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1. Electricity demand in populations gaining access: Impact of rurality and climatic conditions, and implications for microgrid design

Author

Sheridan Few, John Barton, Philip Sandwell, Richard Mori, Prasad Kulkarni, Murray Thomson, Jenny Nelson, Chiara Candelise, Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (E, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)

Subjects
Electricity demand, Energy, Microgrid, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Cooling demand, Climate, 16 Studies in Human Society, Geography, Planning and Development, Technoeconomic assessment, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Electricity demand, Microgrid, Rural electrification, Cooling demand, Climate, Technoeconomic assessment, Rural electrification, 09 Engineering
Abstract

Almost 800 million people currently lack access to reliable electricity, for many of whom solar microgrid systems are expected to be the most cost-effective solution. Quantifying current and future electricity demand is crucial for cost-effective design of reliable microgrids. However, electricity usage is connected to a wide range of social and economic factors alongside climatic conditions, making estimation of demand challenging. This paper presents a framework facilitating each stage of solar microgrid design from demand estimation through to cost-optimal sizing of the microgrid and its economic and environmental characterisation. Household demand is simulated based upon (1) climatic conditions, (2) appliance ratings and usage patterns, and (3) rates of growth in appliance ownership based upon the Multi-Tier Framework for measuring household electricity access. Microgrid demands are simulated based on the combination of these with (4) nondomestic demand based upon locally available data. The framework is demonstrated across four rates of domestic demand growth and two climatic conditions (‘tropical savanna’ and ‘humid subtropical’), alongside nondomestic demand based upon two operational microgrids (one rural and one peri-urban). When growth rates are high, newly introduced appliances tend to dominate, with differing impacts on the demand profile depending on power and usage times. Cooling represents a modest contribution to demand in the tropical savanna climate. However, in the hotter and more seasonally varying humid subtropical climate, cooling becomes the dominant driver of demand, increasing seasonality and proportion of demand at night. Nondomestic demand in the rural microgrid is primarily agricultural, and exhibits more seasonality and better alignment with daylight hours than demand in the peri-urban setting, which is more service-based. Across cases, increased seasonality and proportion of demand at night lead to poorer alignment with PV generation, increasing cost and GHG emissions per unit of electricity used in a cost-optimised microgrid system.

