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PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) serves to downstage and increase the rate of surgical resection for borderline resectable and resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma ((B)RPC). Although conventional staging provides prognostic information, it remains a challenge to predict which patients will proceed with resection. We hypothesize that the severity of vessel involvement and the trajectory of CA19-9 levels after neoadjuvant treatment would associate with proceeding to resection. MATERIALS/METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed at a single center for patients diagnosed with (B)RPC and treated with neoadjuvant CRT between 1/2005 and 12/2020. Progress notes were evaluated to determine if a patient proceeded to surgery and the trajectory of CA 19-9 levels in response to treatment. Radiologist notes were evaluated to determine the extent of mesenteric vessel (superior mesenteric artery, celiac axis, portal vein, hepatic artery, and superior mesenteric vein) involvement. A vessel involvement score was calculated as the sum of all vessels in contact with tumor: 1 point for each vessel, with partial (< 180 degrees) encasement of artery counting as 2 points. Odds ratios (OR) of proceeding to resection were computed with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CA19-9 response to treatment. Ordinal logistic regression models were fit to estimate the impact of greater vessel involvement on the odds of NOT proceeding with surgery. RESULTS Forty-two (n = 42) patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 65 years (IQR: 61 to 71). 73% of patients were treated with 3600 cGy in 15 fractions (fx), 24% of patients were treated with 4500-5040 cGy in 25-28 fx, and 3% of patients were treated with 3300 cGy in 5 fx. 55% of patients were treated with neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and 45% of patients were treated with other regimens. 88% of patients were considered borderline resectable and 12% were resectable at the time of diagnosis. Patients with any decrease in CA19-9 levels after CRT had higher odds of proceeding with resection (OR = 21.0, 95% CI: 3.2 to 139.2). However, decrease in CA19-9 levels after upfront chemotherapy was not significantly associated with proceeding with resection (P = 0.91). The odds of NOT proceeding with resection after neoadjuvant CRT were 1.81 times higher (95% CI: 0.97 to 3.39) for each increase in vessel involvement score, however these findings were not statistically significant (P = 0.062). CONCLUSION Patients diagnosed with (B)RPC proceeding with CRT have different odds of proceeding to surgery based on their response to CRT and extent of vessel involvement. Post-CRT CA19-9 can help predict which patients may proceed to resection. Future investigations will develop nomograms for estimating odds of proceeding to surgery in larger datasets to help aid in patient counseling and multidisciplinary discussion.

Purpose/Objective(s) Radiation therapy (RT) is a critical modality for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Little is known about how the etiology of HCC impacts overall and progression free survival (OS and PFS) in patients treated with definitive RT. We hypothesize that patients treated with definitive RT for HCC secondary to hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (viral group) would have favorable OS and PFS when compared to patients with HCC secondary to other etiologies (non-viral group). Materials/Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed at a single institution for patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC and treated with definitive RT between 1/2011 and 12/2020. Patients treated with prior surgery or radiofrequency ablation were excluded. Progress notes were reviewed to determine date of last follow-up, progression, and death. Notes were also assessed to determine the etiology of HCC, age at diagnosis, Child-Pugh classification (CPC), AJCC 8th edition T stage, RT strategy, and planning target volume (PTV). Descriptive statistics were quantified for baseline characteristics. Survival curves were estimated via Kaplan-Meier method; statistical difference was determined using the log-rank test. Multivariate (MVA) Cox proportional hazards analysis was conducted to estimate hazard ratios (HR) when controlling for confounding factors. Results Forty-six patients were included in the analysis. 