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In this work, the liquefaction of coal and biomass with direct liquefaction strategy was explored. The point of liquefaction is both to utilize a greater amount of the current coal and biomass assets all the more productively and to create an alternative liquid fuel to oil. Along these lines, the procedure parameters must be resolved to expand the liquefaction efficiency. In addition, it is proposed to do the liquefaction efficiency, particularly in the reactant conditions, to expand the measure of oil. Process parameters were controlled by utilizing Factorial Experimental Design technique in the liquefaction procedures. The solid/liquid ratio was changed as 1/2-1/4, the catalyst concentration was 2–6%, the temperature was 375–400 °C and the duration was 30–90 min. Starting nitrogen pressure was set at 30 bar, stirring speed was 400 rpm, coal/biomass proportion was settled at 1/1. Tetralin as a solvent and MoO3 as catalyst were utilized. Toward the finish of the liquefaction procedure, the total conversions were computed in view of the acquired non-reactive solid (char). As indicated by the outcomes obtained, the most total conversion (81.9%) was acquired at a solid/liquid proportion of 1/2, a catalyst concentration of 2%, a reaction time of 90 min and a reaction temperature of 400 °C. In light of total conversions and elective liquid fuel (oil) in the given conditions, the solid/liquid ratio should be taken as 1/2, the catalyst concentration is 2%, the reaction time is 30–90 min and the reaction temperature is 400 °C. The lowest reaction time found, in this study, is the innovative solution for reducing co-liquefaction cost preferred.

In this paper, cost optimization of an air cooling system was carried out by using Lagrange multipliers method, differential evolution algorithm and particle swarm optimization for various temperatures and mass flow rates which are inspiring the total cost of the system. It was aimed to show how differential evolution and particle swarm optimization approximates to the exact fitness values for various iterations. It is concluded that best fitness values can be obtained from both differential evolution algorithm and particle swarm optimization with a proper parameter initialization and these evolutionary methods can be used for larger and more complex energy systems including both mono and multi objective problems. A comprehensive comparison of corresponding optimization methods is performed for various system parameters and solution steps for evolutionary algorithms are discussed. PSO and DE gives high accuracy results within a short time interval comparing to LM method. Cost of the overall system can be minimized by lower air mass flow rates and temperature difference between air inlet and outlet in the system. Besides, increasing water mass flow rates and decreasing cooling tower temperatures provide lower capital cost.

WOS: 000322687800013, Background/purpose: One of the problems that has limited magnets' wide acceptance by clinicians is their low corrosion resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of corrosive environments and thermocycling on the attractive force of different types of new generation magnetic attachments. Materials and methods: We measured the attractive forces of 60 magnetic attachment systems (Hyper slim, Hicorex slim, Dyna, and Steco) with a universal test machine. We then immersed 40 of the magnetic attachment systems in two media, namely, 1% lactic acid solution (pH 2.3), and 0.9% NaCl solution (pH 7.3). The remaining magnetic attachments were put through 10,000 thermal cycles (5 degrees C/55 degrees C). We measured the attractive forces of the magnetic attachment systems again after immersion and thermocycling to compare data. The data were statistically evaluated with one-way analysis of variance, paired samples t-test, and post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests (alpha = 0.05). Results: We found significant differences between the mean values before and after immersion in corrosive environments (P < 0.05). In contrast to the Dyna and Steco systems (P < 0.001), the differences between the attractive forces before and after thermocycling were not statistically significant for the Hicorex slim and Hyper slim systems (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Magnetic attachments showed lower attractive force after immersion in corrosive environments compared to their initial retentive force. In addition, closed-field systems were not affected by the thermocycling procedures and were more resistant than open-field systems to thermal variations characteristic of the oral cavity. Copyright (c) 2012, Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved., Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Project (CUBAP), This investigation was supported in part by Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Project (CUBAP). This study will be presented in a poster at the 10th International Congress of Academy of Prosthodontics and Gnathological Society, Antakya, Turkey, April 2012.

Ranging is one of the most important processes in the mobile WiMAX standard. Power adjustment, timing offset estimation, and synchronization between a base station (BS) and all users within a cell are done through the ranging process referred to as initial ranging. In this paper, we discuss the details of initial ranging together with some of the proposed algorithms, as well as a novel algorithm to carry out a successful ranging process. Performance curves and computational complexity comparisons are presented. The system performance is evaluated for both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and practical multipath fading channels with multiuser interference. It is shown that the proposed algorithm offers a reduced complexity ranging method that can be employed in practical WiMAX-based BSs.

This article has been retracted at the request of the editor since part of the text was found to have already appeared verbatim in Bipan Hazarika and Ekrem Savas, “Some I-convergent lambda-summable difference sequence spaces of fuzzy real numbers defined by a sequence of Orlicz functions”, Mathematical and Computer Modelling 54 (2011) 2986–2998. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data, text, or figures should be properly cited. As such this article represents a violation of our publishing policies and ethical standards. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .