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1. Final results on oscillation from the CHORUS experiment

Author

O. Melzer, K. Niu, T. Wolff, N. Nonaka, Antonio Ereditato, V. Shamanov, C. Sirignano, M. van Beuzekom, Yoshihiro Sato, T. Okusawa, P. Strolin, R. Santacesaria, Alexandre Rozanov, H. Shibuya, E. Pesen, G. Brooijmans, B. Van de Vyver, D. Bonekämper, Piero Zucchelli, S. Di Liberto, M. Kazuno, J. Hérin, Ramazan Sever, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, P. Gorbunov, K. Nakamura, Pierre Vilain, T. Hara, A. Mailov, Mathieu Doucet, G. Piredda, Y. Ishii, M. Messina, M. A. Mazzoni, J. Panman, M. De Serio, J. Kawada, A. Maslennikov, G. Romano, M. Serin-Zeyrek, A. Bülte, M. de Jong, E. Di Capua, Gulsen Onengut, Y. Kotaka, G. Fiorillo, D. Rondeshagen, Toshiyuki Nakano, N. Ushida, Mehmet Zeyrek, Shigeki Aoki, I. Tezuka, S. Buontempo, E. Arik, G. De Lellis, P. Migliozzi, K. Narita, S. Simone, E. Barbuto, N. Armenise, Michiyuki Chikawa, F. Di Capua, J. Konijn, S. Kalinin, U. Dore, V. Palladino, M. Vander Donckt, T. Kozaki, Ivana Hristova, C.A.F.J. van der Poel, L. Ludovici, Nicola D'Ambrosio, Mihail Chizhov, E. Eskut, C. Luppi, Masahiro Komatsu, T. Toshito, A. Artamonov, R. Tsenov, H. Meinhard, D. Frekers, David Saltzberg, Antonio Capone, D. Kolev, N. Bruski, I.M. Papadopoulos, G. Grégoire, P. F. Loverre, Koichi Kodama, S. Sorrentino, L. Scotto Lavina, S. Ogawa, Jean-Paul Fabre, J. Goldberg, A. Satta, C. S. Yoon, Henry T. Wong, Denis Favart, M. Litmaath, M. T. Muciaccia, T. Kawamura, Ch. Weinheimer, Rudolf Oldeman, R. van Dantzig, Ilya Tsukerman, J. W. E. Uiterwijk, M. G. Catanesi, G. De Rosa, V. Khovansky, A. Kayis-Topaksu, D. De Pedis, K. Winter, Murat Guler, G. Grella, Y. Obayashi, K. Niwa, Th. Delbar, H. Øverȧs, David Cussans, Motoaki Miyanishi, W. Flegel, K. Hoshino, F. R. Spada, U. Kose, E. Niu, F. Cassol, G. Rosa, Gaston Wilquet, P. Tolun, S. Ricciardi, I. Makhlioueva, J. S. Song, Cristiano Bozza, E. Radicioni, Jürgen Brunner, Osamu Sato, L. Vivolo, A. G. Cocco, Jan Visschers, P. Righini, Biagio Saitta, V. Tioukov, A. Marotta, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Eskut, E., Kayis Topaksu, A., Önengüt, G., van Beuzekom, M. G., van Dantzig, R., de Jong, M., Konijn, J., Melzer, O., Oldeman, R. G. C., Pesen, E., van der Poel, C. A. F. J., Visschers, J. L., Güler, M., Köse, U., Serin Zeyrek, M., Sever, R., Tolun, P., Zeyrek, M. T., Armenise, N., Cassol, F., Catanesi, M. G., De Serio, M., Muciaccia, M. T., Radicioni, E., Righini, P., Simone, S., Vivolo, L., Bülte, A., Winter, K., Vander Donckt, M., Van de Vyver, B., Vilain, P., Wilquet, G., Saitta, B., Di Capua, E., Luppi, C., Ishii, Y., Kazuno, M., Ogawa, S., Shibuya, H., Brunner, J., Chizhov, M., Cussans, D., Doucet, M., Fabre, J. P., Flegel, W., Hristova, I. R., Kawamura, T., Kolev, D., Litmaath, M., Meinhard, H., Niu, E., Øverȧs, H., Panman, J., Papadopoulos, I. M., Ricciardi, S., Rozanov, A., Saltzberg, D., Tsenov, R., Uiterwijk, J. W. E., Weinheimer, C., Wong, H., Zucchelli, P., Goldberg, J., Chikawa, M., Arik, E., Mailov, A. A., Song, J. S., Yoon, C. S., Kodama, K., Ushida, N., Aoki, S., Hara, T., Brooijmans, G., Delbar, T., Favart, D., Grégoire, G., Hérin, J., Kalinin, S., Makhlioueva, I., Artamonov, A., Gorbunov, P., Khovansky, V., Shamanov, V., Tsukerman, I., Bonekämper, D., Bruski, N., Frekers, D., Rondeshagen, D., Wolff, T., Hoshino, K., Kawada, J., Komatsu, M., Kotaka, Y., Kozaki, T., Miyanishi, M., Nakamura, M., Nakano, T., Narita, K., Niu, K., Niwa, K., Nonaka, N., Obayashi, Y., Sato, O., Toshito, T., Buontempo, S., Cocco, A. G., D'Ambrosio, N., De Lellis, G., De Rosa, G., DI CAPUA, Francesco, Ereditato, A., Fiorillo, Giuliana, Marotta, A., Messina, M., Migliozzi, P., Palladino, V., Scotto Lavina, L., Strolin, P., Tioukov, V., Nakamura, K., Okusawa, T., Capone, A., De Pedis, D., Di Liberto, S., Dore, U., Loverre, P. F., Ludovici, L., Maslennikov, A., Mazzoni, M. A., Piredda, G., Rosa, G., Santacesaria, R., Satta, A., Spada, F. R., Barbuto, E., Bozza, C., Grella, G., Romano, G., Sirignano, C., Sorrentino, S., Sato, Y., and Tezuka, I.

