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As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, different measures have been implemented by governments from each affected country. Such measures usually involve restrictions on the movement of citizens, and have had a profound effect on usual activities and timetables. As a result of school closures and strict restrictions regarding going outside home, children have been one of the most disadvantaged population groups during the lockdown period. We therefore aimed to investigate potential health risk behaviors amongst isolated pre-school and school-aged children. We retrieved relevant articles from MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus databases to describe identified health-related behaviors (i.e. screen exposure, environmental influence, physical activity and fitness, sedentariness, sleep patterns, eating habits, psychological response, body composition, and injuries) in relation to social isolation and social deprivation of children without previous illness or conditions. This review depicts the potential health-related behaviors according to related literature, and put the focus on future short and long-term sequels of social isolation. Socio-affective complications and insufficient physical activity are underscored as two of the main concerns, particularly among socio-economic deprived children. Both issues could be effectively addressed with either adequate parental or community guidance., Highlights • Social isolation may worsen several health-related behaviors. • Socioeconomic issues could either exacerbate or mitigate social isolation effects. • Socio-affective complications might be derived from prolonged COVID-19 lockdown. • Insufficient physical activity and too much screen exposure could be among the main consequences of COVID-19 lockdown.

Background: Childhood obesity is increasing globally with widening socioeconomic inequalities. It is unclear if differences in the accumulation and intensity distribution of children’s physical activity is contributing to these rising disparities. We investigated if the intensity patterning of physical activity differs between socioeconomic groups across Europe and if this relationship differs by national level income inequality and age to help explain obesity disparities. Methods: We pooled and harmonised individual-participant accelerometer-assessed activity and socioeconomic position (SEP) data from 36 European child studies. Included participants were between 5 to 16 years of age with valid accelerometer data (≥480 minutes of daily wear time on 3 days), parental education and anthropometric measurements. Study-level multivariable linear regression models were run to assess differences in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA) and adiposity by socioeconomic position (by parental education). Effects were pooled in random effect meta-analyses. Findings: 26,915 participants (mean age: 10·1y [SD:1.2]; 51·7% female) from 16 European countries met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses revealed proportionally more average daily minutes of VPA were performed by children from a higher socioeconomic position (High vs low SEP, b: 0·57, 95%CI: 0·28, 0·85 mins), despite lower overall levels of physical activity (MVPA; b: -1·51, 95%CI: -2·36, -0·67 mins). Higher intensity activity in children from a higher socioeconomic position was paralleled by lower levels of adiposity measured by BMI z-score (b: -0·20, 95%CI: -0·24, -0·16). Stepwise differences were apparent moving from low to medium to high socioeconomic position [e.g. BMI z-score: (Low vs Med SEP; b: -0·10, 95%CI: -0·14, -0·07) (Low vs High SEP; b: -0·20, 95%CI: -0·24, -0·16)]. Inequalities in VPA and BMI z-score widened with age and were not affected by national level income inequality. Interpretation: Lower levels of adiposity in children from a higher socioeconomic position are paralleled by relatively higher amounts of VPA despite overall lower levels of MVPA. Physical activity promotion efforts should focus on providing opportunities for less affluent children to be vigorously active. Funding Statement: BHF, CRUK, ESCR, MRC, Wellcome Trust, Research Council of Norway Declaration of Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The authors declared not applicable.

This study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Elderly EXERNET Physical Activity Questionnaire (EEPAQ) in a sample of Spanish elderly population. A sample of 73 elderly successfully completed the EEPAQ and wore an accelerometer over 7 consecutive days. Test-retest reliability of the EEPAQ was assessed by having the participants answer the EEPAQ twice within 14 days. Criterion validity was assessed for the questionnaire against the accelerometer, as the gold standard. Results indicated that EEPAQ had adequate reliability measured by Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (walking ICC=0.88; sitting ICC=0.68; household activities ICC=0.97), and good validity against the accelerometer. Walking had a significant (p

