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s Dendrite growth and by-products in aqueous Zn ion batteries have been impeded their rapid development as energy storage devices. Here we utilized a concentric-ring like additive, hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18-crown-6, 18C6), into typical ZnSO4 electrolytes to hook the Zn ion on surface by confinement effects during the electrochemical process. Combining experimental characterization and theoretical calculations, the dynamics were systematically investigated to offer a deceleration Zn deposition, in which a low charge transfer barrier and a high desolvation barrier were harvested simultaneously with 18C6. It regulated the solventized structure of Zn ions and held the steady hydrophobic interface during the electrochemistry process. The by-products yield was extremely low. Zn symmetric cells be cycled over 2400 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. These studies provided an effective strategy to reach the dendrite-free and high-density Zn energy storage devices.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the event rate of major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30) in acute pancreatitis (AP) and its potential risk factors. METHODS A retrospective analysis of a tertiary center data on all AP patients admitted within 72 h after onset of abdominal pain between June 2015 and June 2019 was conducted. MAKE30 - a composite of death, new renal replacement therapy (RRT), or persistent renal dysfunction (PRD) - and its individual components were retrieved at discharge or 30 days. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors for MAKE30. RESULTS 295 patients were enrolled and 16% experienced MAKE30. For individual components, the incidence was 3% for death, 15% for new RRT, and 5% for PRD. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, hyperchloremia at admission [OR = 8.38 (1.07-65.64); P = 0.043] and SOFA score [OR 1.63 (1.18-2.26); P = 0.003] were independent risk factors in predicting MAKE30. Further analysis showed that patients with hyperchloremia had more requirements of RRT (57% vs. 10%, P

Ferroptosis is a promising colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment strategy; however, its value in prognosis remains at an exploratory stage. Little research has been conducted on vitamin D and ferroptosis, although vitamin D has been shown to inhibit CRC through various mechanisms. A retrospective study was conducted using RNA-seq profiles and corresponding clinical information of CRC patients retrieved from TCGA and GEO databases.We used R package to process and analyze the data. We established the prognostic signature with elastic network regression model. KEGG was used to analyze pathways related to FRGs, and protein-protein interaction(PPI)was used to identify potential interactions with vitamin D. In HCT116 cells, the levels of cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of ferroptosis marker genes were measured by Western blot and qRT-PCR. Results showed, a prognostic signature containing 39 FRGs was established, and the Area Under Curve (AUC) of the 2nd, 5th, and 8th years were 0.81, 0.81, and 0.78, respectively. There were distinct differences in survival probability between the high- and low-risk groups, and the signature was applicable to stratified survival analysis based on tumor stage. The risk score possessed an independent prognostic value. Importantly, we found that vitamin D receptor (VDR) has a potential relationship with many FRGs, and vitamin D promotes ferroptosis in CRC cells and affects the expression of TP53, MAPK3, and SLC7A11. In summary, a signature with FRGs can effectively predict the prognosis of CRC. Vitamin D can promote ferroptosis in CRC.

Hollow graphene spheres are successfully prepared and employed as the separator coating materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. The hollow graphene spheres coated separator has been proven an efficient trap to adsorb and block polysulfide, greatly alleviating the shuttle effect. In the case of using elemental sulfur as cathode active material and the weight of the diaphragm is only increased by 10.3%, the lithium-sulfur battery with hollow graphene spheres coated separator delivers a high initial specific capacity of 1172.3 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.2 C, and the discharge capacity remains at 829.6 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles with a capacity decay of 0.146% per cycle, showing excellent electrochemical performance.

