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Resumen Introduccion Las quemaduras son lesiones que comprometen la piel u otros tejidos organicos, causadas por distintos mecanismos. La poblacion pediatrica es especialmente susceptible a sufrir quemaduras accidentales y a presentar secuelas posteriores. El objetivo del presente estudio es caracterizar las quemaduras sufridas por lactantes y preescolares, con enfasis en el desarrollo y evolucion de las complicaciones y secuelas cutaneas. Metodologia Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo con base en los registros en fichas clinicas de ninos menores de 6 anos de edad que sufrieron quemaduras cutaneas, en quienes se completo entre 1 y 2 anos de seguimiento. Resultados El 59,2% eran varones con una edad promedio de 25,7 ± 6,2 meses. El 64,8% de las quemaduras se produjo en otono e invierno. Las fuentes de quemadura mas frecuentes fueron: liquidos calientes (63,4%) y objetos calientes (31%). El 88,7% de las quemaduras fueron de espesor parcial y comprometieron en promedio el 2,4 ± 1,1% de la superficie corporal. Las manos y las extremidades superiores fueron las localizaciones mas afectadas. El 42,3% de los pacientes requirio cirugia en fase aguda. Del total de localizaciones corporales quemadas, el 73,7% presento una o mas complicaciones o secuelas cutaneas. Las extremidades inferiores mostraron la mayor proporcion de complicaciones. La frecuencia de complicaciones fue: queloides y cicatrices hipertroficas (22%), hiperpigmentacion (18%), hipopigmentacion (14%), prurito (14%), heridas y excoriaciones (12%) e infecciones (1%). Conclusiones Esta serie constituye uno de los primeros trabajos en poblacion pediatrica afectada por quemaduras enfocado desde una perspectiva centrada en las complicaciones. El conocimiento de esta informacion es fundamental para elaborar estrategias de prevencion y tratamiento.

The objective is to quantify the economic and financial viability of a Representative Dairy farm. Field data were collected in June 2014, in Zumpango, Estado de Mexico, Mexico. The panels of producer technic was applied, a direct sampling process was used to select the 8 participating panelist. Variable (VC), Fixed costs (FC), economic costs (ECC), financial costs (FINC), cash flow (CF), total income (TI), net income (NI), breakeven prices and target prices were estimated. A Farm of medium level of technification and scale of 60 productive cows was analyzed. The base year is 2013. An ECC of 52,395 MXN per year, a FINC of 42,701 MXN and a CF of 39,980 MXN per year were estimated. In financial, economic, and cash flows, terms, the Farm gets a negative net income. Breakeven prices are reached only in economic and cash flow terms, under the optimistic yield scenarios. Target prices are far above of the selling price. The farm is not viable in economic, financial or cash flow terms.

In Mexico, 440 thousand families depend directly or indirectly on goat sector. The objective is to quantify revenue and cost of production, equilibrium and target prices of a goat URP. Field data was collected in July 2013, in Tzidejhe, in the Mexican State of Hidalgo. The technic of producer panels was applied, 8 producers participated. Variable (CV), Fixed costs (CF), economic costs (CEC), financial costs (CFIN), cash flow (CF), total revenues and net income were estimated. A rustic URP, 10 productive goats (does or nannies), was analyzed. A CEC of 10,991 pesos per year, per female, was estimated, a CFIN of 4,070 pesos and a CF of 8,823 pesos per year. In financial terms, the URP gets a positive net income of 28,004 pesos per year. In economic terms the URP losses 41,206 pesos a year. A cash deficit of 19,529 pesos a year is faced. Equilibrium prices are reached only in economic terms, under the more common and optimistic yield scenarios. The URP will stay in business in the short run, its viability in the medium and long run is uncertain.

This paper's purpose is to assess the economic viability (economic, financial and net cash flow) for two agricultural management strategies to control Huanglongbing (HLB) in Persian Lime Representative Production Units (URP) in the Municipality of Martinez de la Torre. The panel’s technique was used to build four URPs with 26 citrus growers’ collaboration. They gave all the key technical and financial information to calculate production costs, net income, total income and breakeven prices. VRLP3.5 URP was selected to model the two scenario strategies for managing HLB through improved varieties and use of a vaccine. Under the conventional scenario the URP got a positive net income, under financial, net cash flow and economic production costs. The breakeven prices are covered by the selling price in the estimated optimistic, pessimistic and most likely yield scenario. Therefore, the URP will be in business safely, for the short run, and very likely for the long run. The average yields per hectare in diseased citrus are estimated 40% less than the healthy orchards: Planting improved varieties and using the vaccine is able to recover the loss in average yields in about a year according to researchers in IPN. In both managerial strategies for controlling HLB, the increase in costs does not compensate the increase in yields. Net income is just positive applying financial costs. Breakeven prices are not covered at all applying the vaccine against HLB strategy, Therefore, adopting either the improved varieties strategy or the vaccine strategies are uncertain. To encourage the strategies implementation among producers, adopting a foster program with financial assistance for growers to pay the uncovered costs is required. Otherwise, strategies adoption for most of the growers would be unlikely.

We report the cloning of sphingomyelinase D (SMD) cDNA from Loxosceles reclusa, Loxosceles boneti and Loxosceles laeta into bacterial expression systems, as well as optimization of expression conditions so as to obtain soluble and active recombinant enzymes. The recombinant mature SMDs, tagged with a histidine tail at the N- or C-termini, were compared in terms of toxicity and enzymatic activity, and were used as immunogens for the production of monovalent antisera in rabbits and F(ab')(2) preparations in animals used for commercial antivenom production (horses). We performed studies on in vitro inhibition of enzymatic activity of natural venom preparations by antibodies generated against the tagged proteins. We also present and discuss the results of studies on the specific and para-specific in vivo protective potential of the rabbit and equine antibody preparations against the recombinant proteins themselves and natural venom preparations. Our conclusions support the feasibility of using recombinant SMDs for production and evaluation of polyvalent anti-Loxosceles antivenoms, and we offer data on the potential of paraspecific neutralization in the context of the antigenic groupings and the molecular phylogeny of those active SMDs for which amino acid sequence information is available.