Published
2021

4. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Author

Sonia S Anand, Jackie Bosch, John W Eikelboom, Stuart J Connolly, Rafael Diaz, Peter Widimsky, Victor Aboyans, Marco Alings, Ajay K Kakkar, Katalin Keltai, Aldo P Maggioni, Basil S Lewis, Stefan Störk, Jun Zhu, Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, Martin O'Donnell, Patrick J Commerford, Dragos Vinereanu, Nana Pogosova, Lars Ryden, Keith A A Fox, Deepak L Bhatt, Frank Misselwitz, John D Varigos, Thomas Vanassche, Alvaro A Avezum, Edmond Chen, Kelley Branch, Darryl P Leong, Shrikant I Bangdiwala, Robert G Hart, Salim Yusuf, JORGELINA SALA, LUIS CARTASEGNA, MARISA VICO, MIGUEL ANGEL HOMINAL, EDUARDO HASBANI, ALBERTO CACCAVO, CESAR ZAIDMAN, DANIEL VOGEL, ADRIAN HRABAR, PABLO OMAR SCHYGIEL, CARLOS CUNEO, HUGO LUQUEZ, IGNACIO J. MACKINNON, RODOLFO ANDRES AHUAD GUERRERO, JUAN PABLO COSTABEL, INES PALMIRA BARTOLACCI, OSCAR MONTANA, MARIA BARBIERI, OSCAR GOMEZ VILAMAJO, RUBEN OMAR GARCIA DURAN, LILIA BEATRIZ SCHIAVI, MARCELO GARRIDO, ADRIAN INGARAMO, ANSELMO PAULINO BORDONAVA, MARIA JOSE PELAGAGGE, LEONARDO NOVARETTO, JUAN PABLO ALBISU DI GENNERO, LUZ MARIA IBANEZ SAGGIA, MOIRA ALVAREZ, NESTOR ALEJANDRO VITA, STELLA MARIS MACIN, RICARDO DARIO DRAN, MARCELO CARDONA, LUIS GUZMAN, RODOLFO JUAN SARJANOVICH, JESUS CUADRADO, SEBASTIAN NANI, MARCOS RAUL LITVAK BRUNO, CAROLINA CHACON, LAURA ELENA MAFFEI, DIEGO GRINFELD, NATALIA VENSENTINI, CLAUDIO RODOLFO MAJUL, HECTOR LUCAS LUCIARDI, PATRICIA DEL CARMEN GONZALEZ COLASO, FREDY ANTONI FERRE PACORA, PAUL VAN DEN HEUVEL, PETER VERHAMME, BAVO ECTOR, PHILIPPE DEBONNAIRE, PHILIPPE VAN DE BORNE, JEAN LEROY, HERMAN SCHROE, PASCAL VRANCKX, IVAN ELEGEERT, ETIENNE HOFFER, KARL DUJARDIN, CLARISSE INDIO DO BRASIL, DALTON PRECOMA, JOSE ANTONIO ABRANTES, EULER MANENTI, GILMAR REIS, JOSE SARAIVA, LILIA MAIA, MAURO HERNANDES, PAULO ROSSI, FABIO ROSSI DOS SANTOS, SERGIO LUIZ ZIMMERMANN, RAFAEL RECH, EDUARDO ABIB JR, PAULO LEAES, ROBERTO BOTELHO, OSCAR DUTRA, WEIMAR SOUZA, MARIA BRAILE, NILO IZUKAWA, JOSE CARLOS NICOLAU, LUIZ FERNANDO TANAJURA, CARLOS VICENTE SERRANO JUNIOR, CESAR MINELLI, LUIZ ANTONIO NASI, LIVIA OLIVEIRA, MARCELO JOSE DE CARVALHO CANTARELLI, RICHARD TYTUS, SHEKHAR PANDEY, EVA LONN, JAMES CHA, SAUL VIZEL, MOHAN BABAPULLE, ANDRE LAMY, KEVIN SAUNDERS, JOSEPH BERLINGIERI, BOB KIAII, RAKESH BHARGAVA, PRAVINSAGAR MEHTA, LAURIE HILL, DAVID FELL, ANDY LAM, FAISAL AL-QOOFI, CRAIG BROWN, ROBERT PETRELLA, JOSEPH A RICCI, ANTHONY GLANZ, NICOLAS NOISEUX, KEVIN BAINEY, FATIMA MERALI, MICHAEL HEFFERNAN, ANTHONY DELLA SIEGA, GILLES R DAGENAIS, FRANCOIS DAGENAIS, STEEVE BRULOTTE, MICHEL NGUYEN, MICHAEL HARTLEIB, RANDOLPH GUZMAN, RONALD BOURGEOIS, DENNIS RUPKA, YAARIV KHAYKIN, GILBERT GOSSELIN, THAO HUYNH, CLAUDE PILON, JEAN CAMPEAU, FRANCIS PICHETTE, ARIEL DIAZ, JAMES JOHNSTON, PRAVIN SHUKLE, GREGORY HIRSCH, PAUL RHEAULT, WLODZIMIERZ CZARNECKI, ANNIE ROY, SHAH NAWAZ, STEPHEN FREMES, DINKAR SHUKLA, GABRIEL JANO, JORGE LEONARDO COBOS, RAMON CORBALAN, MARCELO MEDINA, LEONARDO NAHUELPAN, CARLOS RAFFO, LUIS PEREZ, SERGIO POTTHOFF, BENJAMIN STOCKINS, PABLO SEPULVEDA, CHRISTIAN PINCETTI, MARGARITA VEJAR, HONGYAN TIAN, XUESI WU, YUANNAN KE, KAIYING JIA, PENGFEI YIN, ZHAOHUI WANG, LITIAN YU, SHULIN WU, ZONGQUI WU, SHAO WEN LIU, XIAO JUAN BAI, YANG ZHENG, PING YANG, YUN MEI YANG, JIWEI ZHANG, JUNBO GE, XIAO PING CHEN, JUNXIA LI, TAO HONG HU, RUIYAN ZHANG, ZHE ZHENG, XIN CHEN, LIANG TAO, JIANPING LI, WEIJIAN HUANG, GUOSHENG FU, CHUNJIAN LI, YUGANG DONG, CHUNSHENG WANG, XINMIN ZHOU, YE KONG, ARISTIDES SOTOMAYOR, JOSE LUIS ACCINI MENDOZA, HENRY CASTILLO, MIGUEL URINA, GUSTAVO AROCA, MARITZA PEREZ, DORA INES MOLINA DE SALAZAR, GREGORIO SANCHEZ VALLEJO, MANZUR J FERNANDO, HENRY GARCIA, LUIS HERNANDO GARCIA, EDGAR ARCOS, JUAN GOMEZ, FRANCISCO CUERVO MILLAN, FREDY ALBERTO TRUJILLO DADA, BORIS VESGA, GUSTAVO ADOLFO MORENO SILGADO, EVA ZIDKOVA, JEAN-CLAUDE LUBANDA, MARKETA KALETOVA, RADIM KRYZA, GABRIEL MARCINEK, MAREK RICHTER, JINDRICH SPINAR, JIRI MATUSKA, MARTIN TESAK, ZUZANA MOTOVSKA, MARIAN BRANNY, JIRI MALY, MARTIN MALY, MARTIN WIENDL, LENKA FOLTYNOVA CAISOVA, JOSEF SLABY, PETR VOJTISEK, JAN PIRK, LENKA SPINAROVA, MIROSLAVA BENESOVA, JULIA CANADYOVA, MIROSLAV HOMZA, JINDRICH FLORIAN, ROSTISLAV POLASEK, ZDENEK COUFAL, VLADIMIRA SKALNIKOVA, RADIM BRAT, MIROSLAV BRTKO, PETR JANSKY, JAROSLAV LINDNER, PAVEL MARCIAN, ZBYNEK STRAKA, MARTIN TRETINA, YAN CARLOS DUARTE, FREDDY POW CHON LONG, MAYRA SANCHEZ, JOSE LOPEZ, CARMITA PERUGACHI, RICARDO MARMOL, FREDDY TRUJILLO, PABLO TERAN, JAAKKO TUOMILEHTO, HENRI TUOMILEHTO, MARJA-LEENA TUOMINEN, ILKKA KANTOLA, GABRIEL STEG, VICTOR ABOYANS, FLORENCE LECLERCQ, EMILE FERRARI, FRANCK BOCCARA, EMMANUEL MESSAS, PATRICK MISMETTI, MARIE ANTOINETTE SEVESTRE, GUILLAUME CAYLA, PASCAL MOTREFF, STEFAN STOERK, HANS-DIRK DUENGEN, CHRISTOPH STELLBRINK, OSMAN GUEROCAK, CHRISTOPH KADEL, RUEDIGER BRAUN-DULLAEUS, MICHAEL JESERICH, CHRISTIAN OPITZ, HANS-FRIEDRICH VOEHRINGER, KARL-FRIEDRICH APPEL, BERNHARD WINKELMANN, THOMAS DORSEL, SIGRID NIKOL, HARALD DARIUS, JURGEN RANFT, SEBASTIAN SCHELLONG, WOLFGANG JUNGMAIR, PIROZE DAVIERWALA, MARC VORPAHL, LASZLO BAJNOK, ZOLTAN LASZLO, EBRAHIM NOORI, GABOR VERESS, ANDRAS VERTES, ANDRAS ZSARY, ERNO KIS, LASZLO KORANYI, JUDIT BAKAI, ZOLTAN BODA, FERENC POOR, ZOLTAN JARAI, VENDEL KEMENY, JOHN BARTON, BRENDAN MCADAM, ANDREW MURPHY, PETER CREAN, NIALL MAHON, RONAN CURTIN, BRIAIN MACNEILL, SEAN DINNEEN, MAJDI HALABI, REUVEN ZIMLICHMAN, DAVID ZELTSER, YOAV TURGEMAN, ELIEZER KLAINMAN, BASIL LEWIS, AMOS KATZ, SHAUL ATAR, EUGENIA NIKOLSKY, STEFANO BOSI, MONICA NALDI, POMPILIO FAGGIANO, DEBORA ROBBA, LUCIO MOS, GIANFRANCO SINAGRA, FRANCO COSMI, LUIGI OLTRONA VISCONTI, DE MATTEIS CARMINE, GIUSEPPE DI PASQUALE, MATTEO DI BIASE, SARA MANDORLA, MARINO BERNARDINANGELI, GIOVANNI CARLO PICCINNI, MICHELE MASSIMO GULIZIA, MARCELLO GALVANI, FLAVIO VENTURI, GIORGIO MOROCUTTI, MARIA GRAZIA BALDIN, CARLO OLIVIERI, GIAN PIERO PERNA, VINCENZO CIRRINCIONE, TAKAYASU KANNO, HIROYUKI DAIDA, YUKIO OZAKI, NAOMASA MIYAMOTO, SHINICHI HIGASHIUE, HIROSHI DOMAE, SHINOBU HOSOKAWA, HIROO KOBAYASHI, TAKEHIKO KURAMOCHI, KENSHI FUJII, KAZUAKI MIZUTOMI, KEIJIRO SAKU, KAZUO KIMURA, YOSHIHARU HIGUCHI, MITSUNORI ABE, HARUHITO OKUDA, TOSHIYUKI NODA, TERUAKI MITA, ATSUSHI HIRAYAMA, HARUHIKO ONAKA, MORIAKI INOKO, MITSUGU HIROKAMI, MUNENORI OKUBO, YUTAKA AKATSUKA, MIZUHO IMAMAKI, HARUO KAMIYA, MAMORU MANITA, TOSHIHARU HIMI, HIDEKI UENO, YUJI HISAMATSU, JUNYA AKO, YASUHIRO NISHINO, HIDEO KAWAKAMI, YUTAKA YAMADA, YUKIHIRO KORETSUNE, TAKAHISA YAMADA, TETSURO YOSHIDA, HIDEKI SHIMOMURA, NORIYUKI KINOSHITA, AKIHIKO TAKAHASHI, KHALID YUSOFF, WAN AZMAN WAN AHMAD, MUHAMMAD RADZI ABU HASSAN, SAZZLI KASIM, AIZAI AZAN ABDUL RAHIM, DIMON MOHD ZAMRIN, MASAHARU MACHIDA, YORIHIKO HIGASHINO, NORIAKI UTSU, AKIHIKO NAKANO, SHIGERU NAKAMURA, TETSUO HASHIMOTO, KENJI ANDO, TOMOHIRO SAKAMOTO, F.J. PRINS, DIRK LOK, JOHANNES GERT-JAN MILHOUS, ERIC VIERGEVER, FRANK WILLEMS, HENK SWART, MARCO ALINGS, ROB BREEDVELD, KEES-JAN DE VRIES, ROGER VAN DER BORGH, FANNY OEI, STIENEKE ZOET-NUGTEREN, HANS KRAGTEN, JEAN PAUL HERRMAN, PAUL VAN BERGEN, MARCEL GOSSELINK, EDUARD HOEKSTRA, ERWIN ZEGERS, EELKO RONNER, FRANK DEN HARTOG, GERARD BARTELS, PETER NIEROP, COEN VAN DER ZWAAN, JACOB VAN ECK, EDWIN VAN GORSELEN, BJORN GROENEMEIJER, PIETER HOOGSLAG, MARC ROBERT DE GROOT, ALDRIN LOYOLA, DENNIS JOSE SULIT, NANNETTE REY, MARIA TERESA ABOLA, DANTE MORALES, ELLEN PALOMARES, MARC EVANS ABAT, GREGORIO ROGELIO, PHILIP CHUA, JOSE CARLO DEL PILAR, JOHN DENNIS ALCARAZ, GERALDINE EBO, LOUIE TIRADOR, JOSEFINA CRUZ, JOHN ANONUEVO, ARTHUR PITARGUE, MARIANNA JANION, TOMASZ GUZIK, GRZEGORZ GAJOS, MACIEJ ZABOWKA, ANDRZEJ RYNKIEWICZ, MARLENA BRONCEL, ANDRZEJ SZUBA, DANUTA CZARNECKA, PAWEL MAGA, IRINA STRAZHESKO, YURY VASYUK, ZHANNA SIZOVA, YURY POZDNYAKOV, OLGA BARBARASH, MIKHAIL VOEVODA, TATIANA POPONINA, ALEXEY REPIN, IRINA OSIPOVA, ANNA EFREMUSHKINA, NINA NOVIKOVA, OLEG AVERKOV, DMITRY ZATEYSHCHIKOV, ARKADIY VERTKIN, AZA AUSHEVA, PATRICK COMMERFORD, SAADIYA SEEDAT, LOUIS VAN ZYL, JAN ENGELBRECHT, ELLEN MAKONLI MAKOTOKO, CATHARINA ELIZABETH PRETORIUS, ZAID MOHAMED, ADRIAN HORAK, THOMAS MABIN, ERIC KLUG, JANG-HO BAE, CHEOLHO KIM, CHONG-JIN KIM, DONG-SOO KIM, YONG JIN KIM, SEUNGJAE JOO, JONG-WON HA, CHUL SOO PARK, JANG YOUNG KIM, YOUNG-KWON KIM, CHRISTINA JARNERT, THOMAS MOOE, MIKAEL DELLBORG, INGEMAR TORSTENSSON, PER ALBERTSSON, LARS JOHANSSON, FARIS AL-KHALILI, HENRIK ALMROTH, TOMMY ANDERSSON, EMIL PANTEV, BENGT-OLOV TENGMARK, BO LIU, GUNDARS RASMANIS, CARL-MAGNUS WAHLGREN, TIZIANO MOCCETTI, ALEXANDER PARKHOMENKO, VIRA TSELUYKO, VOLODYMYR VOLKOV, OLENA KOVAL, LYUDMYLA KONONENKO, OLEKSANDR PROKHOROV, VALERIY VDOVYCHENKO, ANDRIY BAZYLEVYCH, LEONID RUDENKO, VADYM VIZIR, OLEKSANDR KARPENKO, YAROSLAV MALYNOVSKY, VALENTYNA KOVAL, BORYS STOROZHUK, JAMES COTTON, ASOK VENKATARAMAN, ANDREW MORIARTY, DEREK CONNOLLY, PATRICK DAVEY, ROXY SENIOR, INDERPAUL BIRDI, JOHN CALVERT, PATRICK DONNELLY, JASPER TREVELYAN, JUSTIN CARTER, AARON PEACE, DAVID AUSTIN, NEVILLE KUKREJA, THOMAS HILTON, SUNNY SRIVASTAVA, RONALD WALSH, RONALD FIELDS, JOSEPH HAKAS, EDWARD PORTNAY, HARINDER GOGIA, ABRAHAM SALACATA, JOHN J. HUNTER, J MICHAEL BACHARACH, NICOLAS SHAMMAS, DAMODHAR SURESH, RICKY SCHNEIDER, PAUL GURBEL, SUBHASH BANERJEE, PAUL GRENA, NOEL BEDWELL, STEPHEN SLOAN, STEVEN LUPOVITCH, ANAND SONI, KATHLEEN GIBSON, RENEE SANGRIGOLI, RAJENDRA MEHTA, PETER I-HSUAN TSAI, EVE GILLESPIE, STEPHEN DEMPSEY, GLENN HAMROFF, ROBERT BLACK, ELLIS LADER, JOHN B. KOSTIS, VERA BITTNER, WILLIAM MCGUINN, KELLEY BRANCH, VINAY MALHOTRA, STEPHEN MICHAELSON, MICHAEL VACANTE, MATTHEW MCCORMICK, RALUCA ARIMIE, ALAN CAMP, GEORGE DAGHER, N. MATHEW KOSHY, STEPHEN THEW, FREDERICK COSTELLO, MARK HEIMAN, ROBERT CHILTON, MICHAEL MORAN, FREDRIC ADLER, ANTHONY COMEROTA, ANDREW SEIWERT, WILLIAM FRENCH, HARVEY SEROTA, ROBERT HARRISON, FAISAL BAKAEEN, SHUAB OMER, LOKESH CHANDRA, ALAN WHELAN, ANDREW BOYLE, PHILIP ROBERTS-THOMSON, JAMES ROGERS, PATRICK CARROLL, DAVID COLQUHOUN, JAMES SHAW, PETER BLOMBERY, JOHN AMERENA, CHRIS HII, ALISTAIR ROYSE, BHUWAN SINGH, JOSEPH SELVANAYAGAM, SHIRLEY JANSEN, WINGCHI LO, CHRISTOPHER HAMMETT, ROHAN POULTER, SESHASAYEE NARASIMHAN, HENRIK WIGGERS, HENRIK NIELSEN, GUNNAR GISLASON, LARS KOBER, KIM HOULIND, VIBEKE BOENELYKKE SOERENSEN, ULRIK DIXEN, JENS REFSGAARD, ELISABETH ZEUTHEN, PETER SOEGAARD, MARIAN HRANAI, LUDOVIT GASPAR, DANIEL PELLA, KATARINA HATALOVA, ERIKA DROZDAKOVA, IOAN COMAN, DOINA DIMULESCU, DRAGOS VINEREANU, MIRCEA CINTEZA, CRINA SINESCU, CATALINA ARSENESCU, IMRE BENEDEK, ELENA BOBESCU, DAN DOBREANU, DAN GAITA, ADRIAN IANCU, ADRIANA ILIESIU, DANIEL LIGHEZAN, LUCIAN PETRESCU, OCTAVIAN PIRVU, IULIA TEODORESCU, DAN TESLOIANU, MARIUS MARCIAN VINTILA, OVIDIU CHIONCEL, Divisions of Cardiology and Thromboembolism McMaster University Hamiton, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Research Center [Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri] (ANMCO Research Center), Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), Department of Statistics, University of Haifa [Haifa], Cardiology, University and Emergency Hospital, University of Edinburgh, VA Boston Healthcare System, Hamilton General Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Cardiology Department, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, University of Parma, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Laval University and Hospital Heart and Lung Institute, UVSQ - UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Department of Public Health, Hémostase, bio-ingénierie et remodelage cardiovasculaires (LBPC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Galilée, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Hôpital Pasteur [Nice] (CHU), Service de Cardiologie [CHU Saint-Antoine], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Saint-Antoine [APHP], Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC - UMR-S U970), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Groupe de recherche sur la thrombose (GRT (EA 3065)), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nîmes (CHRU Nîmes), CHU Gabriel Montpied (CHU), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Medicine (DEBRECEN - Dpt Medicine), University of Debrecen, University of Trieste, Lab Dev Cell Biol,Bunkyo Ku, The University of Tokyo, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Research and Development Centre, Kamienskiego, Division of Angiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Cardiocentro Ticino [Lugano], University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Sandwell General Hospital, Physiopathologie et thérapie des déficits sensoriels et moteurs, Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-IFR76-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Rigshospitalet [Copenhagen], Université de Médecine Carol Davila, Cardiology Department [Târgu Mureș], University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases C.C. Iliescu, Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri [Firenze] (ANMCO), University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), CHU Gabriel Montpied [Clermont-Ferrand], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), and Copenhagen University Hospital

