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Resumen Introduccion y objetivos El Di@bet.es es un estudio nacional disenado con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la poblacion adulta espanola. Se presenta la prevalencia de hipertension arterial y en que grado se reconoce, se trata y se controla. Metodos Se incluye una muestra de la poblacion espanola con 5.048 adultos de edad ≥ 18 anos. Se realizo un interrogatorio clinico y una exploracion que incluyo 3 lecturas de presion arterial en reposo y sedestacion para calcular la media de las 3 lecturas. Se definio hipertension como presion arterial sistolica ≥ 140 mmHg y/o presion arterial diastolica ≥ 90 mmHg y/o en tratamiento farmacologico antihipertensivo. Resultados El 42,6% de la poblacion adulta espanola de edad ≥ 18 anos es hipertensa, mas los varones (49,9%) que las mujeres (37,1%). La prevalencia fue superior entre los prediabeticos (67,9%) y diabeticos (79,4%). El 37,4% de los hipertensos estan sin diagnosticar, mas los varones (43,3%) que las mujeres (31,5%). Toman tratamiento farmacologico el 88,3% de los hipertensos conocidos y solo el 30% tiene la presion arterial controlada, mas las mujeres (24,9%) que los varones (16%). Conclusiones La prevalencia de hipertension en Espana es alta y un importante porcentaje de pacientes hipertensos aun estan sin diagnosticar. La hipertension se asocio con diabetes y prediabetes, y aunque el tratamiento farmacologico es cada vez mas frecuente, no logra mejorar el grado de control, que continua siendo bajo. Es importante desarrollar y promocionar campanas poblacionales de prevencion, deteccion y tratamiento de la hipertension arterial.

Introduction Dyslipidemia is a significant contributor to the elevated CVD risk observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with glucose metabolism status in a representative sample of the adult population in Spain and the percentage of subjects at guideline-recommended LDL-C goals. Material and methods The di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults. Results A total of 4776 subjects were studied. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 56.8% of subjects; only 13.2% of subjects were treated with lipid lowering drugs. Lipid abnormalities were found in 56.8% of Spanish adults: 23.3% with high LDL-C, 21.5% high TG, 35.8% high non-HDL-C, and 17.2% low HDL-C. Most normal subjects showed an LDL-C ≤ 3.36 mmol/l. Pre-diabetics presented similar proportion when considering a goal of 3.36 mmol/l, but only 35% of them reached an LDL-C goal ≤ 2.6 mmol/l. Finally, 45.3% of diabetics had an LDL-C ≤ 2.6 mmol/l, and only 11.3% achieved an LDL-C ≤ 1.8 mmol/l. Conclusions Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult Spanish population, and a low use of lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, the number of subjects achieving their corresponding LDL-C goal is small, particularly in subjects at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics.

Introduction and objectives To assess the patterns of use of 8 therapeutic drug groups for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors, and to identify sociodemographic and health determinants of their use in the overall Spanish population. Methods A representative sample of the Spanish population within the Di@bet.es study, a cross-sectional population-based survey, was included. Study variables: sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data; physical examination, and an oral glucose tolerance test in patients without known diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, patients were systematically queried about current medication use, and 8 pharmacotherapeutic groups were evaluated: lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensives, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, thyroid hormone, uricosurics, psychoactive drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Results Sixty-six percent of the Spanish population was taking at least one medication. Therapeutic drug use was associated with age, independently of the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia in older patients. Sex disparities were found in the use of lipid-lowering agents, allopurinol, levothyroxine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and psychoactive drugs. Use of psychoactive drugs was related to education level, work status, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Almost 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus were taking 6 or more medications daily. Diabetes mellitus was associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Conclusions Age and sex are the most important factors determining therapeutic drug use. Lifestyle patterns and sociocultural factors have an impact only on psychoactive drug use. Diabetes mellitus is associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Evaluar el patron de consumo de ocho grupos de farmacos para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular; identificar en la poblacion espanola los determinantes sociodemograficos y de salud asociados al consumo de aquellos. Metodos El estudio Di@bet.es es una encuesta poblacional transversal que comprende una muestra significativa de la poblacion adulta espanola. Variables de estudio: datos sociodemograficos, clinicos y de estilo de vida; exploracion fisica, y sobrecarga oral de glucosa. Ademas, se pregunto sistematicamente la medicacion consumida y se analizaron ocho grupos de farmacos: hipolipemiantes, antihipertensivos, antidiabeticos orales, insulina, hormona tiroidea, uricosuricos, psicofarmacos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Resultados El 66% de la poblacion toma alguno de los farmacos estudiados. El consumo de dichos medicamentos se asocia con la edad, independientemente de la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus, hipertension o dislipemia. Se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre sexos en el consumo de hipolipemiantes, hormona tiroidea, uricosuricos, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y psicofarmacos. El consumo de psicofarmacos se asocio significativamente con nivel educativo, situacion laboral, actividad fisica y consumo de tabaco y alcohol. El 30% de los sujetos con diabetes mellitus tomo mas de seis farmacos diarios. La diabetes mellitus se asocio significativamente con un mayor consumo de antihipertensivos, hipolipemiantes y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Conclusiones La edad y el sexo son los factores mas importantes que determinan el consumo de farmacos. El estilo de vida y el nivel sociocultural afectan solo al uso de psicofarmacos. La diabetes mellitus se asocia a un mayor consumo de antihipertensivos, hipolipemiantes y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos.

