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Rapid technological advances in transcriptomics and lineage tracing technologies provide new opportunities to understand organismal development at the single-cell level. Building on these advances, various computational methods have been proposed to infer developmental trajectories and to predict cell fate. These methods have unveiled previously uncharacterized transitional cell types and differentiation processes. Importantly, the ability to recover cell states and trajectories has been evolving hand-in-hand with new technologies and diverse experimental designs; more recent methods can capture complex trajectory topologies and infer short- and long-term cell fate dynamics. Here, we summarize and categorize the most recent and popular computational approaches for trajectory inference based on the information they leverage and describe future challenges and opportunities for the development of new methods for reconstructing differentiation trajectories and inferring cell fates.

Background Clinically, surgical treatment and sclerotherapy are the main treatments for lymphatic malformation (LM), but the diagnosis and treatment of microcystic LM has numerous pitfalls. Microcystic LM within the vagina and pelvis is not easily visible, and there are many side effects of treatment. Lymphangiography, a relatively old method of identifying diseases of the lymphatic system, has been rarely used in clinical settings because of the difficulty of performing this test. In this article, we describe the use of a special lesion site adjacent to the nearby lymph nodes for the treatment of vaginal and pelvic microcystic LM. Case Lymphangiography was performed using lymph node aspiration combined with direct local puncture of the lesion, guided by the injection of iodine oil, which can produce a better outcome and more complete removal of the lesion. Finally, sclerotherapy was conducted using a low concentration of 50% ethanol with good fluidity, which covered the lesion to a great extent. This methodology was shown to be effective in treating children with vaginal and pelvic microcystic LM.

In this paper, we present a physical model for dual gate amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) based on multiple trapping and release mechanism. Calculation results of I–V characteristic based on this model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the proposed model, we also analyze the inner physical properties of dual gate a-IGZO TFTs, such as electric potential and carrier concentration.

The nanoscale adhesive wear of graphene was studied by molecular dynamics simulation of a diamond tip sliding over a few-layer graphene sheet. We obtained the typical adhesive wear tracks with initial rupture cavity induced by adhesive interaction between the tip and graphene. The coupled interaction, between the formation of interfacial bonds and the breakage of in-plane C-C bonds, leads to the usually observed severe damage of graphene after an adhesive wear process. Moreover, the critical contact pressure for onset of adhesive wear of graphene (∼42 GPa) is much lower than that for abrasive wear (∼94 GPa), which also cannot be correctly approximated by the onset condition for initial rupture of graphene during a loading process (∼76 GPa).

In this paper, a novel reversible data hiding scheme for Two-stage VQ (Vector quantization) compressed images based on SOC (Search-order coding) scheme is proposed. Two-stage VQ improves VQ by obtaining better reconstructed image and generating indices with higher correlation. The difference image, as the input of Two-stage VQ, is produced by employing the first codeword in state codebook and the current image block. The main idea of SOC method is exploiting the correlation of indices to derive better compression performance. The combination of SOC and data hiding can achieve both high compression rate and high embedding capacity. Since Two-stage VQ can achieve indices with higher correlation, this advantage is applied to enhance the data hiding performance. Moreover, the cover image can be reconstructed by the receiver without using any side information. To show the superiority of our proposed scheme, several state-of-the-art schemes designed for compression domain are cited for comparison.

Mobility degradation at high gate bias is often observed in organic thin film transistors. We propose a mechanism for this confusing phenomenon, based on the percolation theory with the presence of disordered energy landscape with an exponential density of states. Within a simple model we show how the surface states at insulator/organic interface trap a portion of channel carriers, and result in decrease of mobility as well as source/drain current with gate voltage. Depending on the competition between the carrier accumulation and surface trapping effect, two different carrier density dependences of mobility are obtained, in excellent agreement with experiment data.