Summary Aims The purpose of our research was primarily to investigate the physical fitness and physiological characteristics of soccer referees according to their competitive status, level and age, and secondly, to analyze the relationship among sprint, change of direction ability and endurance capacity. Material and methods Forty-five Spanish referees were grouped according to status: field (FR, n = 23) and assistant (AR, n = 22), competitive level: national (NR, n = 28) and provincial (PR, n = 17), and age: > 35 yr ( n = 10) and ≤ 35 yr ( n = 35). The main focuses of our study were acceleration, change of direction ability and endurance capacity, which were measured by 20 and 30 m linear straight sprinting tests (LSST), the modified agility T-test free (MATF) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (YYIR1), respectively. Results The results showed no significant differences between FR and AR, or between NR and PR groups. However, > 35 yr were significantly slower ( P ≤ 0.01) than the ≤ 35 yr in the 20 m sprint, 30 m sprint and the MATF. Moreover, the > 35 yr covered significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) less distance in the YYIR1 than the ≤ 35 yr group and HR max was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) lower in the > 35 yr group. MATF was strongly related to the 20 m ( r = 0.762) and 30 m ( r = 0.757) sprints. Conclusion Our findings suggest the necessity of implementing specific training programs focused on maintaining change of direction ability, acceleration and aerobic capacity in referees older than 35 years.

Physical activity (PA) and exercise improve the overall quality of life, as well as prevent the onset of diseases in healthy children and adolescents, and is an aid to treat prevalent chronic diseases in childhood. PA and exercise are like medicine, while sedentary lifestyle and inactivity cause disease. In this article, the existing scientific evidence in this field is reviewed and recommendations for professionals involved in child health are updated. A good knowledge of how to prescribe exercise and PA in paediatrics in different diseases is necessary. Interventions to avoid inactivity of children and adolescents must be supported by the appropriate increase in the level of PA, through integration and training programs, which achieve both an overall improvement of the neuromuscular physical condition and also physical, cognitive, and psychosocial performance. The Health Promotion Committee of Spanish Paediatric Association proposes strategies that help to obtain this objective, aiming to improve the health of our patients through the practice of exercise and the increase in PA. Resumen: La actividad física (AF) y el ejercicio físico (EF) mejoran la calidad de vida global, previenen la aparición de enfermedades en niños y adolescentes sanos, y sirve para el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas prevalentes en la infancia. Si la AF y el EF son medicina, el sedentarismo y la inactividad provocan enfermedad. Se revisa en este artículo la evidencia científica existente al respecto y se ponen al día las recomendaciones para los profesionales involucrados en la salud del niño, ya que es necesario un buen conocimiento de cómo prescribir EF y AF en pediatría en diferentes patologías. Las intervenciones para evitar la inactividad del niño y del adolescente deben estar sustentadas en el apropiado aumento del nivel de AF, mediante programas de integración y capacitación, que consigan una mejora conjunta de la condición física neuromuscular y del rendimiento físico, cognitivo y psicosocial. La AEP, a través del Comité de Promoción de la Salud, propone estrategias que faciliten este objetivo para mejorar la salud de nuestros pacientes a través de la práctica de EF y el aumento de la AF.

Aim To ascertain the effects of 21 weeks of circuit training, including plyometric jumps, on cardiorespiratory fitness of youths with Down's syndrome (DS). Methods Twenty-seven children and adolescent aged 10 to 19 years with DS participated in this study and were divided in two groups: exercise (EXE, n=14) and control (CON, n=13). Work time, peak values of oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and minute ventilation of the participants were measured pre- and post-training with a graded exercise treadmill test. Results EXE group increased all their cardiorespiratory parameters compared to baseline after 21 weeks of training (all P Conclusion It may be concluded that youths with Down syndrome can achieve improvements in several cardiorespiratory parameters when performing 21 weeks of training including plyometric exercises.

Resumen Objetivo Determinar los efectos de 21 semanas de entrenamiento en circuito, incluyendo saltos pliometricos, sobre la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de jovenes con sindrome de Down (SD). Metodo Veintisiete jovenes con SD de entre 10 y 19 anos participaron en este estudio. Los participantes se dividieron en dos grupos: ejercicio (EJE; n = 4) y control (CON; n = 13). Antes y despues de la realizacion del programa de entrenamiento se midieron los siguientes parametros: tiempo de trabajo, valores maximos de consumo de oxigeno, cociente respiratorio, frecuencia cardiaca y ventilacion minuto de los participantes mediante una prueba de esfuerzo progresiva en tapiz rodante. Resultados Los participantes del grupo EJE aumentaron todos los parametros cardiovasculares en comparacion con su valor basal, despues del entrenamiento (todos p p Conclusion Se puede concluir que los jovenes con SD pueden conseguir mejoras en diversos parametros cardiorrespiratorios tras la ejecucion de 21 semanas de entrenamiento con ejercicios pliometricos.