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, biology, Oscillation, Chorus, Weinberg angle, biology.organism_classification, Tau lepton appearance, Nuclear physics, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Lepton, Event reconstruction
Abstract

The final oscillation analysis of the complete set of data collected by CHORUS in the years 1994-1997 is presented. Reconstruction algorithms of data extracted by electronic detectors were improved and the data recorded in the emulsion target were analysed by new automated scanning systems, allowing the use of a new method for event reconstruction in emulsion. CHORUS has applied these new techniques to the sample of 1996-1997 events for which no muons were observed in the electronic detectors. Combining the new sample with the data analysed in previous papers, the overall sensitivity of the experiment to the ?? appearance is thus improved. In a two-neutrino mixing scheme, a 90% C.L. upper limit of sin2 2 ?µ ? < 4.4 × 10-4 is set for large ? m2, improving by a factor 1.5 the previously published CHORUS result. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung: 05 7MS12P, 05 6BU11P Grant Foundation: KRF-2003-005-C00014 Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan CERN Israel Science Foundation: 328/94 Brussels Instituut voor Milieubeheer Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter Korean Foundation for Cancer Research Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics We gratefully acknowledge the help and support of the neutrino beam staff and of the numerous technical collaborators who contributed to the detector construction, operation, emulsion pouring, development, and scanning. The experiment has been made possible by grants from the Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences Nucléaires and the Interuniversitair Instituut voor Kernwetenschappen (Belgium), the Israel Science Foundation (grant 328/94) and the Technion Vice President Fund for the Promotion of Research (Israel), CERN (Geneva, Switzerland), the German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (contract numbers 05 6BU11P and 05 7MS12P) (Germany), the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (Moscow, Russia), the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy), the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Japan), the Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2003-005-C00014) (Republic of Korea), the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter FOM and the National Scientific Research Organization NWO (The Netherlands), and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (Turkey). We gratefully acknowledge their support.