HER2, a ligand-free tyrosine kinase receptor of the HER family, is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has shown significant clinical benefits in metastatic breast cancer. Despite the effectiveness of trastuzumab, its efficacy remains variable and often modest. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve ErbB2-targeting therapy. Here, we describe a novel anti-HER2 antibody, 7C3, which was developed using hybridoma technique. Structural analysis confirms that the epitope of this antibody is in domain II/III of HER2. Moreover, a structural conformation change was observed in HER2 in complex with 7C3. Interestingly, this novel anti-HER2 antibody exhibits efficacy in blocking HER2/EGFR heterodimerization and signaling. The results highlight the different function role of HER2 domains and the unique potential of 7C3 to inhibit the HER2/EGFR heterodimer, which may complement current anti-HER2 treatments.

Immunocytokines (antibody-cytokine fusions) have been proved to be a promising class of therapeutic agents for tumors. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies or IL-2 have been used to treat a variety of cancers. Here, in order to remove T cell inhibition and increasing the IL-2 concentration in the tumor microenvironment, we engineered a novel anti-PD-L1 antibody based immunocytokine by fusing hIL-2 to the C-Term of atezolizumab, denoted as BIPI. Our results revealed that BIPI was effective in stimulating T cell activation in vitro and could selectively localize to the tumor. Furthermore, tumor regression and prolonged survival were also observed in the metastatic colorectal cancer mouse model. The obviously longer survival mice in BIPI treatment group turned out depending on the function of CD8+ T cells. The IFN- secreted from CD8+ T cells in the spleen also contributed to the better tumor inhibition profile in BIPI treatment group than in anti-PD-L1 or IL-2 treatment alone. Taken together, our data evidenced the enhanced antitumor potency of BIPI, suggesting its potential use for cancers with a low response to the anti-PD-L1 or IL-2 treatment.

Organic thin-film transistor constructs the headstone of flexible electronic world such as conformable sensor arrays and flexible active-matrix displays. With solution-processed methods, it forges ahead toward large-area, low-cost manufacturing goals. As an indispensable complement to traditional silicon-based transistors, organic thin-film field-effect transistors have made great progress in materials, performance, bending capacity, and integrated circuits in recent few years. Flexible transistors and circuitry have extremely promising application prospects and possess irreplaceable status in foldable displays, artificial skins and bendable smart cards. In this review, we will discuss the evolution of flexible organic transistors and integrated circuits in terms of material, fabrication as well as application.

We use the two neighboring points of the peak point to embed the secret data.We improve the histogram of embedded cover image to ensure security of secret data.The multilayer embedding of pyramid structure is adopted to increase the capacity.Our proposed method has a higher embedding capacity with lower distortion. In this paper, we present a new reversible data hiding method based on histogram shifting using localization. Our proposed method selects peak point as the reference point, then uses the two neighboring points of the peak point to achieve secret data embedding based on histogram shifting and the peak point keeps unchanged. In the extraction end, we no longer need the key information about the peak point, we can directly find the peak point from the histogram to extract the secret data. We also exploit the localization to make the histogram of embedded cover image become almost the same as the histogram of the original cover image. The embedding capacity is also increased rapidly by the localization with multilayer embedding. Experimental results show that our proposed method is effective and superior.

We propose a new data hiding method using improved locally adaptive coding (ILAS).ILAS uses the two-dimensional structure of image and correlation of adjacent indices.Our proposed ILAS can significantly improve the performance of LAS.Experiments show our method has a better performance compared with other methods. In this paper, a new high-performance reversible data hiding method for vector quantization (VQ) indices is proposed. The codebook is firstly sorted using the unidirectional static distance-order technique to improve the correlation among the neighboring indices. The two-dimensional structure of image and the high correlation among the neighboring blocks are used to update the self-organized list L in the improved locally adaptive coding scheme (ILAS). Then a new embedding rule according to the complexity of the region at which the current block locates and the position of current block index in the list L is proposed to obtain a better embedding capacity. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method has a better performance in terms of compression rate, embedding capacity and embedding rate compared with the related data hiding methods.