Subjects
Carotid Artery Diseases, Male, Myocardial Infarction, MESH: Lower Extremity, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, THERAPY, Stroke/epidemiology, MESH: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, 0302 clinical medicine, Rivaroxaban, prevention, Hemorrhage/chemically induced, MESH: Peripheral Arterial Disease, MESH: Double-Blind Method, guidelines, MESH: Incidence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality, risk, RISK, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, Incidence, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Stroke, MESH: Myocardial Infarction, Lower Extremity, Cardiovascular Diseases, MESH: Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Factor Xa Inhibitors/administration & dosage, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, MESH: Factor Xa Inhibitors, OUTPATIENTS, MESH: Rivaroxaban, management, MESH: Hemorrhage, metaanalysis, Lower Extremity/blood supply, Rivaroxaban/administration & dosage, Hemorrhage, MESH: Drug Administration Schedule, Amputation, Surgical, Drug Administration Schedule, MESH: Stroke, Peripheral Arterial Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Double-Blind Method, atherothrombosis, Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology, MANAGEMENT, Humans, MESH: Amputation, MESH: Aspirin, Aspirin/administration & dosage, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/administration & dosage, METAANALYSIS, Aged, MESH: Humans, Aspirin, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, MESH: Carotid Artery Diseases, MORTALITY, MESH: Cardiovascular Diseases, cardiovascular event rates, PREVENTION, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT RATES, MESH: Male, outpatients, atrial-fibrillation, MESH: Drug Therapy, Combination, MESH: Morbidity, Carotid Artery Diseases/complications, lower-extremity amputation, Peripheral Arterial Disease/complications, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Morbidity, MESH: Female, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Amputation/statistics & numerical data, Factor Xa Inhibitors
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Patients with peripheral artery disease have an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Antiplatelet agents are widely used to reduce these complications.METHODS: This was a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial for which patients were recruited at 602 hospitals, clinics, or community practices from 33 countries across six continents. Eligible patients had a history of peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities (previous peripheral bypass surgery or angioplasty, limb or foot amputation, intermittent claudication with objective evidence of peripheral artery disease), of the carotid arteries (previous carotid artery revascularisation or asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis of at least 50%), or coronary artery disease with an ankle-brachial index of less than 0·90. After a 30-day run-in period, patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive oral rivaroxaban (2·5 mg twice a day) plus aspirin (100 mg once a day), rivaroxaban twice a day (5 mg with aspirin placebo once a day), or to aspirin once a day (100 mg and rivaroxaban placebo twice a day). Randomisation was computer generated. Each treatment group was double dummy, and the patient, investigators, and central study staff were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or stroke; the primary peripheral artery disease outcome was major adverse limb events including major amputation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01776424, and is closed to new participants.FINDINGS: Between March 12, 2013, and May 10, 2016, we enrolled 7470 patients with peripheral artery disease from 558 centres. The combination of rivaroxaban plus aspirin compared with aspirin alone reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (126 [5%] of 2492 vs 174 [7%] of 2504; hazard ratio [HR] 0·72, 95% CI 0·57-0·90, p=0·0047), and major adverse limb events including major amputation (32 [1%] vs 60 [2%]; HR 0·54 95% CI 0·35-0·82, p=0·0037). Rivaroxaban 5 mg twice a day compared with aspirin alone did not significantly reduce the composite endpoint (149 [6%] of 2474 vs 174 [7%] of 2504; HR 0·86, 95% CI 0·69-1·08, p=0·19), but reduced major adverse limb events including major amputation (40 [2%] vs 60 [2%]; HR 0·67, 95% CI 0·45-1·00, p=0·05). The median duration of treatment was 21 months. The use of the rivaroxaban plus aspirin combination increased major bleeding compared with the aspirin alone group (77 [3%] of 2492 vs 48 [2%] of 2504; HR 1·61, 95% CI 1·12-2·31, p=0·0089), which was mainly gastrointestinal. Similarly, major bleeding occurred in 79 (3%) of 2474 patients with rivaroxaban 5 mg, and in 48 (2%) of 2504 in the aspirin alone group (HR 1·68, 95% CI 1·17-2·40; p=0·0043).INTERPRETATION: Low-dose rivaroxaban taken twice a day plus aspirin once a day reduced major adverse cardiovascular and limb events when compared with aspirin alone. Although major bleeding was increased, fatal or critical organ bleeding was not. This combination therapy represents an important advance in the management of patients with peripheral artery disease. Rivaroxaban alone did not significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events compared with asprin alone, but reduced major adverse limb events and increased major bleeding.FUNDING: Bayer AG.