We aimed to clarify whether a short-term whole body vibration training has a beneficial effect on bone mass and structure in elderly men and women.Randomised controlled trial.A total of 49 non-institutionalised elderly (20 men and 29 women) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of the study groups (whole body vibration or control). A total of 24 elderly trained squat positioned on a vibration platform 3 times per week for 11 weeks. Bone-related variables were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Two-way repeated measures one-way analysis of variance (group by time) was used to determine the effects of the intervention on the bone-related variables and also to determinate the changes within group throughout the intervention period. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences between groups for bone-related variables in pre- and post-training assessments and in the percentage of change between groups. All analysis were carried out including age, height, subtotal lean mass and daily calcium intake as covariates.11 weeks of whole body vibration training led to no changes in none of the bone mineral content and bone mineral density parameters measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry through the skeleton. At the tibia, total, trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral density decreased significantly in the whole body vibration group (all P0.05).A short-term whole body vibration therapy is not enough to cause any changes on bone mineral content or bone mineral density and it only produces a slight variation on bone structure among elderly people.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of 20 weeks of whole body vibration (WBV) on the body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Thirty adolescent with DS were divided into two groups: control and WBV. Whole body, upper and lower limbs body fat and lean body mass were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after 20 weeks of WBV training. Repeated measures of ANOVA adjusting by height, weight and Tanner stage were used to analyze possible group by time interactions on body composition. The adjusted percentages of change in body composition were also compared between control and WBV groups. No group by time interactions were found for any variable, but the WBV group showed a higher reduction in body fat at the upper limbs (p

Objectives To study the independent association of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) with bone mass and to study the differences in bone mass by weight and fat status in 223 seniors (aged 65–89 years) from the city of Zaragoza (Spain), after controlling for age, height, physical activity (PA) and LM. Study design Cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures LM, FM, bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were measured with dual energy X-ray absortiometry. The relationships of FM and LM with bone-related variables (subtotal body, hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine) were analyzed by linear regression and differences between weight and fat status were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance. Results In men, there were no significant associations between FM and BMC or BMD. In women FM was positively associated with bone-related variables after adjustment for age, height and PA, whereas adjustment for LM removed all these significant associations. Overweight/obese elderly women had higher BMC and BMD than their non-overweight peers in all regions studied. Additional adjustment for PA did not change the differences between weight status groups, while adjusting for LM removed some of the associations. Overfat/obese men and women did not show higher levels of bone mass than their non-overfat peers. LM was positively associated with bone variables in both sexes. Additional adjustment for PA and FM did not alter the results. Conclusion The association between fat mass and bone mass of elderly women is mediated by the independent association between lean mass and bone mass.

Introduccion y objetivos Las personas con sindrome de Down (SD) muestran niveles inferiores de consumo de oxigeno pico (VO2pico) que las personas sin SD. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento aerobico sobre la condicion cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes con SD. Material y metodos Diecinueve adolescentes con SD (10 chicas; 14±5.9 anos) tomaron parte en el estudio. Mediante una prueba de esfuerzo maxima se evaluo el tiempo de ejercicio y pendiente alcanzada, y tambien los valores pico de consumo de oxigeno (VO2pico), la frecuencia cardiaca, el cociente respiratorio y la ventilacion, al comenzar el estudio y a las 30 semanas de intervencion. El entrenamiento se realizaba 2 dias por semana, con 1h de duracion y a una intensidad entre el 60 y el 75% de su VO2pico. Uno de los dos dias practicaban deportes (atletismo, balonmano, futbol, baloncesto o voleibol) y el otro, natacion. Se usaron tests no parametricos para evaluar las diferencias entre los momentos pre- y postentrenamiento. Resultados Despues del entrenamiento, los participantes incrementaron significativamente el VO2pico, la ventilacion maxima y la pendiente maxima (todas p≤0,05). Conclusiones Los adolescentes con SD son capaces de mejorar su condicion cardiorrespiratoria mediante entrenamiento aerobico de una duracion e intensidad media.