30 (65%) patients were in the viral group, while 16 (35%) patients were in the non-viral group. Median ages at diagnosis for the viral and non-viral groups were 64 (interquartile range (IQR): 60 to 69) and 71 years (IQR: 66.5 to 76.5), respectively (P = 0.014). Treatment with hypofractionated RT (P = 0.559), proton therapy (P = 0.686), performance status (P = 0.222), CPC (P = 0.270), T stage (P = 0.639), and PTV (P = 0.472) were not different between groups. There was a trend toward improved Median OS for the viral group compared to the non-viral group: 17.9 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 9.7 to not-reached (NR)) vs. 8.8 months (95% CI: 6.1 to NR) (P = 0.072). Similarly, PFS was not different between viral and non-viral groups: 9.3 (95% CI: 7.4 to 19.0) vs. 8.0 (95% CI: 4.0 to 10.3), P = 0.314. However, after controlling for confounding factors with MVA Cox proportional hazards models, the viral group had superior OS (HR = 4.20, 95% CI: 1.47 to 12.02, P = 0.008); the viral group also had superior PFS (HR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.06 to 5.81, P = 0.037). Conclusion Our retrospective review of patients with unresectable HCC treated with definitive RT provides evidence that viral etiologies of HCC may fare better in OS and PFS when compared to non-viral etiologies. The etiology of HCC development for virally vs non-virally mediated tumors may have implications for treatment and response in the setting of radiation therapy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is a critical treatment for borderline resectable and resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma ((B)RPC). The PREOPANC trials employ a short course chemoradiation (SCCRT) regimen of 3600 cGy in 15 fractions with concurrent gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy, but little is known about the relative efficacy of capecitabine (CAPE)-based concurrent chemotherapy in this population. We hypothesize that patients treated with SCCRT with CAPE-based concurrent chemotherapy will have superior overall survival (OS) compared to GEM-based strategies. MATERIALS/METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed at a single center for patients diagnosed with (B)RPC between 1/2005 and 12/2020. Patients treated with neoadjuvant SCCRT were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were quantified for baseline characteristics. OS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, statistical difference was determined using the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was conducted to estimate hazard ratios (HR) when controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS Thirty-one (n = 31) patients were included in the analysis. 71% of patients (n = 22) were treated with CAPE-based concurrent chemotherapy, while 29% of patients (n = 9) were treated with GEM-based concurrent chemotherapy. Median age at diagnosis was 65 (interquartile range (IQR): 60 to 71) for the CAPE group, compared to 66 (IQR: 63 to 71) for the GEM group, P = 0.414. 100% of patients in the CAPE group were borderline resectable, compared to 82% of patients in the GEM group, P = 0.171. 44% of patients in the CAPE group were treated with neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX, compared to 14% in the GEM group, P = 0.016. Patients treated with concurrent 5-CAPE-based chemotherapy had a longer median OS than other concurrent chemotherapy approaches: Not reached (95% confidence interval (CI): 24 to not reached) vs. 17 months (95% CI: 6 to 22 months), P < 0.0001. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, controlling for borderline vs. resectable status, age at diagnosis, and use of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX, demonstrated that CAPE-based concurrent chemotherapy had a HR of death of 0.081 (95% CI: 0.018 to 0.369, P = 0.0012) compared to GEM-based concurrent chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Patients diagnosed with (B)RPC have many therapeutic options; this study suggests a benefit to CAPE-based concurrent chemotherapy when treating patients with SCCRT, even after controlling for significant confounding by greater use of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX with CAPE-based concurrent chemotherapy. SCCRT may be more effective with concurrent capecitabine instead of concurrent gemcitabine for (B)RPC.