A total of 584 thematic journals were included in the “Chinese Journal of Psychology” from 1996 to 2017 as the basic data set for this study, using bibliometrics, co-occurrence analysis, word frequency analysis, etc., and using CiteSpace III. Software mapping of knowledge. Visual analysis of published papers, research hotspots, research topic time zones, core authors, author co-occurrences, and research institutions of sports psychology research in China. It aims to fully grasp the dynamics of research on the development of sports psychology in China. The process provides a valuable reference for the theoretical research and practice of sports psychology in China. The results show that: Taking time as the axis, the amount of published documents can be divided into three stages: slow growth stage, rapid growth stage, and stable development stage; research topic time zone is also divided into three stages, and the basis for division of each stage is For the introduction of national sports reforms or new policies; 1996–2017, the focus of sports psychology disciplines is the application of sports psychology in physical education and sports training; the core authors in the field are representatives of Yan Jun, Wang Jin, and Yan. Gang Yan, etc.; The core organization of the volume of documents issued is based on professional sports colleges. The representative agency is Beijing Sport University.

The spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode materials suffer from severe capacity fade during the charge-discharge process, which is caused by the instability of material structure under high voltage. Herein, a novel LNMO microsphere is prepared via simple co-precipitation method. The SEM images show that the LNMO spheres are constructed by many octahedral nano-particles. The structure stability of the LNMO cathode materials is improved so that the as-prepared LNMO cathode materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. It delivers a discharge capacity of 133.29 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C. Even the specific capacity still remains 127.46 mA h g−1 and the capacity retention rate is up to 95.6% after 300 cycles at 0.2 C. It is mainly attributed to the fact that the as-prepared LNMO materials expose the (111) crystal plane with the lowest surface energy.

Metal sulfide CoS2 is prepared and used as host materials for Li-S batteries. The CoS2 particle could immobilize the polysulfide by catalyzing the redox reactions of soluble polysulfide to insoluble polysulfide. Besides, the employment of vapor growth carbon fiber (VGCF) interlayer between CoS2/S cathode and separator has a positive effect on physically adsorbing polysulfide. Consequently, the chemical and physical adsorption could exist in one Li-S battery system at the same time. As a result, the initial discharge capacity of CoS2/S composite cathode with VGCF interlayer is 1278 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.1 C. After 200 cycles, the capacity still remains as high as 701 mAh g−1, which is better than the battery without CoS2, showing excellent electrochemical performance.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Wu-Zi-Yan-Zong-Wan (WZYZW) is a classical traditonal Chinese herbal formula and a Chinese patent medicine used to treat male infertility. However, the chemical components of WZYZW and its mechanism are not yet fully clarified. Aim of the study The purpose of this study is to observe the effect and underlying mechanism of WZYZW on ameliorating blood-testis barrier (BTB) dysfunction in mice with spermatogenic dysfunction induced by administration of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. multiglycosides (GTW). Materials and methods WZYZW was administered by gavage to mice with GTW-induced spermatogenic dysfunction (kidney essence deficiency pattern) for 40 days. Testis tissues were obtained for subsequent histopathological analysis. Biotin tracing was used to evaluate the permeability of Sertoli cell tight junctions. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-1α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were analyzed by ELISA. The expression levels of proteins related to tight junction including ZO-1, JAM-A and occludin were analyzed by western blotting. The ultrastructures of tight junctions were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results WZYZW ameliorated GTW-induced testicular spermatogenic dysfunction. Levels of IL-6, IL-17A, IL-1α, and TNF-α in the groups receiving low, medium, and high doses of WZYZW decreased in a dose-dependent manner. WZYZW impeded a biotin tracer from permeating the BTB, protecting its integrity in GTW-treated mice. In addition, our results showed no significant changes in the protein expressions of ZO-1, JAM-A, and occludin after WZYZW administration compared with the GTW group. Meanwhile, WZYZW exhibited a linear arrangement and restored the typical “sandwich” structure of BTB. No acute poisoning incidences were observed in all groups during the experiment. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that WZYZW may ameliorate some GTW-induced BTB dysfunction, possibly by regulating proinflammatory cytokine levels. In vitro studies on the regulation of BTB permeability by WZYZW and its active components are further required.