Published
2008
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2. Measurements of D0 production and of decay branching fractions in neutrino–nucleon scattering

Author

Motoaki Miyanishi, Yoshihiro Sato, Nicola D'Ambrosio, V. Khovansky, M. T. Muciaccia, T. Kawamura, Alfredo G. Cocco, G. Rosa, A. Kayis-Topaksu, F. Di Capua, F. R. Spada, I. Tezuka, Ghislain Grégoire, Salvatore Buontempo, K. Hoshino, Toshiyuki Nakano, Th. Delbar, E. Barbuto, Denis Favart, G. De Lellis, P. Migliozzi, M. Messina, P. F. Loverre, G. Romano, Pierre Vilain, S. Sorrentino, L. Ludovici, E. Di Capua, L. Scotto Lavina, R. Santacesaria, M. Nakamura, P. Gorbunov, G. Fiorillo, Chiara Sirignano, A. Artamonov, M. de Jong, Gaston Wilquet, H. Shibuya, C. S. Yoon, P. Tolun, I. Makhlioueva, H. Meinhard, M. Sorrentino, Ilya Tsukerman, Murat Guler, R. van Dantzig, Alexandre Rozanov, S. Kalinin, Kimio Niwa, G. Grella, Masahiro Komatsu, Shigeki Aoki, Utku Kose, A. Satta, B. Van de Vyver, U. Dore, T. Toshito, N. Ushida, K. Winter, K. Narita, Piero Zucchelli, D. Frekers, K. Kodama, J. W. E. Uiterwijk, Rudolf Oldeman, J. Goldberg, Osamu Sato, Cristiano Bozza, N. Nonaka, V. Shamanov, D. Kolev, Biagio Saitta, Jiro Kawada, V. Tioukov, G. De Rosa, Gulsen Onengut, A. Marotta, Michiyuki Chikawa, K. Niu, T. Okusawa, P. Strolin, S. Ogawa, R. Tsenov, T. Hara, J. S. Song, N. Bruski, M. G. Catanesi, J. Panman, and Ivana Hristova

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Scattering, Branching fraction, Nuclear emulsion, Neutrino, Nucleon, Charged current, Charged particle
Abstract

During the years 1994–1997, the emulsion target of the CHORUS detector was exposed to the wide-band neutrino beam of the CERN SPS of 27 GeV average neutrino energy. In total about 100 000 charged-current neutrino interactions were located in the nuclear emulsion target and fully reconstructed. From this sample of events which was based on the data acquired by new automatic scanning systems, 1048 charged-current interactions with a D 0 in the final state were selected by a pattern recognition program and confirmed as neutral-particle decays through visual inspection. The ratio of decay branching fractions of the D 0 into four charged particles to two charged particles was measured to be B ( D 0 → V 4 ) / B ( D 0 → V 2 ) = 0.207 ± 0.016 ± 0.004 . The inclusive measurement of the observed production rate of the D 0 with a decay into four charged prongs in combination with external measurements of this topological branching ratio was used to determine the total D 0 production rate by neutrinos without additional assumption on the branching fractions. The value of this rate relative to the charged-current cross-section was found to be σ ( D 0 ) / σ ( CC ) = 0.0269 ± 0.0018 ± 0.0013 . In addition, the same normalization method was used to deduce the inclusive topological decay rate into final states with neutral particles only. A value of 0.218 ± 0.049 ± 0.036 was found for this branching fraction. From an observed number of three charged six-prong events the branching ratio into six charged particles was determined to be ( 1.2 −0.9 +1.3 ± 0.2 ) × 10 −3 . A measurement of the energy dependence of the D 0 production by neutrinos relative to the total charged-current cross-section is also reported. This measurement was used to deduce for m c , the effective charm-quark mass, a value of ( 1.42 ± 0.08 ) GeV / c 2 .

