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This paper develops a theoretical model as a foundation of empirical analysis of the transmission channel of non-performing loans (NPLs) on bank cost of capital, credit and liquidity creation in the Eurozone. Empirical results confirm the model’s predictions and suggest that holding non-performing loans increases the cost of capital for banks in the short-term and the long-term. Moreover, the increased cost of capital reduces credit and liquidity creation, and the more so the less capitalized is the bank. This phenomenon is found to be economically more significant for European periphery country banks than for core country banks. The identification of the transmission channel is robust to the Granger predictability test.

This paper investigates the effects of monetary policy on the implicit interest rate of trade credit as well as the probability the firm becomes net trade borrower. We also construct the implicit interest rate as the difference between creditors and debtors over the sum of both. Our results show that a tightening in monetary policy leads to: (i) increase interest rate of trade credit, (ii) become firms in trade borrowers, (iii) generate divergence in the cost of trade credit among firms of the same industry sector, and (iv) create a complementarity effect in prices between trade and bank financing.