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Take-home naloxone (THN) provision to people who use drugs, their family/friends, and non-medical personnel is considered a public health strategy to improve community-based naloxone access and reduce the time to antidote treatment for opioid overdose in order to prevent fatal outcome. THN programs typically report up to three performance indicators: the volume of THN kits distributed, the rate of requests for re-supply of THN kits (e.g., following naloxone use for overdose reversal), and - increasingly - THN "carriage". In this Research Methods piece, we discuss the current shortcomings in the latter measurement of THN carriage from a mixed-methods perspective and describe possible implications for public health related research and improved data analyses. We present an argument for the need to improve research methods in the case of THN "carriage" and propose a multidimensional measurement structure that takes into account: 1) the location of the THN kit relative to its owner, 2) the owner's immediate access to the kit in an emergency, 3) the type of THN device, and 4) the purpose of THN ownership (i.e., for use in self or known/unknown other/s).

Large cities in developing countries such as China are increasingly experiencing urban sprawl. Urban sprawl in Chinese cities has resulted in overwhelming problems, such as inefficient use of urban land, loss of farmland, and environmental degradation, all of which pose challenges to urban sustainability. To investigate urban sprawl in the Chinese context, seven large cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt were compared. An integrated framework combining single-indicator and multidimensional-indicator measurements was employed to quantify the magnitude of sprawl. Urban spatial expansion was determined by spatially simulating the built-up area for each city based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data, population census, and statistical data in 1992, 2000, and 2010. The single-indicator measurement employed a comprehensive metric of growth ratio to represent the mismatch of land expansion and population growth. Multidimensional measurement was composed of three key dimensions of sprawl, namely, low density, discontinuity of land use, and poor accessibility. In most cases, results of the single-indicator measurement were generally consistent with the results of the multidimensional measurement. The case study demonstrated the applicability of the new measurement framework in quantifying sprawl. The major features of sprawl, policy implications, and usage of methods were discussed.

The consequences that educational underperforming has on both individuals and the society as a whole lead policy makers and planners to focus on how to measure properly the extent of educational poverty. The main aim of this paper is to propose a multidimensional adjusted poverty index (α-MAPI) by considering explicitly not only the individual deprivations, but also the non-deprivation attributes of the poor. It permits to set a precise valuation on school poverty. We apply α-MAPI to the measurement of educational poverty in the OECD countries by using data from PISA 2012 report.

Despite the noteworthy changes towards product-service system (PSS) as a sustainable solution, a systematic methodology to measure sustainability is surprisingly sparse. Previous literature in measuring sustainability still remains no more than static and fragmentary, which cannot fully incorporate the characteristics of PSS: a ‘dynamic’ system which includes various actors and a large, complex system with ‘multidimensional’ impacts. To support the dynamic and multidimensional characteristics of PSS, we employ system dynamics (SD) to cover the dynamics, and triple bottom line (TBL) to encompass the multidimensionality of PSS sustainability, respectively. To illustrate the working of proposed approach, the case study of a public bicycle system is presented. The proposed approach is expected to effectively measure PSS sustainability through a comprehensive view.

This paper applies multidimensional affluence measures to a new dataset on income and wealth in 15 Eurozone countries. We start our analysis by examining the income and wealth distributions separately for each country, and extend it to a multidimensional setting by considering the joint distribution of income and wealth. The results indicate that the percentage of households affluent both in income and net wealth are less than 10% except in Cyprus, France, Italy and Slovenia. Investigating the joint distributions of income and net wealth yields that France demonstrates a more homogenous distribution of richness among affluent households compared to the other countries in the sample. Portugal demonstrates a higher concentration of richness in the hands of few compared to most of the other countries in the sample. The degree of countries' affluence rankings differs with respect to the measures of multidimensional affluence considered.

The assumptions of multidimensionality measures seem to be violated as researcher apply unidimensional reliability coefficient (i.e. alpha coefficient) to estimatereliability for multidimensional data. There are several reliability coefficients for multidimensional measure is applicable and useful, but very few researchers take them into account. Researches suggest that applying alpha coefficient in multidimensional cases will produce underestimation. This article introduced five reliability coefficients such as alpha stratified coefficient, Mosier’s, Raykov’s, McDonald’s and Hancock-Mueller’s reliability coefficient, that applicable for multidimensional measurement. Each of these three measures and its computation is described and examples provided.

Closely following recent innovations in the literature on the multidimensional measurement of poverty, this paper provides similar measures for the top of the distribution using a dual cutoff method to identify individuals, who can be considered as rich in a multidimensional setting. We use this framework to analyze the role of wealth, health and education, in addition to income, as dimensions of multidimensional well-being in Germany. Our analysis shows that more than half of the German population is affluent in at least one dimension and less than 1% is affluent in all four dimensions. The likelihood of being rich in all dimensions is highest for prime-aged males from the West who live in couple households without children. Mobility between different affluence counts between 2002 and 2007 is rather low and existing changes are mostly driven by health and to a lesser extent by wealth.