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Objective To review the current management of boys with bilateral anorchia and assess whether surgical exploration is necessary when endocrine investigation indicates absent testicular function. Patients and methods The medical records of 11 boys being managed for bilateral anorchia were reviewed in relation to clinical presentation, pituitary-gonadal function, surgical and histological findings. Results All boys had absence of testicular function based on undetectable levels of serum anti-Mullerian hormone, elevated basal or peak follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone levels and no testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation. All boys underwent abdominal exploration, ten of whom showed no macroscopic signs of testis tissue, confirmed histologically in seven. Histology was not available in the remaining three boys. Abnormally small intra-abdominal testes were found bilaterally in one boy. These were sited in the scrotum at orchidopexy but had subsequently atrophied. Endocrine tests confirmed absent testicular function. Conclusion Based on the high degree of concordance between the surgical and histological findings and the results of the endocrine tests, it is suggested that surgery is unnecessary in bilateral anorchia when endocrine tests confirm the absence of functioning testicular tissue.