In recent years, the pursuit of high electrochemical stability and safety are considered as the newly growing and leading trend of next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The gelation of polymer electrolytes(GPEs) is the most direct and effective way to improve electrochemical performance. Herein, a novel composited polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolyte is reported with a dual acceleration conduction effect of Li+ by the nano-TiO2 and triethyl phosphate (TEP). The negative ZETA potential of nano-TiO2/PEG internal interface promoted the dissociation of lithium salt by the unstable adsorption in diffusion layer, which enhanced the lithium ion migration and promoted the uniformity of lithium deposition. The flame retardant TEP improved safety performance, adjusted the affinity between EO and Li+, which bestowed it a high discharge 125.7mAh/g at 0.2C, with a low average capacity decay rate of 0.08% per cycle. The well-designed PEG-TEP-TiO2 GPEs showed wide electrochemical window, stable Li+ stripping/plating, smaller voltage polarizations and excellent cycling performance. The new understanding of composite electrolytes provides a powerful avenue for facilitating the gelation-solid-state lithium ion batteries.

Lithium-sulfur batteries are a promising energy storage system due to their high energy density. However, the commercialization of Li-S batteries are still hindered by the dissolution of polysulfides during cycling process. Herein, we demonstrate a host material of TiO2 spheres with mesopores for sulfur impregnation in lithium-sulfur batteries. The as-prepared mesoporous TiO2 spheres present large pore volume. This provides accessible inner pores as a stable reservoir for polysulfides. Meanwhile, the TiO2 spheres provide huge reaction interface, which could facilitate the transportation of electron. As a result, the resulting TiO2/S composites exhibit excellent electrochemical performance.

Repeated dissolution and deposition of polysulfide during the cycle could lead to a non-conductive polysulfide layer on the cathode electrode, which would cause the decrease of conductivity for the positive electrode and limit the effect of the sulfur-based conductive material. Therefore, we proposed a vapor growth carbon fiber/polypyrrole (VGCF/PPY) dual functional separator, which can increase the conductivity by VGCF and absorb polysulfide by PPY. Finally, the VGCF/PPY functional separator displays an initial discharge specific capacity of 1085 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. The capacity remains at 768 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles with a capacity decay of 0.146% per cycle, showing excellent cycle stability.

In this work, fresh biochar modified with cobalt (Co) and rare earth element gadolinium (Gd) was prepared for ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TC) removal in single- and binary-solute systems. Co- and Gd-modified biochar (MBC), possessing a sponge-like structure, was found to be efficient in CIP and TC removal in both systems. The BET surface area and pore volume of MBC were 370.3737 m2/g and 0.1991 cm3/g, respectively. Both TC and CIP sorption kinetic data in regard to MBC were fitted with a pseudo-second-order model. Adsorption of CIP onto MBC was consistent with the Langmuir model, while TC adsorption was consistent with the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity of MBC was 44.44 mg/g for CIP and 119.05 mg/g for TC. Although the adsorption capacity decreased in the competitive system, it still reached 31.15 and 117.65 mg/g, respectively. Therefore, MBC might yield a great promise to treat complex antibiotic wastewater.