Published
2018

5. The Changing Landscape for Stroke Prevention in AF

Author

Mercedes Samson, Siegfried Frickel, Hirosi Meno, Niels Gadsbøll, Sébastien Prévôt, Sorin Alexandru Antonescu, Xiaodong Li, Tetsuya Haruna, Zicheng Li, Catarina Fonseca, Ralf Zahn, Shahid Aziz, Takashi Tsutsui, Galal Kerfes, Elisabeth Louise Zeuthen, Lluís Mont, Angelika Tamm, Bogdan Minescu, Eric Lo, Gerardo Ansalone, Malcolm Foster, Tristan Mirault, Nabil Andrawis, Apostolos Katsivas, Imad Kreidieh, Juliano Novaes Cardoso, Margaret Ikpoh, Dimitar Raev, Said Chaaban, Dan Tesloianu, Philippe Loiselet, Joachim Gmehling, Joseph Hakas, Steven Forman, Ernst Günter Vester, Bettina Schmitz, Hassan El-Sayed, Hiroshi Tsutsui, Salvatore Pirelli, Jens Taggeselle, Arnljot Tveit, David Smith, Manuel De Los Rios Ibarra, Rafael Salguero, Jindrich Spinar, Vanja Bašić Kes, Jose Walter Cabrera Honorio, Adrien Salem, Gavino Casu, Jean Michel Quedillac, Ana Fruntelata, Peter Siostrzonek, Dmitry Napalkov, Luthando Adams, Valeria Calvi, Jeff S. Healey, Magnus Forsgren, Larisa Kalinina, Ratika Parkash, P. F.M.M. Bergen van, Carmen Manuela Muresan, H. Gorka, Andreas Mügge, Gustavo Maid, Serge Yvorra, Alexander Paraschos, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Viktor Peršić, Jeong Su Kim, Dong Jin Oh, Yutaka Furukawa, Steve Compton, Ravikiran Korabathina, Tammam Al-Joundi, Muzahir H. Tayebjee, Robert Betzu, David J. Cislowski, Alon Steinberg, Carisi Anne Polanczyk, Sanjiv Petkar, Andy Lam, Mingsheng Wang, Galina Ivanchura, Ruediger Seebass, Thomas Guarnieri, Seth H. Baker, Paula Carvalho, Brian First, Konstantinos Makaritsis, Alex C. Spyropoulos, Mohiburrahman Sirajuddin, Richard Bala, David Goldscher, G. Larsen Kneller, Ki Seok Kim, Sherman Tang, Venkat Iyer, Payman Sattar, Yamile Porro, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Christa Raters, Olivier Gartenlaub, Elizaveta Panchenko, Niccolo' Marcionni, Ole Nyvad, Sibel Zehra Aydin, Kenji Kawajiri, Dipankar Dutta, Gabriel Contreras Buenostro, Shaival Kapadia, Harry J.G.M. Crijns, Miroslav Rubacek, Myriam Brunehaut, Igor Diemberger, Kyle Rickner, Katsumi Tanaka, Moon Hyoung Lee, Pamela Nerheim, Jose Carlos Moura Jorge, Michael Gumbley, Katie Randall, Francesco Melandri, Sunil Chand, Harukazu Iseki, Thalie Traissac, Ningfu Wang, Ghiath Mikdadi, Peter D. Schellinger, Andrew M. Rubin, Conrad Genz, Karl Heinz Seidl, Maurice Pye, Giorgio Annoni, Adalberto Menezes Lorga Filho, William H. Pentz, Lisa Schmitz, Gary Miller, Didier Smadja, Elena Khludeeva, David Hargroves, Hans-Christoph Diener, Tiziano Moccetti, Azlisham Mohd Nor, Kai Koenig, F. A. Rooyer, Kiyoo Mori, Carlos Gonzalez Juanatey, Jan Beyer-Westendorf, Charles Landau, Steven B Eisenberg, Hugh F. McIntyre, Emilio Gonzalez Cocina, Erik May, Gyo-Seung Hwang, Alberto Giniger, Karl-Heinz Kuck, Yan Carlos Duarte Vera, Vladimir Gorbunov, Priya Nair, Shih Ann Chen, Beat J. Meyer, Donghui Zhang, Feng Wang, Richard J.H. Smith, Michele Massimo Gulizia, Darko Pocanic, Abul Azim, Jose Maria Lobos, Patrick Leprince, Peter Vanacker, Marica Bracic Kalan, James Crenshaw, Ewa Nowalany-Kozielska, Ayham Al-Zoebi, Eiji Hishida, Louis Essandoh, Younghoon Kim, Yanmin Yang, Dhiraj Gupta, Fausto J. Pinto, Arnold Pinter, Stanley Koch, Luis Felipe Pezo, Dzifa Wosornu Abban, Martin S. Green, Chrystalenia Kafkala, Zhitao Liu, Jose Luis Llisterri, Su Mei Angela Koh, Lin Chih-Chan, Ruth Davies, Ursula Rauch-Kroehnert, Julio Tallet, Juan Benezet-Mazuecos, Andreas Kastrup, Rohit Malhotra, Serge Timsit, Thierry Frappé, Kostas Oikonomou, Ameer Kabour, Kishor Vora, Douglas Roberts, Carlos Scherr, Pedro Dionísio, Nicoleta Violeta Miu, Eve Gillespie, Petr Povolny, F.R. Grondin, Philippe Lyrer, Raymond Fisher, Philip O'Donnell, Nima Amjadi, Juan Vazquez, Lynn Corbett, Patrick Peters, Jing Zhou, Thomas Kümler, Danny H.K. Wong, Evaldas Giedrimas, William McGarity, Frank L. Silver, Emmanuel Touzé, Ana Leitão, Suk keun Hong, Marwan Salfity, Constantin Militaru, S T Matskeplishvili, Johannes A. Kragten, Sam Henein, Anthony D'Souza, B. J. Krenning, Francesco Chiarella, Rene Casanova, Stephan Willems, Yong Keun Cho, Tae Joon Cha, Stewart Pollock, Rajendra Moodley, Rosa Ysabel Cotrina Pereyra, Volker Laske, Zhanquan Li, Kenneth B. Harris, Johnny Dy, Gabriele Guardigli, Hisham Kashou, Norberto Matadamas Hernandez, Zdravka Poljaković, E. Decoulx, Paul Wakefield, Sung Ho Her, Fatma Qaddoura, Giuseppe Boriani, Younus Ismail, Franz Goss, Shigeru Fujii, J. R. Groot de, Ming Shien Wen, Rui Candeias, Thomas Rebane, Juan Carlos Arias, Robert Jobe, Nicolas Ley, Taishi Sasaoka, Luigi Ria, Jonathan Banayan, Paul McLaughlin, Sergei Zenin, Luis E. Martinez, Thuraia Nageh, Fabrizio Ammirati, M. E.W. Hemels, Yutaka Shimizu, Elina Trendafilova, Maxime Fayard, Randeep Suneja, Attilia Maria Pizzini, Mark B. Abelson, Rabih R. Azar, Jian Zhou, Valerie Bockisch, Martin Koschutnik, James Hitchcock, Vlad Ciobotaru, Didier Irles, Patrik Michel, Witold Streb, John F. Corrigan, Ajit Singh Khaira, Marco Antônio Mota Gomes, Richard Tytus, Christian Hall, Antonius Ziekenhuis, Catherine Mallecourt, David J. Williams, Doo Il Kim, Brian Gordon, Salvatore Novo, Soufian Al Mahameed, Anil Shah, N. Joseph Deumite, Brent T. McLaurin, Ruth H. Strasser, Somnath Kumar, Genshan Ma, Aurel Cracan, Rajiv Mallik, Anthony Vlastaris, Francesco Perticone, Julio Alberto Aguilar Linares, Angel Moya, William Ashcraft, Steven Lupovitch, Renate Weinrich, Ralph F. Bosch, Gerald Ukrainski, Jon Arne Sparby, Norbert Schön, Pierre Jean Scala, Steven E. Hearne, Mark Roman, Ramin Farsad, Werner Rieker, Guillaume Cayla, Ramon Freixa, Hidemitsu Nakagawa, Kunihiro Nishida, Thomas J. Mulhearn, Tak W. Kwan, Jeffrey Shanes, Tiziana Tassinari, Ka Sing Lawrence Wong, Kneale Metcalf, Dominique Lejay, Daniel Savard, Pierre Chevallereau, Gilles O'Hara, Milan Mikus, Hiroshi Fukunaga, Olga Korennova, Xavier Ducrocq, Edvard Berngard, Mario Bo, Hoi Fan Chow, E. Ronner, Yuriy Grinshstein, Amparo Mena, Sidiqullah Rahimi, Axel Brandes, Shigenobu Bando, Freddy Del-Carpio Munoz, Jonathan L. Halperin, Ronald D. Jenkins, Carlos Rodríguez Pascual, Alain Lacroix, Sergio Agosti, Franklin Handel, Aylmer Tang, Nan Jiang, Diana A. Gorog, Dimitrios Stakos, Gerald Greer, Dudley Goulden, Martin Grond, Oran Corey, Stellan Bandh, Efrain Gonzalez, Alexander Klein, Jacques Scemama, Amelie Elsaesser, Nathan Foster, Francesco Fedele, Dinesh Mistry, Alberto Caccavo, Bjørn Bratland, Jean Marc Davy, D. J. Boswijk, Abdullah Al Ali, Muhammad Khalid, Terry McCormack, Clare Seamark, Enrico Passamonti, Zoran Olivari, Simon W Dubrey, Wlodzimierz Musial, Antonio Martín Santana, Jianqiu Liang, Manuel de Mora, Dmitry Dupljakov, Nicholas Jones, Mohamed Alshehri, Paul Charbel, John Bullinga, Petr Polasek, Hossein Almassi, Reza Mehzad, Gamal Hussein, Marcus Wiemer, Ali Sharareh, Alexandra Finsen, David Huckins, Denis Angoulvant, Matthias Leschke, Craig Vogel, Stefan Schuster, Juan E. Mesa, Yong Seog Oh, Axel De La Briolle, Jacek Kowalczyk, Louise Shaw, Eduardo de Teresa, Stefan Naydenov, Hubert Vial, Ian I Joffe, Christoph Kleinschnitz, Takeshi Yamashita, A. Salvioni, Aman M. Shah, Michael Renzi, Claude Brunschwig, Ioannis Styliadis, Ravi Bhagwat, Julian Coronel, Asok Venkataraman, Zayd Eldadah, Dinesh Singal, Byung Chun Jung, Michael Lillestol, Mirza S. Baig, Jose Polo, Ira Dauber, Olga Barbarash, Kristina Zint, Pavel Galin, P. J. A. M. Brouwers, Ki Byeong Nam, Andrey Ezhov, Kevin F. Browne, Iveta Sime, Tetsuo Sakai, Jean Louis Georges, Manish Jain, Alexey Nizov, Jean Dillinger, Arif Elvan, John Barton, Rainer Zimmermann, Junji Kanda, Clare Holmes, Werner Jung, Aurélien Miralles, Tatiana Novikova, Steven Georgeson, Yorihiko Higashino, Akira Yamada, David Sprigings, Haroon Rashid, J. W.M. Eck van, Bernard Erickson, Barry Seidman, Koji Kajiwara, Kannappan Krishnaswamy, Daniel Ferreira, Sébastien Armero, Brian Wong, Dong Gu Shin, Ludovic Chartier, Priit Kampus, Francisco Marín, Rickey Manning, Martin Köhrmann, Edward J. Kosinski, Bengt Johansson, Y. S. Tuininga, Simon Cattan, Sergio Dubner, Imran Dotani, Wenchi Kevin Tsai, Gregorio Sanchez, Edwin Blumberg, Charles Crump, Frank Jäger, Christoforos Olympios, Matthew Hoghton, Xinwen Zhao, Derek Muse, Alexandre Guignier, Toby Black, Yuichiro Takagi, Phil Keeling, Richard A. Bernstein, Omar Elhag, Jean Ernst Poulard, Fernando Gabriel Manzur Jattin, James Hampsey, Shahid Mahmood, Steffen Behrens, Tianlun Yang, Elena Dotcheva, Krishnan Challappa, Nam Ho Kim, Claudio Cavallini, Eric Espaliat, Martin James, June Soo Kim, Marc Roelke, Harold Thomas, Charles A. Shoultz, Rami El Mahmoud, José Francisco Kerr Saraiva, Jürgen vom