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This research has been co-funded by different projects and institutions. In the first place, by the Prehistory Research Group at the UPVEHU (IT-622-13) and the PALEOGATE project (HAR2014-53536-P) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO).

Sleep disorders are a prevalent group of diseases. In addition to the sleep-related symptoms that appear in many other diseases, proper sleep-disorders are frequent and often relevant. The International Classification of 2014, ICSD-3, distinguishes Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Parasomnias, Circadian Rhythm Disorders, abnormal movements during the sleep, respiratory disorders and a group of other disorders.

Since the late 1980s, northern Iberia has yielded some of the earliest radiocarbon dated Aurignacian assemblages in Western Europe, probably produced by anatomically modern humans (AMHs). This is at odds with its location furthest from the likely eastern entry point of AMHs, and has also suggested to some that the Châtelperronian resulted from cultural transfer from AMHs to Neanderthals. However, the accuracy of the early chronology has been extensively disputed, primarily because of the poor association between the dated samples and human activity. Here, we test the chronology of three sites in northern Iberia, L'Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña, by radiocarbon dating ultrafiltered collagen from anthropogenically modified bones. The published dates from Labeko Koba are shown to be significant underestimates due to the insufficient removal of young contaminants. The early (c.44 ka cal BP [thousands of calibrated years before present]) Aurignacian chronology at L'Arbreda cannot be reproduced, but the reason for this is difficult to ascertain. The existing chronology of La Viña is found to be approximately correct. Together, the evidence suggests that major changes in technocomplexes occurred contemporaneously between the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of northern Iberia, with the Aurignacian appearing around 42 ka cal BP, a date broadly consistent with the appearance of this industry elsewhere in Western Europe This research was funded by a NERC Standard grant (NE/D014077/1) as part of the project 'Dating of the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in western Europe using ultrafiltration AMS radiocarbon' for which we are extremely grateful. R. Wood was funded by a tied studentship to this grant. A. Villaluenga was funded by the Basque Government Ph.D. funding program. Roger Jacobi, British Museum, is thanked for discussions, invaluable advice in sample selection and bone identification. Javier Fortea, Universidad de Oviedo, is thanked for help in sample selection and interpretation of results from La Villa. Both sadly passed away during the course of this project Maite Izquierdo, Heritage Preservation, Basque Government, is thanked for help sampling bone from Labeko Koba. Excavation and research at l'Arbreda is funded by the Culture Ministry of Catalonia and the ministerial projects HAR2010-19120 (The Middle Palaeolithic of the L'Arbreda Cave) and HAR2010-22013 (Cultural, Paleoenvironmental and Chronological History of the Last Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans in the North of the Iberian Peninsula)

Summary We describe archaeozoological and extant small mammals from Isla Mocha, an island located in south-central Chile. Species composition was compared among past and present assemblages. Also composition, as well as individual and population parameters were compared among island habitats. Specimens from archaeological sites included Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, Abrothrix sp., and Octodon pacificus, whereas Abrothrix longipilis, A. olivaceus, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, and Geoxus valdivianus were captured. Higher richness was observed in intermediate-disturbed habitat. Body size and tail length, as well as body mass did not vary among island habitats for A. longipilis or A. olivaceus. Higher abundance was associated to less perturbed habitat.

Introduction Epilepsy has a prevalence of 1% in general population, sleep disorders are common complications. Determine the frequency of sleep disorders (SD) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with epilepsy and to identify the factors that are related to those described. Materials and methods The factors analyzed included age, sex, type of epilepsy, duration of epilepsy disease, nocturnal seizures, frequency of seizures, electroencephalogram (EEG) interictal pathological, altered brain MRI, antiepileptic drug (AED) used; sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and mood disorders. Results 58 patients were evaluated by interview and questionnaires on sleep quality (Pittsburgh scale), the degree of EDS (Epworth scale) and anxiety-depression (hospital depression and anxiety (HAD). The rest of the data were obtained from medical history. SD among patients with epilepsy studied had a prevalence of 55%. Significant differences were found between patients with sleep disorders versus (vs) patients with normal sleep in the following variables: frequency of difficulty (1 attacks/month: 8 (25%) vs 1 (4%): p 0.03), EDS (Epworth scale) 8 (25%) vs 1 (4%): p 0.03), presence of anxiety (HAD scale) 11 (22%) vs 3 (6%): p 0.001; presence of depression (HAD scale) 1 (4%) vs 10 (20%): p 0003. No significant differences between epileptic patients with and without sleep disorders when analyzing the rest of the variables. Conclusion Sleep disorders are common among patients with epilepsy and are associated with a higher frequency of daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depression. It was shown that epileptic patients with sleep disorders showed a significant difference in seizure frequency of 1 time/month. However, this difference was not observed with a lower seizure frequency, possibly due to insufficient sample size. This would also explain the lack of association of other variables such as temporal lobe epilepsy, interictal EEG, AED disease and sleep disorders. While it is known the deleterious effect of epilepsy on sleep architecture, it is important to consider mood disorders predisposing factors of such alterations. Acknowledgements Laura Zuccolo.

Introduction Some patients with obstructive sleep apnea do not exhibit hypoxemia. However, there is a lack of studies characterizing this subgroup of patients. We aimed to analyze the clinical, sleep, and autonomic features of a group of patients with obstructive sleep apnea without hypoxia (OSAwh). Materials and methods Twenty-eight patients with OSAwh, 32 patients with OSA with hypoxia, and 22 control subjects were studied. Patient groups were matched in matched in age and gender. Clinical and sleep features were analyzed. Besides, time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) measures (mean R–R interval, SDNN, LF oscillations, HF oscillations, and the LF/HF ratio) were calculated across all sleep stages during a one- night polysomnography. Results We found that OSAwh patients had a lower body mass index, a lower waist circumference, and a higher frequency of previous naso-pharyngeal surgery when compared to OSA with hypoxia patients. In terms of heart rate variability, OSA had increased LF oscillations (i.e., baroreflex function) during N1-N2 and REM sleep when compared to OSAwh and controls. OSA and OSAwh had decreased HF oscillations (i.e., vagal inputs) during N1-N2, N3 and REM sleep when compared to controls. The LF/HF ratio was increased during N1-N2 and REM sleep, only in patients with OSA. Conclusion In conclusion, patients with OSAwh exhibit distinctive clinical, sleep, and autonomic features when compared to obstructive sleep apnea with hypoxia. These differences must be taken into account in future studies when analyzing therapeutic approaches for sleep apnea patients. Acknowledgements Clinica Universidad de Navarra.

The hydrolytic activity of rat liver F 1 -ATPase was stimulated up to 60% by FAD concentrations as low as 10-10 M. Stimulations as high as 100% were obtained with similar concentrations of CoQ.

2-Methyl-and 1,2-dimethyl-estrogens have been derived from 2-methyltestosterone via the Δ1,4 and 1,4,6 compounds. Ultraviolet, rotatory and biological influences of alkyl substituents in the phenolic steroids series are discussed.