In this work, we demonstrate a facile and green hydrothermal process without using any surfactant or template to synthesize SnO 2 nanoflowers (NFs)/graphene nanosheets (GNSs) composites as a high-performance electrode material for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The crystal structure and morphology of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transition electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties were investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and cycling voltammetry in a voltage range of −0.2–0.8 V. The results exhibit that the addition of GNSs did not change the tetragonal crystal structure of SnO 2 , and the GNSs were successfully coated on the flower-like surface of SnO 2 . The grain morphology of SnO 2 @GNSs composites has a flower-like appearance suggesting excellent electrochemical properties which were confirmed by electrochemical techniques. Compared with the GNSs, the SnO 2 @GNSs composites exhibit a high specific discharge capacitance of 126 F g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 and remains 98.2% after 2000 charge–discharge cycles. The combination of GNSs and SnO 2 could significantly improve the electrical conductivity, enhance the interactions between GNSs and SnO 2 NFs and provide more reaction sites, thereby resulting in improved electrochemical properties for the SnO 2 @GNSs composites in contrast with the pristine GNSs sample. The high specific capacity and long stability make the SnO 2 @GNSs nanocomposite as a electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Through utilizing a mixed-ligand method, two novel coordination polymers (CPs) containing Co(II) of [Co(L)(dcdps)]n (1) and {Co(L)(bdc)}n (2) [H2bdc = 1,4-dicarboxybenzene; H2dcdps = 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid and L = 4,4′-(2,5-bis(methylthio)-1,4-phenylene)dipyridine] have been prepared by the solvothermal method through Co(NO3)2•6H2O reacting with the methylthio functionalized dipyridine ligand L in the existence of distinct carboxylic ligands. Compound 2 contains excellent water stability can effectively degrade the methylene blue in the water solution under the irradiation of ultraviolet, which is expected to become a potential photo active material. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of compound against the production of intestinal butyrate, as well as the HDAC2 expression in colon cancer cells was evaluated. The ELISA test kit was conducted to detect the butyrate content in the intestinal tissue. The real time RT-PCR method was implemented, and the HDAC2 gene relative expression levels in colon cells was measured. Finally, our aim is to generate novel mechanism for the treatment of anti-colon cancer.

Mesoporous TiO 2 spheres are successfully synthetized as high performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The obtained mesoporous TiO 2 spheres exhibit excellent rate capability and good cycling stability, which shows initial discharge capacity of 315 mAh/g and remains 208 mAh/g after 150 cycles. This improved electrochemical performances of TiO 2 spheres is ascribed to the synergetic effects of their unique sphere structure and mesopore structure.

In this paper we focus on the numerical solution of nonlinear Black–Scholes equation modeling illiquid markets. Two monotone unconditionally stable splitting methods, ensuring positive numerical solution and avoiding unstable oscillations, are applied to solve nonlinear Black–Scholes equation modeling illiquid markets. These numerical methods are based on the LOD methods which allow us to solve the discrete equation explicitly. The properties of these methods are analyzed. The numerical results for vanilla call option are compared to the local Crank–Nicolson scheme. The numerical results for European butterfly spread are also provided.

Core-flood experiments of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and water were conducted under pressures higher than 10.00 MPa and a temperature of 40 °C to investigate scCO2 dissolution and mass transfer in water and their effects on displacement and imbibition. In these experiments, two representative sandstone cores of low permeability obtained from Shenhua Group CCS site in the Erdos Basin in China were used. On each core sample, five water-flood experiments were performed on the scCO2-saturated core by injecting water of a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentration (from CO2-free to CO2-saturated) for ∼37 h, with a focus on the effect of differential concentration (ΔC) (i.e., the difference between the concentration of solubility and that of injected water) on dissolution and mass transfer, as well as displacement. An additional experiment was conducted on the first sample by water flood using CO2-free injected water into the scCO2-flooded core initially saturated by water free of dissolved CO2. In each experiment, the mass flow rate of scCO2 as a free phase and the net mass rate of dissolved CO2 were measured and calculated for core effluent. For the first sample, the residual CO2 saturation ranges from 0.52 in the case of ΔC = 0–0.67 in the case of ΔC = solubility, after two displacement periods of stable and unstable scCO2 mass rate. The difference in residual saturation indicates that scCO2 dissolution during displacement may enhance snap-off, thus trapping more scCO2. At the end of the four unsaturated experiments, nearly all the residual CO2 mass is dissolved into the injected water through local CO2 dissolution and mass transfer between the dissolved CO2 and displacing water. In each experiment, the measured mass rate of dissolved CO2 decreases significantly over the time from that of ΔC in period III to more than two orders of magnitude smaller in period V. The dependence on ΔC of mass flow rate and net effluent concentration in periods III and V indicates that local CO2 dissolution in large pores in period III and in small and fine pores over all the time is at equilibrium as scCO2 residence time is sufficiently long. In periods IV and V, the overall mass transfer is non-equilibrium, leading to a lengthy depletion process, in comparison to an equilibrium case. The contribution of equilibrium dissolution in small and fine pores is also demonstrated by one order of magnitude reduction in effluent concentration in the additional experiment as these pores are not accessible by scCO2. The similar behavior of dissolution and mass transfer and their effect on displacement in both samples are obtained. A logistic model developed can reasonably represent the S-shaped function between mass transfer rate and core mass ratio as a function of scaled ΔC.

Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide encoding the tachykinin 1 (TAC1) gene and belongs to the tachykinin family. SP is widely distributed in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. SP is also produced by nonneuronal cells, such as inflammatory cells and endothelial cells. The biological activities of SP are mainly regulated through the high-affinity neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R). The SP/NK-1R system plays an important role in the molecular bases of many human pathophysiologic processes, such as pain, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In addition, this system has been implicated in fibrotic diseases and processes such as wound healing, myocardial fibrosis, bowel fibrosis, myelofibrosis, renal fibrosis, and lung fibrosis. Recently, studies have shown that SP plays an important role in liver fibrosis and that NK-1R antagonists can inhibit the progression of fibrosis. NK-1R receptor antagonists could provide clinical solutions for fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the structure and function of SP and its involvement in fibrotic diseases.

The surface subsidence is a common environmental hazard in mined-out area. Based on careful analysis of the regularity of surface subsidence in mined-out area, we proposed a new time function based on Harris curve model in consideration of the shortage of current surface subsidence time functions. By analyzing the characteristics of the new time function, we found that it could meet the dynamic process, the velocity change process and the acceleration change process during surface subsidence. Then its rationality had been verified through project cases. The results show that the proposed time function model can give a good reflection of the regularity of surface subsidence in mined-out area and can accurately predict surface subsidence. And the prediction data of the model are a little greater than measured data on condition of proper measured data quantity, which is safety in the engineering. This model provides a new method for the analysis of surface subsidence in mined-out area and reference for future prediction, and it is valuable to engineering application. Keywords: Mined-out area, Surface subsidence, Time function, Harris model, Prediction