Dahl, Xuebo Liu, Dong Ju Choi, Sergio Mondillo, Ian Parker, Kazuya Yamamoto, Rafael Martin Suarez, Karla M. Kurrelmeyer, Akber Mohammed, Nikitas Moschos, Benoit Coutu, Georgios Hananis, Hamed M. Zuhairy, Giovanni Baula, Suchdeep Bains, Menno V. Huisman, Heng Jiang, Jaroslaw Sek, Yoto Yotov, Malik Ali, Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro Moreira, Torben Larsen, Raed Osman, Marie Paule Houppe Nousse, Shulin Wu, Arturo Raisaro, Efrain Alonso Gomez Lopez, Violeta Cindea Nica, Eduardo Julián José Roberto Chuquiure Valenzuela, Wladmir Faustino Saporito, Changsheng Ma, Francesco Romeo, Jorge Martínez, M. Shakil Aslam, Kenneth J. Rothman, Kamal Al Ghalayini, Magdy Mikhail, Charles Augenbraun, Andreas Wilke, Peter Goethals, John D. McClure, Humberto Rodriguez Reyes, Peter Schoeniger, Nabil Jarmukli, Elizabeth S. Kaufman, Nathalie Duvilla, Jens Wicke, Kausik Chatterjee, Philippe Audouin, Dragan Kovacic, Xingwei Zhang, Brad Frandsen, Alberto Conti, Francisco Aguilar, Sasalu Deepak, Geir Heggelund, David S. Rosenbaum, Sergey P. Golitsyn, Alessandro Capucci, Rodolfo Sotolongo, Begoña Sevilla, François Poulain, Thomas Ronzière, Naseem Jaffrani, Dominik Michalski, Jose Lopez-Sendon, Silvia Di Legge, Bernard Jouve, Chang Sheng Ma, Robert Parris, Sumeet K. Mainigi, Jing Yao, Lars Udo Krause, Ulrich Tebbe, Quansan Zhang, Mathieu Amelot, Peter Crean, Benzy J. Padanilam, Nicolas Breton, Fernando Tomas Lanas Zanetti, Subhash Banerjee, Andrew I. Cohen, Michel Galinier, Jacek Miarka, Gerian Grönefeld, Vicente Bertomeu, Mariusz Gierba, Danny, Anna Ferrier, Luciano Marcelo Backes, Lianqun Cui, Eun-Seok Shin, Andreas Meinel, Jay Koons, Jen Yuan Kuo, Brett Graham, Antonio Garcia Quintana, Michael Hill, Sylvain Destrac, Janko Szavits-Nossan, Shanglang Cai, Joaquín Osca, Luis Aguinaga, Hemal M. Nayak, Chander Arora, Shinji Tayama, Diana Delić Brkljačić, Tiemin Jiang, Miguel Agustin Reyes Rocha, Ronan Collins, Davide Imberti, Kwang Soo Cha, Matthias Gabelmann, Alfredo Astesiano, Christian Weimar, William Eaves, Tatiana Ionova, Khalid Almuti, Thierry Schaupp, Bernhard Paul Lodde, Darlene Elias, Yuichiro Nakamura, Raed Al-Dallow, Eric Parrens, Weihua Li, Alan Bell, Noah Israel, Nadezda Rozkova, Nediljko Pivac, Nooshin Bazargani, Armando Pineda-Velez, Hyung Wook Park, Amin Karim, Clemens Steinwender, Davor Milicic, Gonzalo Barón, Robert Topkis, Mehrdad Ariani, Craig S. Barr, Paulo Bettencourt, Roberto Zanini, Andrew Moriarty, Pascal Goube, Fausto Rigo, Irene Madariaga, Atsushi Sueyoshi, Małgorzata Lelonek, Kevin R. Wheelan, Richard Huntley, Donald Brautigam, Jacek Gniot, Ido Lori, Dragos Vinereanu, Daniel Lee, Kouki Watanabe, Michael Vargas, Natalya Koziolova, James S. Zebrack, Basel Hanbali, Cesare Greco, José Luis Zamorano, Rajesh Patel, Fernando Carvalho Neuenschwander, Sergio Luiz Zimmermann, Shuiping Zhao, Pedro Adragão, Karl Heinz Schmitz, Abdelfatah Alasfar, Olga Ferreira de Souza, David N. Pham, Mark Dayer, Thomas Davee, Yoshiki Hata, Mika Skeppholm, Martin O'Donnell, David Molony, Joe Hargrove, Hani Sabbour, Pascal Defaye, Jochen Bott, Dora Ines Molina de Salazar, Anthony Clay, Giancarlo Landini, Michael McGuire, Dae Kyeong Kim, A. Shekhar Pandey, Bouziane Benhalima, Serge Cohen, Aamir Cheema, Matthias Claus, Marcus L. Williams, Qiangsun Zheng, Karim Bakhtiar, Hailong Lin, Sergio Berti, David Hartley, Libor Nechvatal, Rami Mihail Chreih, Domingo Pozzer, James Capo, John Floyd, Bhola Rama, Harald Darius, Ioannis Mantas, Pareed Aliyar, Carlos Barrera, Galina Ketova, Mark Chang, Alan J. Bank, José Ferreira Santos, Samir Turk, Lakshmanan Sekaran, Adam Ellery, Aurélie Buhl, Naomasa Miyamoto, Kuo Ho Yeh, Nicolas Mousallem, Hassan Soda, Dimitrios J. Richter, Zhaohui Wu, Tim Edwards, Kai Sukles, Koji Maeno, Huanyi Zhang, Paolo Verdecchia, Alexandros Gkotsis, Joe Pouzar, Philippe Berdagué, Edoardo Gronda, Olesya Rubanenko, Cristian Podoleanu, Mariano Ruiz Borret, Guillermo Llamas Esperon, Iveta Mintale, Hideki Shimomura, Dadong Zhang, Angelo Amato Vicenzo de Paola, Kenneth Butcher, Pascal Tessier, Minang Turakhia, Peter Svensson, Shabbir Reza, Herbert Pardell, Wilfried Lang, Holger Poppert, Alan Ackermann, Olivier Citerne, Emil Hayek, Yang Zheng, Jin bae Kim, Lorenzo Fácila, Tetsuo Hisadome, Li Sun, Panagiotis Vardas, Angel Grande, Piers Clifford, C. Zwaan van der, Nicki Law, Ilsbe Salecker, Steven Isserman, Shozo Tanaka, Dorothee B. Bartels, Yann Hemery, Susanna Cary, Mehiar El-Hamdani, Indira Natarajan, Miney Paquette, C. Wilson Sofley, Charles C. Gornick, Fu-Tien Chiang, Ellen Bøhmer, Hiroki Yamanoue, Toru Nakayama, Chakri Yarlagadda, Ciro Indolfi, Narendra Singh, Juan Carlos Nunez Fragoso, Eisho Kyo, Laurent Deluche, Andreas Götte, Stephen Phlaum, Jong Sung Park, Paresh Mehta, Terrence C. Hack, Fred Cucher, Olivier Dibon, Chia Theng Daniel Oh, Shannon Twiddy, Sean Connors, Edo Bottacchi, Beata Wożakowska-Kapłon, Ronald B. Goldberg, Jordi Bruguera, James J. Kmetzo, Jeanne Wei, John Kazmierski, Pilar Mazón, M Frais, Kazuya Kawai, Dimitrios Alexopoulos, Abayomi Osunkoya, Wanda Sudnik, Ramon Horacio Limon Rodriguez, William J. French, Ira Lieber, Rajesh Aggarwal, Stuart W. Zarich, John A. Puleo, David Cudmore, Jost Henner Wirtz, Ute Altmann, Kyung Tae Jung, Jennifer Litchfield, Jei Keon Chae, Rainer Dziewas, James Neiman, Karin Rybak, Galina Chumakova, Riccardo Pini, Richard Oliver, Benoit Lequeux, Athanasios J. Manolis, Luisa Fonseca, César A. Jardim, Katsuhiro Matsuda, Paul Hermany, Ming Luo, Ronnie Garcia, Oscar Pereira Dutra, John Culp, Amrit Pal Singh Takhar, Victor Howard, Oyidie Igbokidi, Kuo Yang Wang, Britta Goldmann, Thomas Walter, Mohamed K. Al-Obaidi, Antonio Pose, Christine Teutsch, Arthur J. Labovitz, Thomas Folk, Nell Wyatt, A. Huizenga, Benhur Henz, Konstantin Protasov, Petra Maskova, Ioannis Goudevenos, Kier Huehnergarth, Elena Kinova, Georgios Stergiou, Guohai Su, Hüseyin Ince, Chi Hung Huang, Winfried Haerer, Saad Al Ismail, Michael Gabris, Brian Carlson, Feng Liu, Yansheng Li, Luis Gustavo Gomes Ferreira, Radosław Lenarczyk, Ruben Omar Iza Villanueva, Nandkishore Ranadive, Yong Xu, Oscar Saenz Morales, Wayne Turner, Aleksey Khripun, Paul G. Grena, Yusuke Fujino, Abraham Salacata, Aleksandar Knezevic, Fouad Elghelbazouri, Hamid Bayeh, Mikhail Torosoff, Martin Cooper, Alenka Mavri, Marina Freydlin, Vassilios Vassilikos, Naresh Ranjith, Laurent Prunier, E. Hoffer, George Mitchell, Javier León Jiménez, S.S. Kabbani, Waldemar Krysiak, Emmanuel Nsah, John Ip, Charles B. Eaton, Jérome Thevenin, Dimitrios Chrysos, Asaad Bakbak, L. Steven Zukerman, Maria Grazia Bongiorni, Matthias von Mering, Lisa Alderson, Jean Joseph Muller, Yann Jamon, Roger Moore, Harinath Chandrashekar, Athanasios Pras, Venkatesh Nadar, B. J. Berg van den, Tomas Ripoll, Eric Van De Graaff, Patrick Dary, Peter L. Schwimmbeck, James Poock, Robert Schnitzler, Rohit Arora, Vuong DuThinh, Uwe Gremmler, Nuno Raposo, Chirag Sandesara, Ping Yen Bryan Yan, Junya Shite, Andrea Berz, Isabel Egocheaga, Karine Lavandier, Jose M. Teixeira, Ewart Jackson-Voyzey, Mayar Jundi, Ignacio Iglesias, Stephen Bloom, Hans Rickli, Rudolph Evonich, Giulio Molon, Vinay Shah, Salvador Bruno Valdovinos Chavez, Walter Ageno, Mauro Esteves Hernandes, Ali Ghanbasha, Stefan Regner, Luc De Wolf, Abdel El Hallak, Mohammad Shoukfeh, Francesco Musumeci, Pablo Andres Sepulveda Varela, Gershan Davis, Xianyan Jiang, Matthew Ebinger, Xiangdong Xu, Andreas Winkler, T. A. Simmers, Olivier Dascotte, Dominique Magnin, Karen Mahood, Carolina Guevara Caiedo, Zulu Wang, Hung-Fat Tse, John Camm, Didier Cadinot, Javier Aguila Marin, Juan Jose Olalla, Tamara Everington, Sherryn Roth, Feliz Alvaro Medina Palomino, Gregg Coodley, Wenhui Liu, G. Y. H. Lip, Ricky Ganim, Paul Ainsworth, Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt, Yalin Liu, Sung Won Jang, Percy Berrospi, Dhananjai Menzies, Julien Pineau, Robert J. Jeanfreau, Hervé Buathier, John D. Osborne, Ted S. N. Lo, Li Fern Hsu, Xi Su, Beate Wild, Alvaro Rabelo Alves, Tomas Cieza-Lara, Neeraj Prasad, Yoshinori Seko, Jaydutt Patel, Malte Kuniss, Guy Chouinard, Jacek Morka, Frank Rubalcava, Fran Adams, Ignacio Rodriguez Briones, Vivek Sharma, Xinhua Wang, Amir Malik, Walid Amara, Adnan El Jabali, José Arturo Maldonado Villalon, Frederic Georger, Hong Ma, Steffen Schnupp, Nolan Mayer, Adam Sokal, Nasser Abdul, Gérald Phan Cao Phai, Jorge Hugo Blanco Ibaceta, Ramakrishnan Iyer, Yves Cottin, Barry Troyan, Achim Küppers, Anastas Stoikov, Jasjit Walia, Bruce Iteld, Abdul Alawwa, Christos Milonas, Frank Mibach, Mahfouz El Shahawy, H.William Stites, Neerav Shah, Clifford Ehrlich, Zia Ahmad, Furio Colivicchi, and Laszlo Karolyi