We propose a coding method using modified locally adaptive coding.Double-layer embedding strategy is proposed to obtain a better embedding ability.Experiments show our scheme has a better performance compared with other schemes. In this paper, a new reversible data hiding scheme for vector quantization (VQ) compressed images is proposed. The proposed scheme utilizes the modified locally adaptive coding scheme which is initially made up with the codebook indices to guarantee that all VQ indices can be coded using the self-organized list L. Then the side match vector quantization (SMVQ) approach is used to improve the performance of locally adaptive coding scheme and a lossless coding method is brought into encode the positions at which the VQ indices appear in the list L. Finally a double-layer embedding strategy, which embeds the secret message into two layers that are the block type descriptor and the encoded position value, is proposed to obtain a better embedding ability. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed scheme has a better performance in terms of compression rate, embedding payload and embedding efficiency compared with the related schemes.

We propose a reversible data hiding scheme using histogram modification technique.A new mechanism is proposed to select an optimum predictor from a set of predictors.A smaller prediction-error is obtained using our proposed mechanism.The prediction-error histogram is modified to embed the secret data.Experiments show our scheme outperforms the similar schemes. Reversible data hiding can completely recover the cover image without any distortion after the secret data is retrieved. In this paper, a new high-fidelity reversible data hiding scheme is proposed using the prediction-error histogram modification technique. A multi-predictor sorting and selecting mechanism is proposed to select an optimum predictor from a set of predictors. Then a smaller prediction-error is obtained to embed the secret data using the prediction-error histogram modification technique. Since the multi-predictor sorting and selecting mechanism can utilize the advantage of multi-predictor and information of current predicted pixel to obtain a more accurate prediction value, our proposed scheme can introduce less image distortion at the same embedding payload. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms the similar reversible data hiding schemes.

The codebook is sorted according to the side-match distortion.The residual value is calculated by exclusive-OR operation.There are different coding rules according to the characteristics of parameter m. In this paper, we present a new reversible data hiding method based on joint neighboring coding. The proposed method uses the side-match distortion (SMD) function to sort the codebook so as to make an index value become very close to its neighboring index values, then the residual value between the index and its neighboring index is obtained by bitwise exclusive-OR operation and the secret bits are embedded into the residual value according to our embedding rules based on joint neighboring coding. The experimental results show our proposed method outperforms the related existing data hiding methods in embedding performance.

We introduce a string-inspired model for a bouncing/cyclic universe, utilizing the scalar–tachyon coupling as well as contribution from curvature in a closed universe. The universe undergoes the locked inflation, tachyon matter dominated rolling expansion, turnaround and contraction, as well as the subsequent deflation and “bounce” in each cycle of the cosmological evolution. We perform extensive analytic and numerical studies of the above evolution process. The minimum size of the universe is nonzero for generic initial values. The smooth bounces are made possible because of the negative contribution to effective energy density by the curvature term. No ghosts are ever generated at any point in the entire evolution of the universe, with the Null, Weak, and Dominant Energy Conditions preserved even at the bounce points, contrary to many bounce models previously proposed. And the Strong Energy Condition is satisfied in periods with tachyon matter domination.

Reversible data hiding is a method that not only embeds secret data but also reconstructs the original cover image without distortion after the confidential data are extracted. In this paper, we propose novel reversible data hiding scheme that can embed high capacity of secret bits and recover image after data extraction. Our proposed scheme depends on the locally adaptive coding scheme (LAC) as Chang&Nguyen's scheme and SMVQ scheme. Experimental results show that the compression rate of our proposed scheme is 0.33bpp on average. To embed secret bits we propose the normal-hiding scheme and the over-hiding scheme which have an average embedding rate of 2.01bpi and 3.01bpi, more than that of Chang&Nguyen's scheme (1.36bpi). The normal-hiding scheme and the over-hiding scheme also has high embedding efficiency of 0.28 and 0.36 on average, which are better than that of Chang&Kieu's scheme (0.12), Chang&Nguyen's scheme (0.18) and Chang&Nguyen's scheme (0.16).