Purpose/Objective(s) Radiation therapy (RT) remains a critical treatment modality for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with proton beam therapy (PBT) being widely utilized due to its decreased exit dose compared to photon-based RT. We hypothesize that patients with HCC receiving definitive PBT would experience decreased acute toxicity when compared to those receiving photon-based RT. Materials/Methods Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed at a single institution for patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC and treated with definitive RT between 1/2011 and 12/2020. Patients treated with prior surgery or radiofrequency ablation were excluded. Progress notes and treatment summaries were reviewed to determine baseline characteristics including age at diagnosis, Child-Pugh classification (CPC), AJCC 8th edition T stage, performance status, and RT dose. Acute treatment toxicities were evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0. Descriptive statistics were quantified for baseline characteristics. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were generated to determine the association between PBT vs. photon therapy and acute radiation toxicities in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Forty-six patients were included in the analysis. 24 (52%) patients received PBT while 22 (48%) received photon-based RT. Median age for the PBT and photon-based RT groups were 67 (interquartile range (IQR): 58.6 to 72.5) and 65.5 years (IQR: 61.0 to 73.0), respectively (P = 0.991). 50% of patients who received PBT had a T stage greater than T2, compared to 71% of patient in the photon group (P = 0.148). 42% of the PBT group had CPC B or worse, compared to 38% in the photon group (P = 0.813). Performance status and total dose did not significantly differ between groups (P = 0.351 and P = 0.773, respectively). PBT was associated with higher odds of any grade radiation dermatitis (RD) (OR = 6.00, 95% CI: 1.13 to 31.9) and lower odds of any grade anorexia (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.91). Odds of any grade diarrhea and fatigue, did not significantly differ between groups (P = 0.086 and P = 0.958, respectively). After controlling for performance status, total dose, T stage, CPC, and age at diagnosis, PBT was still associated with higher odds of RD (OR = 11.07, 95% CI: 1.14 to 107.71) and lower odds of anorexia (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.93). Conclusion This study provides evidence that although PBT appears to have a superior safety profile in regard to acute anorexia, patients treated with PBT have higher odds of acute RD; these effects persist even after controlling for relevant confounding factors. PBT may result in fewer GI toxicities at the cost of greater skin toxicity.

Background CS-PHP (CHEMOSAT®; Delcath Systems Inc, New York, NY) is a regional therapy which isolates and perfuses the liver with high-dose chemotherapy. Unwanted systemic exposure is minimized by extracorporeal filtration of hepatic venous blood. Methods A prospective randomized multicenter phase 3 study compared CS-PHP of melphalan with BAC in pts with proven unresectable hepatic metastases from ocular or cutaneous melanoma. A survival update was performed on 31 March 2011. CS-PHP melphalan 3.0 mg/kg ideal body weight was infused into the hepatic artery over 30 min with concurrent extracorporeal filtration for 60 min. Up to 6 treatments were given every 4–8 wks. In the BAC group, crossover to CS-PHP melphalan was permitted after hepatic disease progression. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS). An exploratory post-hoc analysis of pts who crossed from BAC to CS-PHP vs. BAC-only pts was also performed. Results 93 pts were randomized to CS-PHP (n = 44) or BAC (n = 49). After hepatic disease progression, 28 pts crossed over to CS-PHP. Results are shown in the Table. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities in CS-PHP pts (n = 40) were hematological peri-procedural thrombocytopenia (73%) and anemia (55%) and post-procedural (beyond day 4 post-treatment) neutropenia (93%) or thrombocytopenia (83%). The safety profile in crossover pts was similar to that in pts randomized to CS-PHP melphalan. Conclusions CS-PHP melphalan significantly prolonged hPFS compared with BAC in pts with liver-dominant metastatic melanoma, thereby meeting the primary study objective. Efficacy was similar after hepatic disease progression in BAC-CS-PHP crossover pts as in those randomized initially to CS-PHP. Treatment group n Median hPFS, mo Hazard ratio (95% CI) Median OS, mo Hazard ratio (95% CI) CS-PHP 44 8.0 0.35 (0.23-0.54) 9.8 1.08 (0.69-1.68) BAC 49 1.6 P 9.9 NS BAC only 21 1.6 0.32 4.1 0.33 BAC → CS-PHP crossover 28 8.8 15.3 Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Background CS-PHP (CHEMOSAT®; Delcath Systems Inc, New