Published
2005
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3. Measurement of D*+ production in charged-current neutrino interactions

Author

I. Tezuka, Osamu Sato, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Yoshihiro Sato, H. Meinhard, N. Nonaka, S. Buontempo, Gulsen Onengut, F. Di Capua, Koichi Kodama, Piero Zucchelli, V. Shamanov, G. Grella, K. Niu, T. Okusawa, P. Strolin, D. Kolev, Cristiano Bozza, S. Sorrentino, Biagio Saitta, G. De Rosa, Ilya Tsukerman, J. W. E. Uiterwijk, L. Scotto Lavina, S. Ogawa, Pierre Vilain, H. Shibuya, Nicola D'Ambrosio, Jiro Kawada, V. Tioukov, C. S. Yoon, Alexandre Rozanov, G. Grégoire, A. Kayis-Topaksu, P. F. Loverre, A. Satta, M. T. Muciaccia, B. Van de Vyver, M. Messina, L. Ludovici, K. Winter, T. Kawamura, Alfredo G. Cocco, A. Marotta, P. Gorbunov, J. Panman, Rudolf Oldeman, G. Romano, G. Fiorillo, N. Ushida, A. Artamonov, G. Rosa, J. S. Song, Gaston Wilquet, P. Tolun, K. Hoshino, M. de Jong, Masahiro Komatsu, T. Toshito, J. Goldberg, F. R. Spada, U. Kose, Murat Guler, I. Makhlioueva, Toshiyuki Nakano, R. van Dantzig, K. Narita, E. Barbuto, G. De Lellis, E. Di Capua, Chiara Sirignano, V. Khovansky, Shigeki Aoki, K. Niwa, N. Bruski, Th. Delbar, R. Tsenov, M. G. Catanesi, Ivana Hristova, Michiyuki Chikawa, P. Migliozzi, T. Hara, Motoaki Miyanishi, S. Kalinin, U. Dore, D. Frekers, Denis Favart, and R. Santacesaria

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Hadron, Neutrino beam, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear emulsion, Production (computer science), Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, Neutrino oscillation, Charged current
Abstract

During the years 1994–1997, the emulsion target of the CHORUS detector was exposed to the wide-band neutrino beam of the CERN SPS of 27 GeV average neutrino energy. In total about 100 000 charged-current neutrino interactions were located in the nuclear emulsion target and fully reconstructed. A high-statistics sample of neutrino interactions with a D 0 in the final state was collected. Using the decay mode D * + → D 0 π + a production cross-section measurement of the D * + in neutrino–nucleon charged-current interactions was performed. The low Q-value of the decay was used to isolate a sample of candidate events containing a positive hadron with a small p T with respect to the D 0 direction. A signal of 22.1 ± 5.5 D * + events was obtained. The D * + production cross-section relative to the D 0 production cross-section, σ ( D * + ) / σ ( D 0 ) , was estimated to be 0.38 ± 0.09 ( stat ) ± 0.05 ( syst ) . From this result, the fraction of D 0 's produced via the decay of a D * was deduced to be 0.63 ± 0.17 . The D * + production cross-section relative to the ν μ charged-current interaction, σ ( D * + ) / σ ( CC ) , was estimated to be [ 1.02 ± 0.25 ( stat ) ± 0.15 ( syst ) ] % .

Published
2005
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4. Measurement of charm production in antineutrino charged-current interactions

