm protein matrix, associated with cellular activation.

Using the general notions of Batalin, Fradkin, Fradkina and Tyutin to convert second class systems into first class ones, we present a gauge invariant formulation of the massive Yang-Mills theory by embedding it in an extended phase space. The infinite set of correction terms necessary for obtaining the involutive constraints and Hamiltonian is explicitly computed and expressed in a closed form. It is also shown that the extra fields introduced in the correction terms are exactly identified with the auxiliary scalars used in the generalized St\"uckelberg formalism for converting a gauge noninvariant Lagrangian into a gauge invariant form., Comment: 31 pages, Latex, very minor changes, a concluding paragraph inserted, version to appear in Nucl. Phys. B

The self-cycling fermentation (SCF) technique was applied to cultures of Candida bombicola . Sophorolipids, secondary metabolites, were observed only when the SCF was operated with an extended phase of fermentation at the end of each cycle. A new control strategy was developed to allow the production of sophorolipids by coupling the fermentation control to the secondary metabolism of the culture. Cycling was controlled by the complete exhaustion of either hexadecane or sunflower oil, one of the nutrients utilized for the secondary metabolism. A new, repeatable pattern of dissolved oxygen concentration, the main control parameter, was observed. Stable, synchronous cultures were obtained with the cycle time of the fermentation approximately 2 h longer than the doubling time of the micro-organism. The doubling time of the culture was not adversely affected by the addition of an extended phase of growth at the end of the cycles. The number of viable cells was also observed to remain constant throughout the extended phase of fermentation.

The (2+1) dimensional nonabelian Chern-Simons theory coupled to complex scalar fields is quantized by using the Batalin-Tyutin canonical Hamiltonian method which systematically embeds second-class constraint system into first-class one. We obtain the gauge-invariant nonabelian Wess-Zumino type action in the extended phase space., Comment: 11 pages, SNUTP 94-32, SOGANG-HEP 189/94, LaTex

An extended version of the Zwanzig-Lauritzen model, in which each fold contributes with a random energy, is discussed. By means of the replica trick, an exact solution is achieved for a variant of the general model proposed. Its solution shows that the second order phase transition between the folded and the extended phase, exhibited by the Zwanzig-Lauritzen model, disappears when a random energy term - depending only on the number of folds of the chain - is added.

The systems of differential equations with impulses are divided into several classes according to the way in which the moments of the impulses are determined. In the present paper the initial value problem is considered for systems of differential equations for which the impulses are realized at the moments when the integral curve of the problem meets certain hypersurfaces, called impulse hypersurfaces, of the extended phase space. The notions of strong uniform stability of the solutions of systems without impulses and uniform stability with respect to the impulse hypersurfaces of the solutions of systems with impulses are introduced. The main results are given in two theorems. The first one contains sufficient conditions under which strong uniform stability of the zero solution of the respective system without impulses implies uniform stability with respect to the impulse hypersurfaces of the zero solution of the initial system with impulses. In the second theorem sufficient conditions are given under which uniform Lipschitz stability of the zero solution of the corresponding system without impulses implies uniform stability with respect to the impulse hypersurfaces of the zero solution of the initial system with impulses.

After a prolonged experience with wood-shavings or with sand, 2 x 11 hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were litter-deprived. Prior to the 7 to 8 day deprivation period feather samples were taken. This was repeated immediately after the deprivation had ended and right after the first bath in the familiar litter. Each feather was cut at the transition between the proximal plumulous and distal pennaceous part and lipids were extracted from separate samples, containing one type of feather parts. Hens on wood-shavings bathed 10 minutes longer after deprivation than hens on sand. This was due only to an extension of the second phase of the dustbath, which included rubbing; the first phase of tossing did not differ. In the extended phase of the wood-shavings bath the tendency to rub was lower, whereas the tendency to toss was higher than in the comparable phase of the sand bath. Thus, litter quality affected the amount of rubbings and of tossings in between. Rubbing did not effectuate a close contact between wood-shavings and the proximal integument, as wood-shavings could not be tossed into the plumage. This contrasted with baths in sand and only these baths resulted in a removal of excessive lipids from the plumulous parts. Therefore rubbing seems functionally crucial. The lipid level immediately after deprivation and the change in the quantity of lipids due to deprivation positively correlated with the amount of tossings in wood-shavings and with the amount of rubbings in sand. This indicates that the lipid condition is causally involved in dustbathing.

