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Interfacial structures of ferromagnetic (FM) metal combined with semiconductor (SC) are key step for realizing spintronic devices where spin degree of freedom can also be utilized in addition to the charge of electron. Tailoring of such interfaces (of FM/SC) is known to tune the magnetic, optical, structural and transport properties. Swift heavy ion irradiation (SHI) can be used as a potential tool to tailor the interfaces. In our present work, effect of ion beam irradiation (100 meV Ni+7 ions) on the CoFe/n-Si interfacial structures had been studied. Thin films of CoFe was deposited by electron beam evaporation technique using CoFe metallic alloy on Si substrate. The realized interfacial structure was characterized from structural, morphological and magnetic point of view. The surface exhibits grainy structure with very fine domain (∼50 nm) on the irradiation. Electronic transport study across the interface shows an increase in current on irradiation with significant magnetic field sensitivity and a magnetoresistance of ∼7% has been observed. The observed results of increased magnetization and enhanced magnetic field sensitivity has been understood in the realm of irradiation induced interfacial intermixing across the interfaces. The chemical phases formed and nature of the interface as a result of irradiation was probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study which confirms the formation of various silicide phases along with the metallic phase. The results were also compared with our earlier studies [15–16] on CoFe/n-Si system and found that fluence of 1 × 1011 ions/cm2 seems significant to result in interesting magnetic and transport properties without much damage to interface.

The Electric discharge maching performance can be improved by adding certain types of semi conductive powders to the dielectric fluid. In the present study, aluminum powder (2–3 g/l of dielectric) and graphite powder (2–4 g/l of dielectric) is added to the dielectric medium (kerosene). Experimental investigations are carried out with brass cylindricla electrode on EN 19 work material. Authours have considered peak current (Ip), gap voltage (Vg) and concentrations of the Al and graphote powders as the input parameters and MRR and TWR are treated as responses for the present study. Central composite design of experiments have been used to develop the non linear regression models for the responses. Further the statisticak sdequacy of the models are being tested with the help of ANOVA. Later on, for testing the prediction accurycy of the developed models, ten tet cases have been conducted with in the range of the input paprameters.

The current paper presents a study of hybrid Powdered Mixed EDM (PMEDM). Two powders, namely Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) and Aluminum are mixed in dielectric, i.e. kerosene. Experiments are conducted on EN19 alloy steel with a brass rod as electrode. In the current study, peak current (Ip), gap voltage (Vg) and concentrations of both the powders that is (Al) and (CNT) were taken as input parameters. While, Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and Surface Roughness (SR) are treated as responses. Design of Experiments (DOE) are used to establish the non-linear regression equations that represent the said responses. Further, the statistical adequacy of the models are being tested with the help of ANNOVA. Later on, experimental test cases are employed to prove the prediction accuracy, and validity of the obtained non-linear Regression models.

CITED2 is a transcription co-activator that interacts with TFAP2 and CBP/ P300 transcription factors to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the cardiac progenitor cells. It acts upstream to NODAL-PITX2 pathways and regulates the left-right asymmetry. Both human genetic and model organism studies have shown that altered expression of CITED2 causes various forms of congenital heart disease. Therefore, we sought to screen the coding region of CITED2 to identify rare genetic variants and assess their impact on the structure and function of the protein. Here, we have screened 271 non-syndromic, sporadic CHD cases by Sanger's sequencing method and detected a non-synonymous variant (c.301C>T, p.P101S) and two synonymous variants (c.21C>A, p.A7A; c.627C>G, p.P209P). The non-synonymous variant c.301C>T (rs201639244) is a rare variant with a minor allele frequency of 0.00011 in the gnomAD browser and 0.0018 in the present study. in vitro analysis has demonstrated that p.P101S mutation upregulates the expression of downstream target genes Gata4, Mef2c, Nfatc1&2, Nodal, Pitx2, and Tbx5 in P19 cells. Luciferase reporter assay also demonstrates enhanced activation of downstream target promoters. Further, in silico analyses implicate that increased activity of mutant CITED2 is possibly due to phosphorylation of Serine residue by proline-directed kinases. Homology modeling and alignment analysis have also depicted differences in hydrogen bonding and tertiary structures of wild-type versus mutant protein. The impact of synonymous variations on the mRNA structure of CITED2has been analyzed by Mfold and relative codon bias calculations. Mfold results have revealed that both the synonymous variants can alter the mRNA structure and stability. Relative codon usage analysis has suggested that the rate of translation is attenuated due to these variations. Altogether, our results from genetic screening as well as in vitro and in silico studies support a possible role of nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations in CITED2contributing to pathogenesis of CHD.