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Atrial fibrillation, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, Dabigatran, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Stroke prevention, Antithrombotic, Emergency medicine, medicine, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Intensive care medicine, Prospective cohort study, business, Stroke, Fibrinolytic agent, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background: GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic t...

Published
2017

6. Reforming management of commercial fisheries in a small island territory

Author

John Barton and Michael Harte

Subjects
Flexibility (engineering), Economics and Econometrics, media_common.quotation_subject, Control (management), Fishing, Foreign direct investment, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Diversification (marketing strategy), Fishery, State (polity), Management system, Economics, Duration (project management), Law, General Environmental Science, media_common
Abstract

The Falkland Islands has successfully met many challenges in the management and development of its fisheries resources over the last 20 years. To meet a new set of challenges the current licensing system based on the allocation of non-transferable, variable duration licences to individual vessels is being replaced by a system of long-term individual transferable rights owned by Falkland Islanders. The anticipated gains are enhanced economic performance of the sector because fishing businesses have increased security and flexibility, rapid diversification from harvesting into value-added activities and increased international competitiveness as poorly performing companies sell rights to well performing companies. Implementing a rights-based regime in a small coastal state is challenging. Thin markets for rights, a desire to maintain local control of fishing rights, and a dependence on foreign direct investment in the fisheries sector are key considerations in the design of an effective and efficient management regime. Starting operation in 2006/07, the new rights-based management system provides a model for small coastal states or small industrial fisheries that previously had considered rights-based systems too complex to implement and administer, despite the inherent advantages of rights-based management.

Published
2007

7. Balancing local ownership with foreign investment in a small island fishery

Author

John Barton and Michael Harte

Subjects
Fishery, Government, Balance (accounting), Control (management), Fishing, Legislation, Foreign direct investment, Business, Fisheries management, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Fisheries law
Abstract

The Falkland Islands Government has established a transferable rights management regime for its fisheries resources. The allocation of transferable rights has to be sensitive to economic and social considerations specific to the Falkland Islands. One critical requirement is the need to balance local ownership and control with the need for direct foreign investment and the continued involvement of foreign fishing fleets in the territory's fisheries. Several mechanisms to achieve this balance are contained in recent fisheries legislation. These mechanisms will be of interest to other small island territories facing similar challenges in their commercial fisheries.

Published
2007

8. 25mm sensor–actuator layer: A miniature, highly adaptable interface layer

Author

Brendan O'Flynn, G. Hynes, John Barton, A. Morrissey, A. Norman, and K. Aherne

Subjects
Engineering, Wi-Fi array, business.industry, Interface (computing), Metals and Alloys, Electrical engineering, Modular design, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Key distribution in wireless sensor networks, Wireless, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Fixed wireless, Actuator, Instrumentation, Wireless sensor network
Abstract

Wireless sensor networks are collections of autonomous devices with computational, sensing and wireless communication capabilities. Research in this area has been growing in the past few years given the wide range of applications that can benefit from such a technology. This paper describes a customisable sensor–actuator interface board for use in a highly modular and miniaturised wireless platform. The interface board has a 25 mm × 25 mm form factor and allows any combination of eight different sensors and actuators to be connected to the Tyndall25 Mote that contains the computational/RF components. It can also be used in conjunction with various other developed layers in the 25 mm system for specific applications. One intended application area of this hardware is in the horticultural/agricultural industry.

Published
2006

9. Statistical fracture modelling of silicon with varying thickness

Author

Bivragh Majeed, Kafil M. Razeeb, Indrajit Paul, and John Barton

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Silicon, Weibull modulus, technology, industry, and agriculture, Metals and Alloys, chemistry.chemical_element, Statistical model, Die (integrated circuit), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Flexural strength, chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Range (statistics), Forensic engineering, Fracture (geology), Composite material, Weibull distribution
Abstract

The strength of silicon is a statistical property and can differ significantly between specimens processed under similar conditions. This necessitates the development of different statistical distribution models, which, amongst others, includes Weibull and log-normal models to determine the statistical fracture strength of material like silicon. This paper describes the development of statistical approach to model fracture strength of silicon of varying thickness. An application of classic weakest link model was done to correlate the number of links undergoing failure and the Weibull modulus. The Weibull modulus for different die thickness was found to be lying in the range of 3–5. Particularly for thin silicon samples, the log-normal model gave a relatively lower value of complexity criterion. It was also observed that the fracture strength of 525 μm thick silicon could be described using a normal distribution. Pooled strength data analysis was also performed to interpolate the fracture strength of specimens of different thickness.

Published
2006

10. Development of field programmable modular wireless sensor network nodes for ambient systems

Author

S. Bellis, Kieran Delaney, John Barton, Kafil M. Razeeb, Brendan O'Flynn, and Cian O'Mathuna

Subjects
Wi-Fi array, Computer Networks and Communications, Visual sensor network, business.industry, Computer science, Modular design, Sensor web, Key distribution in wireless sensor networks, Embedded system, Sensor node, Mobile wireless sensor network, Wireless, business, Wireless sensor network
Abstract

The goal of this work is to fabricate robust, miniature, wireless sensor modules. These provide an enabling technology platform to conduct research in creating ambient systems, through implementing wireless sensor network applications. The approach taken is to partition the wireless sensor module into a series of layers with area 25mmx25mm. This modular approach has resulted in the specification of a series of layers, including a field programmable gate array layer for digital signal processing type operations, forming the initial elements of the 25mm sensor node toolkit that can be programmed for use with different sensors depending on application. This paper highlights the development of the sensor, processing, communication and power layers, and the connection approach used to form a robust modular system. Comparisons are made with other wireless sensor nodes and application examples are given.

