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The emergence of Platform Businesses (PBs) has caused a conflict between the traditional and new economic actors. Furthermore, it has escalated to government bodies with different beliefs and formed diverse coalitions, including among government bodies. Therefore, governments, given their regulatory and supportive roles, should be able to intervene at the right time with practical tools and trade off their internal conflicts. This paper uses an exploratory-abductive approach to identify the challenges of the regulation during the lifecycle of PBs, explores the conflicts of interest among economic actors, examines the government intervention in the economy, and explains the regulatory and supportive roles of the government. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with PB experts, who have active roles in the regulatory process, and with well-known academics on the subject. Reviewing the pathways of PBs in Iran between 2014 and 2018, the paper suggests five propositions using regulation economics and advocacy coalition framework to develop the regulatory roles of government. The results demonstrate that PBs’ lifecycle, shifting from one-sided to two-sided market, moving from ownership to accessibility, and timing of intervention significantly support the development of Cognitive Tools, Regulation Frameworks, and Regulation Tools.

We developed here a green procedure for the synthesis of novel N–doped bio-graphenes from Arabic gum as a natural source by using different N-dopants (urea, hexamethyleneteramine, and ethylenediamine) and Gelatin as a carbon source containing N species. The effect of these dopants on the type of nitrogen species, nitrogen contents, and surface structure of graphene catalysts was investigated on their catalytic properties for oxidative removal of sulfur compounds in fuel oil. All of doped graphenes show the pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen species, while the graphene doped with hexamethylenetetramine shows the highest amount of nitrogen with some content of amine group as well as pyridinc-N and pyrrolic-N. This N-doped graphene indicates the highest catalytic activity due to the type of nitrogen species, higher nitrogen content, and higher surface area. The resulting immobilized catalysts with MoO3 also show the similar trend in catalytic activities. Nitrogen doping increase the electron density of peroxo groups by donating electrons to Mo-centers which enhance the catalytic activity by decreasing the oxidation barrier.