Aim: The present study aimed to determine whether youths with Down syndrome (DS) are able to increase lean mass and decrease fat mass, after 21 weeks of conditioning combined with a plyometric jumps training program. Methods: Twenty-six participants with DS (15 males) aged 10–19 years joined the study. Participants were divided into two comparable groups, exercise (EG; n = 13) and control (CG). Total and regional (trunk, upper and lower limbs) lean and fat masses were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), at baseline and after the intervention. ANCOVA tests were used to evaluate differences between groups in pre- and post-training moments. Repeated measures of ANOVA adjusted by the increments in height and Tanner were applied to test the differences between pre and post-training moments. Adjusted percentages of change were calculated and differences between groups evaluated with Student's t test. Results: After the training period, EG showed an increase in total and lower limbs lean mass, while no changes in adiposity depots were observed. CG did not change neither the lean mass nor the fat mass except for decreased upper limbs fat mass (all p

It has been clearly established that mitochondrial variants, among other potential factors, influence on VO2max. With this study we sought to determine whether this genetic predisposition could be modified by steady exercise. Mitochondrial genetic variants were determined in 70 healthy controls (CON) and in 77 athletes who trained regularly (50 cyclists, aerobic training (AER), and 27 runners of 400 m, anaerobic training (NoAER)). All of them were male Spanish Caucasian individuals. A maximum graded exercise test (GXT) in cycle-ergometer was performed to determine VO2max (mL kg−1 min−1). Our results confirmed that, in CON, VO2max (P = 0.007) was higher in Non-J than J individuals. Furthermore, we found that AER and NoAER showed, as it could be expected, higher VO2max than CON, but not differences between mitochondrial variants have been found. According with these findings, the influence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants on VO2max has been confirmed, and a new conclusion has arisen: the steady exercise is able to remove this influence. The interest of these promising findings in muscular performance should be further explored, in particular, the understanding of potential applications in sport training and in muscle pathological syndromes.

This work investigates if human mitochondrial variants influence on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). With this purpose we recruited, as a uniform population in term of nutritional habits and life style, 114 healthy male Spanish subjects that practiced fitness exercises 3-4 times a week. Once mtDNA haplogroups were determined, we found that J presents with lower VO2max (P = 0.02) than nonJ variants. J has been related with a lower efficiency of electron transport chain (ETC), diminished ATP and ROS production. Thus, the difficult to compensate the mitochondrial energetic deficiency could explain the accumulation of J haplogroup in LHON and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, the lower ROS production associated to J could also account for the accrual of this variant in elderly people consequent to a decreased oxidative damage.

Resumen Hasta que los avances en genetica permitan detectar y manipular los genes implicados en el alarmante aumento de la prevalencia de obesidad en ninos y jovenes, la unica solucion realista al problema de la obesidad infantil es la prevencion. Hasta el momento, los intentos por reducir el alarmante incremento de obesidad infantil y juvenil siguen el modelo tradicional de reduccion de la ingesta energetica y aumento de los niveles de actividad fisica. No obstante, dicho modelo puede no ser el metodo mas adecuado para poner en practica con ninos y ninas en periodo de crecimiento y desarrollo, dado que estos requieren un balance energetico positivo con el fin de obtener el aporte necesario de nutrientes para el adecuado crecimiento. La inactividad fisica es actualmente uno de los principales problemas de salud publica a escala mundial. En Espana, el 66% de los ninos y ninas de hasta 15 anos afirman no realizar o realizar de forma esporadica alguna actividad fisica a lo largo de la semana durante su tiempo libre. En ninos y ninas con sobrepeso la actividad fisica vigorosa (AFV) sin restriccion calorica produce efectos positivos sobre la composicion corporal, y se observa que a traves de su practica se consiguen cambios favorables en el porcentaje de grasa corporal y de grasa visceral, en la densidad osea, en el fitness cardiovascular y en otros factores de riesgo cardiometabolicos, que a menudo se acompanan de aumentos, no de reducciones, en la ingesta energetica. Por tanto, parece que las actuales recomendaciones de actividad fisica en ninos y jovenes (150-180 min/semana a moderada-alta intensidad) pueden ser efectivos para la mejora de la composicion corporal y el fitness en ninos y en jovenes con sobrepeso. Para los que todavia no presentan sobrepeso pueden ser necesarias cantidades incluso mayores (alrededor de 300 min/semana) para prevenir el exceso de acumulacion de grasa. Los resultados de los trabajos incluidos en esta revision muestran que anadir 2-3 h a la semana de practica deportiva extraescolar durante el crecimiento permite atenuar la acumulacion de masa grasa, incrementa las ganancias de masa muscular y de masa osea, al mismo tiempo que mejora la condicion fisica de los ninos y de los jovenes. La batalla contra la obesidad infantil deberia centrarse en modificar los estilos de vida de los ninos y jovenes, no solo desde el punto de vista nutricional, sino preferiblemente mediante el aumento en los niveles de AFV y la reduccion del numero de horas dedicadas a la realizacion de actividades sedentarias.