York, NY) is a regional therapy which: i) isolates the liver using a system of percutaneously positioned catheters; ii) delivers high-dose chemotherapy directly into the hepatic artery; and iii) minimizes systemic toxicity by hemofiltration of hepatic venous blood. Methods A randomized phase III study compared CS-PHP delivery melphalan with best alternative care in pts with liver metastases from melanoma. A pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in a subset of pts from this study. Pts received melphalan 3.0 mg/kg ideal body weight via CS-PHP over 30 min with 60 min of hemofiltration starting at the time of perfusion. Blood samples (7 mL) were collected during cycle 1. Sample collection sites: arterial line; prefilter (extracorporeal circuit); postfilter (extracorporeal circuit). Sampling times: baseline; mid-infusion; immediate post-infusion; 5, 10, 15, 30 min post-infusion. Melphalan plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC with UV detection. Data were analyzed using a non-compartmental approach. Pharmacokinetic parameters: maximum plasma concentration (Cmax); area under concentration-time curve from t0 to final sample (AUClast); filter efficiency [(pre-filter AUClast) minus (post-filter AUClast) divided by (pre-filter AUClast)]. Results Plasma samples were available from 48 pts, of which 40 were evaluable. Mean absolute melphalan dose was 191mg (range 137-220mg) and duration of perfusion was 30 min (range 16-52 min). Mean filter extraction efficiency was 71.2% ± 10.4%. Filter efficiency did not change significantly with absolute melphalan dose (p = 0.86, Spearman) or rate of perfusion (p = 0.064, Spearman). Conclusions CS-PHP exposes the liver to high concentrations of melphalan. Filter extraction efficiency is consistent among pts and does not appear to be influenced by melphalan dose or rate of perfusion. Table: 743P Sample site N Cmax (ng/mL) AUClast (min.ng/mL) mean range mean range Prefilter 40 8728 4026-14,367 264,652 143,441-470,501 Postfilter 40 2330 930-4292 74,146 27,333-154,049 Systemic 37 1429 701-3203 50,777 25,566-111,362 Disclosure D.S. Johnston: Employee of Delcath Systems Inc. Stock ownership in Delcath. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Purpose BMS-936558 is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the PD-1 co-inhibitory receptor expressed by activated T cells. This study describes its activity and safety in pts with previously treated advanced MEL. Methods BMS-936558 was administered IV q2wk to pts with various tumors at 0.1 - 10 mg/kg during dose-escalation and/or cohort expansion. Pts received up to 12 cycles (4 doses/cycle) of treatment or until unacceptable toxicity, confirmed progressive disease, or complete response. Clinical activity was assessed by RECIST v1.0. Results As of Feb 24, 2012, 104 MEL pts had received BMS-936558 at 0.1 (n = 17), 0.3 (n = 19), 1 (n = 31), 3 (n = 17), or 10 mg/kg (n = 20). ECOG performance status was 0/1/2 in 63/38/3 pts, respectively. Most pts (67/104) had received prior immunotherapy (IT); prior anti-CTLA-4, -PD-1, or -PD-L1 was not permitted. The number of prior therapies was 1 (39%), 2 (35%), or ≥3 (26%). Median therapy duration was 20 wks (range 2.0 - 121.7 wks). The incidence of grade 3 - 4 related AEs was 20% and included gastrointestinal (4%), endocrine (2%), and hepatobiliary disorders (1%). There were no drug-related deaths in MEL pts. Clinical activity (responses or prolonged stable disease) was observed at all doses (Table). Of the 26/94 (28%) evaluable responders, 19 (73%) are ongoing ranging from 1.9+ to 24.9+ months. For the 23 responders followed ≥6 months from first dose on study, 16 (70%) are progression free. ORs occurred in pts with visceral or bone metastases. Six pts (6%; 95% CI 2 - 13%) had prolonged SD (≥24 wk); 3 pts had a persistent decrease in target lesion tumor burden in the presence of new lesions and were not categorized as responders. Conclusions BMS-936558 had durable clinical benefit in pts with advanced MEL, including those who had received prior IT. Additional long-term follow-up data will be reported. Dose, (mg/kg) No. ptsa ORR, No. pts (%) [95% CI] PFSR at 24 wk (%) [95% CI] 0.1 14 4 (29) [8 - 58] 40 [13 - 66] 0.3 16 3 (19) [4 - 46] 31 [9 - 54] 1 27 8 (30) [14 - 50] 45 [26 - 65] 3 17 7 (41) [18 - 67] * 55 [30 - 80] 10 20 4 (20) [6 - 44] 30 [9 - 51] * 1 CR aResponse-evaluable pts dosed by 7/01/2011 ORR = objective response rate ([{CR + PR} ÷ n] × 100); PFSR = progression-free survival rate. Disclosure J. Sosman: Research Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). M. Sznol: Consultant or Advisory Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself, compensated). Research Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself, clinical trials funding). D.F. McDermott: Advisory Board Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). R. Carvajal: Research Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). S.L. Topalian: Consultant or Advisory Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself, immediate family member, uncompensated). Research Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). J.M. Wigginton: Employment or Leadership Position: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself, employment, compensated). Stock Ownership: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). G. Kollia: Employment or Leadership Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb (employment, myself, compensated). Stock Ownership: Bristol-Myers Squibb/BMY stocks (myself). A. Gupta: Employment or Leadership Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb (employment, myself, compensated). Stock Ownership: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). F.S. Hodi: Consultant or Advisory Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself, uncompensated). Research Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb (myself). All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Background TH-302 is a hypoxia targeted prodrug with a hypoxia-triggered 2-nitroimidazole component designed to release the DNA alkylator, bromo-isophosphoramide mustard (Br-IPM), when reduced in severe hypoxia. A randomized Phase 2B study (NCT01144455) was conducted to assess the benefit of G + T to standard dose G as first-line therapy of PAC. Materials and methods An open-label multi-center study of two dose levels of TH-302 (240 mg/m2 or 340 mg/m2) in combination with G versus G alone (randomized 1:1:1). G (1000 mg/m2) and T were administered IV over 30-60 minutes on Days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Patients on the G could crossover after progression and be randomized to a G + T arm. The primary efficacy endpoint was a comparison of progression-free survival (PFS) between the combination arms and G alone (80% power to detect 50% improvement in PFS with one-sided alpha of 10%). Summary PFS outcome has previously been reported; more detailed PFS as well as the initial overall survival (OS) data are presented. Results 214 pts were treated; 164 (77%) Stage IV and 50 (23%) Stage IIIB. Median age 65 (range 29-86); 126 M/88 F; 40% ECOG 0/60% ECOG 1. Receiving 6 or more cycles: 32% G; 45% G + T240; 55% G + T340. Median PFS was 3.6 mo in G vs 5.5 mo in G + T240 (p = 0.031) and 6.0 mo in G + T340 (p = 0.008). Poorer prognostic factors (older age, poorer performance status, reduced albumin) were associated with larger treatment effect. Median OS was 7.0 mo in G vs 9.0 in G + T240 and 9.5 mo in G + T340. RECIST best response was 12% in G vs 17% in G + T240 and 27% in G + T340. CA19-9 decreases were significantly greater G + T340. A >50% CA19-9 decrease was 52% with G vs 50% with G + T240 and 70% with G + T340. AEs leading to discontinuation were: 16% G, 15% G + T240 and 11% G + T340. Rash (45% in G + T340) and stomatitis (36% in G + T340) were greater in combination, 4 pts Grade 3 rash. Grd 3/4 thrombocytopenia were 11% G, 39% G + T240 and 59% G + T340 and Grd 3/4 neutropenia were 28% G, 56% G + T240 and 59% G + T340. Conclusions The combination of G plus TH-302 improved the efficacy of G. A TH-302 dose of 340 mg2 was identified for future studies. Skin and mucosal toxicity and myelosuppression were the most common TH-302 related AEs with no increase in treatment discontinuation. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Uveal melanoma metastatic to the liver remains an incurable disease. Unlike colorectal carcinoma metastastic to the liver, surgery is not considered a first-line approach because of the diffuse, multifocal nature of the hepatic metastases. Systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens have had minimal efficacy for patients with metastatic ocular melanoma. Hepatic artery chemoembolization has been explored to a limited degree, but reports of response remain anecdotal. Hepatic arterial infusion with fotemustine had an overall response rate of 38%, but the overall survival is still disappointingly short. Isolated hepatic perfusion is a promising technique for this disease. Although the reported response rate is more than 60%, isolated hepatic perfusion is associated with potential morbidity, and the number of patients treated by this means is still limited. Percutaneous hepatic perfusion has the potential for less morbidity, and its efficacy in this clinical setting warrants further evaluation. The conclusion of this review is that current treatment modalities need further refinement and new ones need to be developed to improve the outlook for patients with uveal melanoma metastatic to the liver. Unlike cutaneous melanoma, which metastasizes to numerous sites, uveal melanoma commonly metastasizes only to the liver. This underscores the importance of developing effective forms of liver-directed therapy.—Hans E. Grossniklaus