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The objective of this study was to produce encapsulated protein hydrolysates from Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) muscle and its industrialization byproduct. The protein hydrolysates were prepared from the muscle (MPH) and byproduct (BPH) from croaker by enzymatic hydrolysis using Flavourzyme®. The hydrolysates were encapsulated using phosphatidylcholine as the wall material of the capsules. The capsules were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, morphology, thermal properties, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and antioxidant activity. The average size of the capsules for both MPH and BPH liposomes range between 266 and 263 nm with low polydispersity. The capsules showed high encapsulation efficiency of around 80%. The FTIR analysis allowed suggesting that there was an effective ionic complexation between phosphatidylcholine and hydrolysate peptides. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates and capsules containing MPH and BPH was similar to the activity of α-tocoferol, but lower than that of vitamin C.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare, by scanning electron microscopy analysis, the cleaning efficacy of a 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and a 17% ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution with the two solutions either applied alternately or mixed together for smear layer removal after the use of each endodontic file in different root thirds.Materials and methodsFifty-four single-rooted human maxillary premolars were used and divided into three groups. Manual instrumentation was performed with K-Flexofiles with the crown-down technique; and divided in Group 1: canal preparation was performed with 2.5% NaOCl mixed with 17% EDTA in the root canal. Group 2: irrigation was performed alternately with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Group 3: only 2.5% NaOCl was used during all instrumentation and EDTA for 3min at the final. The mean scores for the smear layer by SEM after the use of each file were calculated and analysed.ResultsA statistically significant difference (P

This study investigated the effects of annealing (ANN) on the properties of rice starches with high, medium and low-amylose contents. The starches were heated with excess water at 45 °C, 50 °C and 55 °C for 16 h. The swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, enzymatic susceptibility, morphology and X-ray crystallinity of the starches were evaluated. Annealing reduced the swelling power and solubility of the starches. ANN at 55 °C increased the pasting temperature and decreased the peak viscosity of the high-amylose rice starch. However, annealing decreased the peak viscosity of the low-amylose starch. The annealed rice starches presented a lower final viscosity and setback than did the native starches, with the exception of the low-amylose starch, which showed an increase in setback. Annealing increased the starches’ susceptibilities to α-amylase and promoted a reduction in their relative crystallinity.

The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on the properties of rice starches with high-, medium- and low-amylose content was investigated. The starches were adjusted to 15%, 20% and 25% moisture levels, and heated at 110 °C for 1 h. The swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, morphology, enzymatic susceptibility and X-ray crystallinity of the starches were evaluated. HMT reduced the swelling power and solubility of the starches. The strongest effect of HMT occurred on the high-amylose starch; the pasting temperature was increased and the peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and the setback were reduced. HMT increased the starch’s susceptibility to α-amylase and promoted a reduction in the starch relative crystallinity.

Introduction To determine the morphologic shape and position of the root apex and the major foramen in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Methods A total of 845 maxillary and mandibular human teeth root specimens were evaluated. Each root specimen was measured at each root apex by using a calibrated microscope at a magnification of 20×. The anatomic parameters evaluated included the position of the root apex and the major foramen (in the center, buccal, lingual, mesial, or distal) and shapes of peripheral contours of the major foramen (rounded, oval, asymmetric, and semilunar) and root apex (rounded, flat, beveled, and elliptical). All data were summarized, and means, frequencies, and percentages were calculated for each group of specimens (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars). Results The most frequent root apex morphology in maxillary and mandibular teeth was the round shape (35.1%). The most frequent shape of the apical foramen was round (52.9%) or oval (25.2%). The major location of both the root apex (39.7%) and the major foramen (58.4%) was in the center of the root. Conclusion The most frequent root apex morphology and apical foramen in the maxillary and mandibular teeth was the round followed by the oval shape. The most prevalent location of the root apex and the major foramen was in the center followed by the distal position.

A 22-year-old woman had an unusual congenital skin disorder in the form of ichthyosis characterized by innumerable keratotic plugs, resulting in a peculiar sievelike appearance. On histopathologic examination the epidermis showed a pronounced orthohyperkeratosis. The keratotic plugs seemed to emerge from the infundibular region of hair follicles. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed a normal keratin and filaggrin expression. Oral treatment with isotretinoin resulted in a reduction of the hyperkeratosis. Because we could not find any previously reported similar case, we propose the new name "ichthyosis cribriformis," which means "sievelike ichthyosis."