Vaccination is the most effective means for preventing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Since the influenza virus mutates frequently, the virus strains for new vaccine production should be changed according to predicted epidemic strains. The extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) is 24 amino acids long, which is highly conserved and therefore a good target for the development of a universal vaccine which may protect against a much wider range of influenza A virus strains. However its low antigenicity and immunogenicity, which are related to its small size, poses a big challenge for vaccine development. Multiple antigen peptide system (MAP) is based on an inert core molecule of radially branching lysine dendrites onto which a number of peptide antigens are anchored. Tuftsin is an immuno-stimulant molecule peptide. Here we developed a novel peptide vaccine by connecting a tuftsin to a branched, four-copy M2e. Not only did this increase the molecular mass, but also potentiate the immunogenicity. Two branched peptides, (M2e)4-tuftsin and (M2e)4-G4(tuftsin was replaced with four glycines), and a M2e monomer were synthesized using standard solid-phase methods. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to compare their antigenicity and immunogenicity. Experiments in BALB/c mice demonstrated that the branched M2e could induce stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than the M2e monomer, and (M2e)4-tuftsin induced stronger humoral and cellular immune response than (M2e)4-G4. After lethal challenge with influenza virus PR8 strain, up to 80% of the animals in the (M2e)4-tuftsin vaccinated group still survived, in contrast to 44% in the (M2e)4-G4 group and 30% in the M2e monomer group. The combination of branched polypeptides and tuftsin in vaccine design is presented here for the first time, and the results show that the new construct is a promising candidate for a universal vaccine against the influenza A virus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Nrf2 and IGF-1 in benign, premalignant, and malignant gastric lesions, and to explore the role of Nrf2 and IGF-1 in gastric carcinoma carcinogenesis. Nrf2 and IGF-1 expression was detected in normal gastric mucosa, hyperplastic polyp, intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. There was no expression of Nrf2 and IGF-1 in normal gastric mucous membrane. With the elevation of Nrf2, IGF-1 expression, their co-expressions were highly elevated from benign proliferative lesions to malignant lesions. There were significant differences between hyperplastic polyps, intraepithelial neoplasias, and adenocarcinoma (hyperplastic polys vs. intraepithelial neoplasia: P = 0.012; hyperplastic polyps vs. adenocarcinoma: P = 0.023; and intraepithelial neoplasia vs. adenocarcinoma: P = 0.027; hyperplastic polyps vs. adenocarcinoma: P = 0.0000, respectively). Nrf2 expression and IGF-1 expression were correlated positively (r = 0.337, P = 0.037). The increased expression of Nrf2 and IGF-1 may be related to gastric carcinogenesis. Elevated Nrf2 and IGF-1 may play important roles in promoting tumor progression.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression and impact of Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation) on tumor progression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis in gastric adenocarcinoma. The study included 97 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma, which were surgically excised at the Second Hospital of Shandong University. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the Id-1 expression, and dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD). The Id-1 protein was mainly expressed with nuclear staining in well-differentiated carcinoma, but with cytoplasmic staining in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma, which showed a significant difference (P.0001). Moreover, the expression patterns had different and crucial effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Nuclear staining of Id-1 inhibited angiogenesis, but cytoplasmic staining promoted angiogenesis (MVD, 110.57 ± 32.32 vs 141.45 ± 55.60) (P.05). Consistent with their roles in angiogenesis, the nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions of Id-1 had similar effects on lymphangiogenesis: nuclear expression inhibited and cytoplasmic expression promoted lymphangiogenesis (LVD, 2.62 ± 1.03 vs 4.05 ± 2.04) (P.05). Microvessel density and LVD showed no significant difference in low-and high-Id-1 expression groups (P.05). Aberrant expression of Id-1 from nuclear to cytoplasm is accompanied with tumor malignant progression, which promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis; and Id-1 should be developed as a target for gastric carcinoma therapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) and its effects on promoting angiogenesis in gastric adenocarcinomas. Paraffin wax sections of 222 patients with gastric adenocarcinomas having undergone surgery between 2001 and 2006 were classified into three histotypes: intestinal, diffuse, and mixed carcinomas following the Laurén classification. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to study the distribution of CEACAM1, and double-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to observe the relationship between CEACAM1 expression and neovascularization in carcinoma areas. No CEACAM1 expression was found in normal non-metaplastic mucosa adjacent to the tumors; but in metaplastic mucosa, CEACAM1 was expressed on the apical surface. However, all of the collected gastric carcinomas expressed CEACAM1 with cytoplasmic or membranous staining. CEACAM1 was expressed mainly with a membranous pattern in the intestinal carcinomas, and with a cytoplasmic pattern in the diffuse carcinomas. There was a significant difference between the expression patterns and the histotypes (P0.0001). CEACAM1 expression was classified as high (or =66% positive cells) and low (66% positive cells), and high CEACAM1 expression was associated with lymph nodes metastasis (P0.05). High microvessel density (MVD) was observed more frequently in the tumors with membranous expression, and low MVD in the tumors with cytoplasmic staining (P0.0001). The transformation of CEACAM1 distribution from membrane to cytoplasm is an important incident for the reverse effects on the tumorous angiogenesis, and high expression of CEACAM1 facilitates the metastasis of carcinoma cells to lymph nodes. Moreover, the different distribution of CEACAM1 in the intestinal and diffuse carcinomas indicates a different tumorigenic pathway.

The catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin is an endogenous nicotinic cholinergic antagonist that can inhibit secretion of catecholamine from chromaffin cells and adrenergic neurons. Therefore it can inhibit sympathetic nerve activity. Previous studies have shown that catestatin have a