Author

Onengüt, G, Van Dantzig, R, De Jong, M, Konijn, J, Melzer, O, Oldeman, R G C, Pesen, E, Van der Poel, C A F J, Visschers, J L, Güler, M, Köse, U, Serin-Zeyrek, M, Kama, S, Sever, R, Tolun, P, Zeyrek, M T, Catanesi, M G, De Serio, M, Ieva, M, Muciaccia, M T, Radicioni, E, Simone, S, Bülte, A, Winter, Klaus, Van de Vyver, B, Vilain, P, Wilquet, G, Saitta, B, Di Capua, E, Ogawa, S, Shibuya, H, Artamonov, A V, Brunner, J, Chizhov, M, Cussans, D G, Doucet, M, Fabre, Jean-Paul, Hristova, I R, Kawamura, T, Kolev, D, Litmaath, M, Meinhard, H, Panman, J, Papadopoulos, I M, Ricciardi, S, Rozanov, A, Saltzberg, D, Tsenov, R V, Uiterwijk, J W E, Zucchelli, P, Goldberg, J, Chikawa, M, Arik, E, Song, J S, Yoon, C S, Kodama, K, Ushida, N, Aoki, S, Hara, T, Delbar, T, Favart, D, Grégoire, G, Kalinin, S, Makhlyoueva, I V, Gorbunov, P, Khovanskii, V D, Shamanov, V V, Tsukerman, I, Bruski, N, Frekers, D, Rondeshagen, D, Wolff, T, Hoshino, K, Kawada, J, Komatsu, M, Miyanishi, M, Nakamura, M, Nakano, T, Narita, K, Niu, K, Niwa, K, Nonaka, N, Sato, O, Toshito, T, Buontempo, S, Cocco, A G, D'Ambrosio, N, De Lellis, G, De Rosa, G, Di Capua, F, Ereditato, A, Fiorillo, G, Marotta, A, Messina, M, Migliozzi, P, Pistillo, C, Santorelli, R, Scotto-Lavina, L, Strolin, P, Tioukov, V, Nakamura, K, Okusawa, T, Dore, U, FLoverre, P, Ludovici, L, Maslennikov, A L, Righini, P, Rosa, G, Santacesaria, R, Satta, A, Spada, F R, Barbuto, E, Bozza, C, Grella, G, Romano, G, Sirignano, C, Sorrentino, S, Sato, Y, Tezuka, I, Other Research IHEF (IoP, FNWI), UCL - SC/PHYS - Département de physique, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Önengüt, G., van Dantzig, R., de Jong, M., Melzer, O., Oldeman, R. G. C., Pesen, E., Visschers, J. L., Güler, M., Köse, U., Serin Zeyrek, M., Sever, R., Tolun, P., Zeyrek, M. T., Catanesi, M. G., De Serio, M., Ieva, M., Muciaccia, M. T., Radicioni, E., Simone, S., Bülte, A., Winter, K., Van de Vyver, B., Vilain, P., Wilquet, G., Saitta, B., Di Capua, E., Ogawa, S., Shibuya, H., Artamonov, A., Chizhov, M., Doucet, M., Hristova, I. R., Kayis Topaksu, A., Kawamura, T., Kolev, D., Meinhard, H., Panman, J., Papadopoulos, I. M., Ricciardi, S., Rozanov, A., Tsenov, R., Uiterwijk, J. W. E., Zucchelli, P., Goldberg, J., Chikawa, M., Arik, E., Song, J. S., Yoon, C. S., Kodama, K., Ushida, N., Aoki, S., Hara, T., Delbar, T., Favart, D., Grégoire, G., Kalinin, S., Makhlioueva, I., Gorbunov, P., Khovansky, V., Shamanov, V., Tsukerman, I., Bruski, N., Frekers, D., Hoshino, K., Kawada, J., Komatsu, M., Miyanishi, M., Nakamura, M., Nakano, T., Narita, K., Niu, K., Niwa, K., Nonaka, N., Sato, O., Toshito, T., Buontempo, S., Cocco, A. G., D'Ambrosio, N., De Lellis, G., De Rosa, G., DI CAPUA, Francesco, Ereditato, A., Fiorillo, Giuliana, Marotta, A., Messina, M., Migliozzi, P., Pistillo, C., Scotto Lavina, L., Strolin, P., Tioukov, V., Nakamura, K., Okusawa, T., Dore, U., Loverre, P. F., Ludovici, L., Righini, P., Rosa, G., Santacesaria, R., Satta, A., Spada, F. R., Barbuto, E., Bozza, C., Grella, G., Romano, G., Sirignano, C., Sorrentino, S., Sato, Y., Tezuka, I., G., Onengut, R. v., Dantzig, M. d., Jong, O., Melzer, R. G., C., E., Pesen, J. L., Visscher, M., Guler, U., Kose, M., Serin Zeyrek, R., Sever, P., Tolun, M. T., Zeyrek, M. G., Catanesi, M. D., Serio, M., Ieva, M. T., Muciaccia, E., Radicioni, S., Simone, A., Bulte, K., Winter, B. V., De, P., Vilain, G., Wilquet, B., Saitta, E. D., Capua, S., Ogawa, H., Shibuya, A., Artamonov, M., Chizhov, M., Doucet, I. R., Hristova, A., Kayis Topaksu, T., Kawamura, D., Kolev, H., Meinhard, J., Panman, I. M., Papadopoulo, S., Ricciardi, A., Rozanov, R., Tsenov, J. W., E., P., Zucchelli, J., Goldberg, M., Chikawa, J. S., Song, C. S., Yoon, K., Kodama, N., Ushida, S., Aoki, T., Hara, T., Delbar, D., Favart, G., Gregoire, S., Kalinin, I., Makhlioueva, P., Gorbunov, V., Khovansky, V., Shamanov, I., Tsukerman, N., Bruski, D., Freker, K., Hoshino, J., Kawada, M., Komatsu, M., Miyanishi, M., Nakamura, T., Nakano, K., Narita, K., Niu, K., Niwa, N., Nonaka, O., Sato, T., Toshito, S., Buontempo, A. G., Cocco, N., D'Ambrosio, DE LELLIS, Giovanni, DE ROSA, Gianfranca, A., Ereditato, A., Marotta, M., Messina, P., Migliozzi, C., Pistillo, L. S., Lavina, P., Strolin, V., Tioukov, K., Nakamura, T., Okusawa, U., Dore, P. F., Loverre, L., Ludovici, P., Righini, G., Rosa, R., Santacesaria, A., Satta, F. R., Spada, E., Barbuto, C., Bozza, G., Grella, G., Romano, C., Sirignano, S., Sorrentino, Y., Sato, and I., Tezuka