The major aim of this study was to examine the physical fitness of elite Spanish soccer referees in relation to their age. A secondary aim was to assess the population criterion validity of the 12 min running test (12 MRT) against aerobic-fitness laboratory tests. Participants were 45 soccer referees (age 35.5+/-4.4 years, height 178.3+/-5.0 cm, body mass 75.1+/-6.6 kg, body fat 11.3+/-2.15%, VO2(max), 54.9+/-3.9 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) who were enrolled in the Referees Technical Committee of the Royal Spanish Soccer Federation. They were divided into three age groups: young (Y, 27-32 years, n=15), average (A, 33-38 years, n=17) and old (O, 39-45 years, n=13). No age-related effects were observed for VO2(max), 12 MRT or 200 m sprint performance in either the pooled or grouped data. However, age-related performance decrements were observed for 50 m sprint performance and the ventilatory threshold (VT) running speed. Twelve MRT performance was moderately related to VO2(max), (r=0.46, P=0.002), VT (km h(-1)) (r=0.49, P

Fundamentos: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la relacion entre el grado de condicion fisica cardiovascular y la acumulacion y distribucion de masa grasa en ninos y ninas de 7 a 17 anos. Material y metodos: La muestra se compone de 1.625 ninos y 1.244 ninas, a los que se determino la potencia aerobica maxima mediante el test de carrera de la Course Navette. Previamente, se realizo una evaluacion antropometrica con el fin de poder establecer la cantidad total de masa grasa subcutanea acumulada (suma de 6 pliegues corporales), asi como la cantidad de masa grasa subcutanea acumulada en la region del tronco (suma de 3 pliegues del tronco). Se formaron 2 grupos en funcion de la condicion fisica cardiovascular. Los sujetos que obtuvieron menores valores de VO2 max (dos ultimos quintiles) formaron parte del grupo de baja condicion fisica cardiovascular, mientras que aquellos cuyos valores de VO2 max se encontraron entre los dos quintiles superiores formaron parte del grupo de alta condicion fisica cardiovascular. Resultados: Una vez ajustados por las diferencias de edad, talla y masa corporal, los resultados de este estudio demuestran que tanto en ninos como en ninas un grado superior de condicion fisica cardiovascular se asocia con cantidades significativamente menores de grasa subcutanea no solo en el cuerpo entero, sino particularmente en la zona del tronco. Conclusiones: En los ninos y ninas con una mejor condicion fisica cardiovascular se observa una composicion corporal mas saludable y un menor riesgo de accidente cardiovascular. Es importante incorporar el grado de condicion fisica en la valoracion del riesgo de salud en las poblaciones estudiadas.

Resumen Introduccion Diferentes estudios sobre condicion fisica, senalan, a esta como un factor relevante para reducir el riesgo de mortalidad y favorecer la salud. Su mejora, ademas de estar influenciada por factores geneticos, puede ser consecuencia de la realizacion de actividad fisica. Metodo El estudio se realizo en 447 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 64 anos. Para registrar el gasto energetico en tiempo libre hemos utilizado un cuestionario validado en poblacion espanola, Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, (MLTPAQ). Para medir la condicion fisica utilizamos la bateria Eurofit para adultos, (Consejo de Europa, 1995). Resultados y discusion: No existen diferencias significativas en el gasto energetico en tiempo libre entre hombres (210,0 ± 399,51 kcal-dia’1) y mujeres (235,6 ± 258,71 kcal-dia ’). La involucion que sufren los resultados de las diferentes pruebas de condicion fisica con la edad (de 20 a 64 anos), es mayor en el caso del hombre en todas las pruebas excepto en la prueba de abdominales. El hombre presenta mejores resultados en todas las pruebas de condicion fisica a excepcion de la prueba de flexibilidad. Conclusiones Encontramos una relacion significativa, debil y positiva entre el gasto energetico en tiempo libre y los diferentes resultados obtenidos en las diferentes pruebas de condicion fisica.