Published
2005

11. Reliability evaluation of a silicon-on-silicon MCM-D package

Author

G. McCarthy, Joaquin Santander, E. Cabruja, Manuel Lozano, R. Doyle, John Barton, Ana Collado, and Kieran Delaney

Subjects
Wire bonding, Engineering, Silicon, business.industry, Mechanical engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Highly accelerated stress test, Die (integrated circuit), Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Reliability (semiconductor), chemistry, Ball grid array, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Power cycling, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business
Abstract

This paper presents the results of reliability testing on a multichip module technology with active silicon substrates. The modules use flip-chip technology to attach silicon chips to the active substrate and this assembly is then packaged into a plastic ball grid array package. Performance was evaluated using two custom designed test chips incorporating thermal, thermomechanical, electrical and reliability test structures. A rigorous environmental test sequence including temperature, cycling, humidity, highly accelerated stress test and power cycling were carried out on the demonstrators. A full destructive physical analysis was then performed, consisting of die/substrate shear, wire bond pull tests and microsectioning.

Published
2001

12. A Web-based nomadic computing system

Author

John Barton and Tim Kindberg

Subjects
Web analytics, Web-based simulation, Web server, Ubiquitous computing, Web development, Web 2.0, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Computer science, Web presence, Web application security, computer.software_genre, World Wide Web, Web Accessibility Initiative, Web design, Web application, Web navigation, Web mapping, Web service, Web resource, business, Web intelligence, computer, Data Web
Abstract

CoolTown offers a Web model for supporting nomadic users, based on the convergence of Web technology, wireless networks and portable devices. This paper describes how CoolTown ties Web resources to physical objects and places, and how users interact with resources using the information appliances they carry, from laptops to smart watches. Enabling the automatic discovery of URLs from our physical surroundings, and using localized Web servers for directories, we create location-aware but ubiquitous systems. On top of this infrastructure we leverage device connectivity to support communication services.

Published
2001

13. Running the Web backwards: appliance data services

Author

Andrew C. Huang, John Barton, Benjamin C. Ling, and Armando Fox

Subjects
Ubiquitous computing, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Computer science, Interoperability, computer.software_genre, World Wide Web, User experience design, Common Object Request Broker Architecture, Human–computer interaction, Applications architecture, Web page, Data as a service, User interface, Web service, business, Mobile device, computer
Abstract

`Appliance' digital devices such as handheld cameras, scanners, and microphones generate data that people want to put on Web pages. Unfortunately, numerous complex steps are required. Contrast this with Web output: handheld Web browsers enjoy increasing infrastructural support such as user-transparent transformation proxies, allowing unmodified Web pages to be conveniently viewed on devices not originally designed for the task. We hypothesize that the utility of input appliances will be greatly increased if they too were `infrastructure enabled'. Appliance Data Services attempts to systematically describe the task domain of providing seamless and graceful interoperability between input appliances and the Web. We offer an application architecture and a validating prototype that we hope will `open up the playing field' and motivate further work. Our initial efforts have identified two main design challenges: dealing with device heterogeneity, and providing a `no-futz' out-of-the-box user experience for novices without sacrificing expressive power for advanced users. We address heterogeneity by isolating device and protocol heterogeneity considerations into a single extensible architectural component, allowing most of the application logic to deal exclusively with Web-friendly protocols and formats. We address the user interface issue in two ways: first, by specifying how to tag input with commands that specify how data are to be manipulated once injected into the infrastructure; second, by describing a late-binding mechanism for these command-tags, which allows `natural' extensions of the device's UI for application selection and minimizes the amount of configuration required before end-users benefit from Appliance Data Services. Finally, we describe how to leverage existing services in the infrastructure; our prototype is based on HTTP and Java but our architecture could also leverage services connected via Jini or CORBA. We also describe an implemented prototype of parts of the architecture and a specific application.

Published
2000

14. Structural Features can be Unconserved in Proteins with Similar Folds

Author

Robert Bruce Russell and Geoffrey John Barton

Subjects
Crystallography, Protein structure, Structural Biology, Structural similarity, Side chain, Sequence alignment, Protein folding, Threading (protein sequence), Biology, Molecular Biology, Protein secondary structure, Peptide sequence
Abstract

Side-chain to side-chain contacts, accessibility, secondary structure and RMS deviation were compared within 607 pairs of proteins having similar three-dimensional (3D) structures. Three types of protein 3D structural similarities were defined: type A having sequence and usually functional similarity; type B having functional, but no sequence similarity; and type C having only 3D structural similarity. Within proteins having little or no sequence similarity (types B and C), structural features frequently had a degree of conservation comparable to dissimilar 3D structures. Despite similar protein folds, as few as 30% of residues within similar protein 3D structures can form a common core. RMS deviations on core C alpha atoms can be as high as 3.2 A. Similar protein structures can have secondary structure identities as low as 41%, which is equivalent to that expected by chance. By defining three categories of amino acid accessibility (buried, half buried and exposed), some similar protein 3D structures have as few as 30% of positions in the same category, making them indistinguishable from pairs of dissimilar protein structures. Similar structures can also have as few as 12% of common side-chain to side-chain contacts, and virtually no similar energetically favourable side-chain to side-chain interactions. Complementary changes are defined as structurally equivalent pairs of interacting residues in two structures with energetically favourable but different side-chain interactions. For many proteins with similar three-dimensional structures, the proportion of complementary changes is near to that expected by chance, suggesting that many similar structures have fundamentally different stabilising interactions. All of the results suggest that proteins having similar 3D structures can have little in common apart from a scaffold of core secondary structures. This has profound implications for methods of protein fold detection, since many of the properties assumed to be conserved across similar protein 3D structures (e.g. accessibility, side-chain to side-chain contacts, etc.) are often unconserved within weakly similar (i.e. type B and C) protein 3D structures. Little difference was found between type B and C similarities suggesting that the structure of similar proteins can evolve beyond recognition even when function is conserved. Our findings suggest that it is more general features of protein structure, such as the requirements for burial of hydrophobic residues and exposure of polar residues, rather than specific residue-residue interactions that determine how well a particular sequence adopts a particular fold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Published
1994

15. Ubiquitous computing

Author

Marcus Fontoura, John Barton, and Renato Cerqueira

Subjects
World Wide Web, Context-aware pervasive systems, Ubiquitous computing, Hardware and Architecture, Computer science, Software, Information Systems
Published
2004

16. Cloning and characterization of a ribosomal RNA gene from Plasmodium berghei

Author

Thomas F. McCutchan and John Barton Dame

Subjects
Genetics, Transcription, Genetic, Plasmodium berghei, Chromosome Mapping, DNA, Ribosomal RNA, Biology, Molecular biology, RRNA transcription, 18S ribosomal RNA, Molecular Weight, genomic DNA, Plasmid, Genes, RNA, Ribosomal, Animals, Parasitology, Cloning, Molecular, Internal transcribed spacer, Molecular Biology, Gene, Ribosomal DNA
Abstract

The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of Plasmodium berghei strain NYU2 was characterized with respect to size and used to identify molecular clones of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) from this organism. The intact large rRNA species (Mr 1.40 X 10(6] is intermediate in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic large rRNAs. It is specifically cleaved in vivo near the 5'-end yielding one large component (Mr 1.10 X 10(6] and one small component (Mr 0.30 X 10(6]. The small rRNA species (Mr 0.75 X 10(6] is larger than in higher eukaryotic organisms, but is similar in size to some other protozoa. Using 5'-end labeled rRNA as a probe, clones of rDNA were selected from genomic DNA libraries prepared in lambda phage Charon 4A and plasmid pBR322. The clones prepared in lambda were prone to recombination. The 14.7 kilobase (kb) insert in phage lambda PbR27 contains the complete coding sequences for both the small and larger rRNA species. A complete set of small plasmid clones were isolated which hybridize to the different segments of the rRNA transcription unit. A restriction map of the genes cloned in lambda PbR27 with the approximate position of the coding region is presented. The polarity of transcription of the rDNA was determined by hybridizing 3'-OH end labeled rRNA to Southern blots of genomic and cloned rDNA. The results indicate that a transcription unit of P. berghei rDNA is arranged as in other organisms with the small rRNA at the 5' end and the large rRNA at the 3' end.

Published
1983

18. A DANGEROUS PRINCIPLE

Author

John Barton and S.Wesley Wilson

Subjects
General Medicine
Published
1902

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