Subjects
Physics, NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS, CHORUS EXPERIMENT, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Charge (physics), BEAMS, EVENTS, Nuclear physics, OPPOSITE-SIGN DIMUONS, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Production (computer science), Charm (quantum number), Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment, Charged current, Beam (structure)
Abstract

During the years 1994-1997, the emulsion target of the CHORUS detector was exposed to the wide-band neutrino beam of the CERN SPS collecting about 10 6 neutrino interactions. A measurement of ?¯µ-induced charm production is performed by using the presence of a 5% ?¯µ component in the ?µ beam. The measurement takes advantage of the capability to observe the decay topology in the emulsion. The analysis is based on a sample of charged-current interactions with at least one identified muon. About 100000 were located in the emulsion target and fully reconstructed. By requiring a positive muon charge as determined by the CHORUS muon spectrometer, 32?¯µ-induced charm events were observed with an estimated background of 3.2 events. At an average antineutrino energy in the neutrino beam of 18 GeV, the charm production rate induced by antineutrinos is measured to be ?(?¯µN›µ+c¯X)/?(?¯µN›µ+X) =(5.0-0.9+1.4(stat)±0.7(syst))%. The ratio between neutral and charged charm production rates in this process is (2.6-1.0+1.7(stat)±0.8(syst)). The charm production rate as a function of the antineutrino energy is found to be in good agreement with previous results derived from di-lepton data. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan Grant Foundation: KRF-2003-005-C00014 Israel Science Foundation: 328/94 CERN Brussels Instituut voor Milieubeheer Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter Korean Foundation for Cancer Research We gratefully acknowledge the help and support of the neutrino-beam staff and of the numerous technical collaborators who contributed to the detector construction, operation, emulsion pouring, development, and scanning. The experiment was made possible by grants from the Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences Nucléaires and the Interuniversitair Instituut voor Kernwetenschappen (Belgium); the Israel Science Foundation (Grant 328/94) and the Technion Vice President Fund for the Promotion of Research (Israel); CERN (Geneva, Switzerland); the German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Germany); the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (Moscow, Russia); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy); the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Japan); Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2003-005-C00014) (Republic of Korea); the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter FOM and the National Scientific Research Organization NWO (The Netherlands); and the Scientific, and Technical Research Council of Turkey (Turkey). We gratefully acknowledge their support.

Published
2004
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