The Hamiltonian formalism for time-dependent system is developed using vector fields in the extended phase space T∗(QxR). The theory of canonical transformations and the properties of their generating functions are studied and then, the concept of canonoid transformation for a locally-Hamiltonian vector field in T∗(QxR) is introduced. Finally the formalism is applied to the study of transformations in which the new time T depends not only on t but also on the q's and p's; i.e. T = T(t, q, p). The theory is illustrated with several examples.

The static potential for rectangular bosonic membranes is derived using the extended phase-space functional integral. It is shown that the Batalin-Fradkin-Vilkovisky quantization scheme in the case of the proper gauge coincides with the ordinary phase-space quantization. Our results for the mass of the rectangular point-like membrane differs by a numerical factor from those found using the configuration space functional methods. The generalization for closed membranes, as well as arbitrary p-branes is discussed also.

The phases occurring in the TiWO system close to WO3 at 1273 and 1373 K were determined using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. In samples heated for up to 2 weeks an extended phase field of {001} crystallographic shear structures was found to exist between MO2.88 and MO2.93 along the TixWO3 line. These CS structures intergrew with {103} CS structures in the composition region between TixWO3 and the binary WO line to form an operationally nonstoichiometric CS phase region. A disordered structure related to W12O34 with an extended homogeneity range was found for compositions TixW1−xO2.83 with 0 < x < 0.04. This phase was surrounded by a composition region in which disordered PC units were dispersed in the WO3-like matrix to form another nonstoichiometric phase region. Intergrowth between these PC structures and both CS phases and W18O49 were encountered. Heating for up to 2 months caused the ternary {001} CS and (TixW1−x)12O34 phases to slowly decompose and their apparent phase ranges to narrow.

The relative roles of cooling and warming rates on cell survival during a freeze-thaw cycle were investigated. Basically the faster the warming rate, the better the cells survive. One of the factors influencing this is the extended phase transition period at the slower thawing rates. The warming rate had a significant effect on cell damage and recovery, but this was not as great as comparative changes in the cooling rate were. This investigation also showed that under certain freeze-thaw conditions there was a lack of correlation between the two methods used for quantifying cell recovery (RI) and cell damage (PCR) as measured by radiochromate release. The analysis of the relationship between RI and PCR showed that PCR could be used to measure both lethal and nonlethal damage and enabled a clearer interpretation of cellular damage during cooling and thawing to be made.

The melting curves of the structural analogues SiO 2, BeF 2 and GeO 2 have been studied at pressures ⩽40 kbar in a piston-cylinder apparatus. The initial slopes dTm/dP of the β-quartz-liquid boundaries for SiO 2 and BeF 2 are ∼35° while the slope of the rutile-liquid boundary for GeO 2 is approximately 32°C/kbar. These large values of dT/dP reflect the unusually low entropies of fusion for these compounds in which strong structural similarities exist between the crystalline phases and the melt. Implications for the extended phase diagram of silica are discussed and it is concluded that either: (1) a maximum exists on the coesite melting curve, or (2) estimates of the melting temperature of stishovite need to be revised upwards.

The BRST symmetry in the extended phase space formalism of Fradkin and Vilkovisky is related to a subgroup of OSp(1, 1¦2). Without extending the BRST algebra we understand the formalism on the basis of Parisi-Sourlas reduction. This is because invariance under the corresponding subgroup is sufficient for reduction and leads to cancellation of all contributions besides of those satisfying the constraints.

The BRST charges corresponding to various (equivalent) ways of writing the action of the diffeomorphism group on p -form gauge fields are canonically related by a canonical transformation in the extended phase space which is explicitly constructed. The occurrence of higher order structure functions is pointed out.