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The brown pod-sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae), causes significant damage to cultivated cowpea, Vigna unguiculata Walp, a staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa. C. tomentosicollis pierce and suck sap from cowpea pods, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality. The complete, 16,089 bp mitogenome of C. tomentosicollis encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and an A + T rich control region, with gene order and orientation identical to that of the insect ancestral gene order. The initiation and termination codons for the PCGs used standard ATN codons and TAA or TAG codons respectively. All predicted tRNAs fold into a clover-leaf secondary structures with the exception of tRNA-Ser (AGN) with a semi-loop dihydrouridine arm. The 1509 bps A + T rich region contains a single 89 bp tandem repeat unit duplicated 3.7 times. When compared with other published Coreoidea mitogenomes, C. tomentosicollis was also highly A − T skewed, and similar in both size and A − T%; however, its longer tandem repeat within the A + T rich region was unique. The C. tomentosicollis mitogenome can serve as a foundation to combine molecular marker data with pest monitoring strategies to better understand the population dynamics of this species.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequences were assembled for the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (17,602 bp) and the maize weevil, S. zeamais (18,105 bp; Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae), which encode 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs that is typical among Animalia. The A + T-rich control regions of S. oryzae (2818 bp) and S. zeamais (2832 bp) are the longest described to date among curculionoidea (weevils). Additionally, non-coding intergenic regions have increased in size due to expansion of tandem repeat arrays, but is more pronounced in S. zeamais (606 bp) compared to S. oryzae (109 bp). A total of 69 and 22 substitution mutations were found among reads from S. oryzae and S. zeamais, out of which 68 and 2 were predicted in the PCGs respectively, with a majority in NADH Dehydrogenase subunit I. Phylogenetic analyses of coleopteran insects based upon full mitogenomes PCG sequence supported the existence of Curculionoidea and Tenebrionoidea as a monophyletic group, whereas the Cucujoidea and Elateroidea remain paraphyletic. The mitogenomes of these two Sitophilus species provide insight into short-term evolutionary relationships among curculionid beetles, and provide resources for the potential deciphering of more broad systematic questions in the Order Coleoptera.

Resumen Introduccion La diarrea por Clostridium difficile constituye un importante problema de salud que parece incrementarse. En nuestro estudio analizamos los cambios en la incidencia de esta infeccion en los ultimos 11 anos. Material y metodos Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes hospitalizados con diarrea por Clostridium difficile diagnosticados en el Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (Santander) desde el ano 2004 hasta el 2014. Resultados Se estudio a 244 pacientes (53% varones) de 66 (DE 15) anos. Los casos de adquisicion hospitalaria (80%) tenian, respecto a los de adquisicion comunitaria, mayor edad [67 (DE 15) vs. 63 (DE 19) anos; p = 0,01], comorbilidad alta (86% hospitalarios y 75% comunitarios; p = 0,01), uso de antibioticos (95 vs. 75%; p Clostridium difficile en los ultimos 11 anos. Conclusion El perfil clinico de los pacientes con diarrea por C lostridium difficile varia segun el lugar de adquisicion de la infeccion. Aumenta la prevalencia de esta enfermedad.

Introduction Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea is a major health problem that seems to be on the increase. In our study, we analyse the changes in the incidence of this infection over the last 11 years. Methods A descriptive study in hospitalised patients with C. difficile associated diarrhoea in University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla (Santander, Spain) from 2004 to 2014. Results A total of 244 adults were identified [53% men; 66 (SD 15) years]. The cases of nosocomial acquisition (80%), with respect to community acquired C. difficile infection, were older [67 (SD 15) years vs. 63 (19) years; p = 0.01], high comorbidity (86% vs. 75%; p = 0.01), use of antibiotics (95% vs. 75%; p p C. difficile associated diarrhoea in our hospital over an 11-year period. Conclusion The clinical profile of patients with C. difficile diarrhoea varies by place of acquisition of infection. The prevalence of this disease is increasing.