Fossil and living shells of Littoridina australis (d’Orbigny, 1835) (Mesogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from the marine Holocene in the Bonaerensian coastal area (Argentina) and the modern SW Atlantic littoral zone (southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina) document its wide intraspecific morphological variability and offer implications for the interpretation of paleoenvironmental changes that have occurred since about 7.6 ka BP. Shell morphs previously described as different taxa, i.e. L. australis , Littoridina isabelleana (d’Orb.), Littoridina australis crassa (Gaillard), Littoridina conexa (Gaillard), Littoridina parchappii (d’Orb.), can be linked together in a chain of transitional forms that reflect responses or adaptations to different salinity conditions. A biometrical study of L. australis allows independent testing of the hypothesis of a polymorphic species ranging from medium-sized chubby shells (= L. conexa ) (oligomesohaline environments, 3–18‰) to a smaller elongate morph (= L. isabelleana ) (polyeuhaline habitats, 18–35‰) with the predominant bigger morph (= L. australis lectotype; = L. crassa ) (genuine brackish species in typically mesohaline waters, 8–18‰) in the middle of the morphological gradient. Results of the covariance analysis applied to 10 fossil and eight modern sample groups indicate: (1) no significant discrepancies between L. australis vs. L. crassa , L. australis vs. L. conexa or L. australis vs. L. isabelleana ; (2) significant differences between L. conexa vs. L. isabelleana ; (3) highly significant differences between L. australis and L. parchappii ; (4) slight differences between L. conexa and L. parchappii . Together with paleoecological data and geographical distribution, these results suggest that: (1) L. parchappii represents a separate species; (2) ‘ conexa ’, ‘ isabelleana ’ and ‘ crassa ’ are intraspecific variations (ecomorphs) of L. australis ; (3) ‘ conexa ’ is intermediate between both species; (4) during the time span of the Holocene transgression (ca. 7.6–1.4 ka BP) only two species lived in the area: L. parchappii in oligohaline waters and L. australis with its optimum in brackish (mixohaline) conditions and ecomorphic variations within the estuarine environment; (5) the modern restriction of L. australis is a consequence of salinity changes linked to sea-level fluctuations along the Bonaerensian littoral.

Scenedesmus obliquus cells were immobilized by adsorption in preformed polyurethane and polyvinyl foams as well as by entrapment using urethane prepolymer. Adsorption on polymeric foams appeared to be the most convenient immobilization method, mainly when cells were initially adsorbed in a nitrogen-free medium. Nitrogen starvation of cells appeared to enhance their adsorption to the polymeric foams. The net O 2 evolution activity and nitrate removal capacity of free-living and polyvinyl-adsorbed cells were similar, indicating that immobilization did not significantly affect the physiology of microalgae. The N removal capacity of polyvinyl-adsorbed cells was studied in batch and in a lab-scale continuous-flow bioreactor. Nitrogen starvation greatly increased the N uptake rate of immobilized cells. The effects of illumination (intensity and photoperiod), residence time, and CO 2 supply were investigated with respect to the N removal efficiency of the bioreactor. It was concluded that S. obliquus cells adsorbed in hydrophilic, commercially available polymeric foams are of potential value for biologic N depollution of drinking waters contaminated with nitrogenous fertilizers.