In this work, magnesium ZK60 alloy is pre-processed by turning followed by compaction and extrusion of the chips. This work is aimed at studying the influence of varying turning speeds on the microstructure and properties of extruded ZK60 alloys. The findings of this study indicate that lower turning speeds resulted in generation of discontinuous chips which when consolidated led to bulk materials with lesser overall porosity. Further, the turning-induced-deformation in the chips plays a significant role in influencing the microstructure (grain size) and properties of the resultant (extruded) material. This study highlights the significance of low speed turning to obtain materials with superior mechanical properties and promotes cost and energy efficiency through recycling industrial metal swarf, which is a significant environmental and economic concern.

Low temperature electronic and magneto-transport study across Fe/NiO bilayer on Si substrate has been reported. These bilayer structures have been irradiated by swift heavy ions (~100 MeV Fe 7+ ions with a fluence of 5×10 12 ions/cm 2 ). The electronic transport study across such bilayer (both unirradiated and irradiated) structures has shown the semiconducting nature of the interface. A significant decrease in current has been observed for the irradiated structure (as compared to unirradiated ones on the irradiation) which could be due to the irradiation induced introduction of defects/disorders in the structure. The magneto-transport study across unirradiated structure has shown the magnetic field sensitivity at low temperatures only whereas the irradiated structure has not shown any perceptible magnetic field sensitivity at low temperatures. Such observed intriguing feature of magnetic field sensitivity across the bilayer structures could be understood due to the motion of thermally assisted magnetic domain walls in the presence of external applied magnetic field. The observed high % MR could be related to spin-dependent electron scattering at the interfaces.

A study of electronic transport has been carried out across a half-metallic Fe 3 O 4 film–nSi interfacial structure in CPP mode with an interfacial SiO 2 layer of 3 O 4 layer on the transport. The electronic transport has shown a distinct behaviour for the reverse bias in which injection takes place from metallic film of Fe 3 O 4 to silicon than for the forward bias in which injection takes place from silicon to metallic Fe 3 O 4 side. It has been found that the reverse bias current shows a tunnel transport, Verwey transition like feature and low temperature positive GMR, evidencing spin involved transport from Fe 3 O 4 to semiconductor side. Whereas the forward bias current has not shown any of the above features but a thermionic controlled transport, showing a change of resistance with temperature as of semiconductor silicon. Thus, it has been found that the transport is controlled by physical properties of the injecting electrode. The study has shown that the transport below Verwey transition temperature ( T V ) for the Fe 3 O 4 film interfacial structure is also related to its electronic spins. The observed GMR of ∼200% at low temperature (for reverse bias current only) has been discussed as the effect of electronic spin scattering. Our unique observations from simple measurements of CPP I – V across the interfacial structure of Fe 3 O 4 –nSi seem significant to reveal that the Verwey transition is related to spins of half-metallic Fe 3 O 4 .

Consumption of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Millsp), a legume (family: fabaceae) induces allergic symptoms in the susceptible individuals. In the present study, an attempt has been made to induce oral tolerance in BALB/c mice as a therapeutic tool for the prevention of green gram allergy. At first set of experiments, BALB/c mice were gavaged with green gram proteins to explore their allergenicity potential. At second set of experiments, BALB/c mice were given a single acute dose ranging from 0.02 mg to 50 mg to induce oral tolerance. At first set of experiments, BALB/c showed enhanced levels of total and specific IgE, Th2 cytokines in the splenocytes and β-hexosaminidase, histamine, prostaglandin D2 and cysteinyl leukotriene release from RBL-2H3 cells when compared to their respective controls. At second set of experiments, the levels of total and specific IgE/IgG1 in the sera, anaphylaxis symptoms, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), CD4 + and CD8 + cells were found decreased while increased levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 were observed at the single acute dose of 20 mg green gram when compared to other groups. Taken together the allergenicity of green gram can be minimized due to induction of oral tolerance at a single acute dose of 20 mg in BALB/c mice.

The chemical interactions and surface chemical states of exchange coupled structures of Fe/NiO bilayer interfaced with silicon substrate has been studied from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. The structure has been irradiated from swift (∼100 MeV) heavy ions (of Fe7+) with a fluence of ∼5 × 1012 ions/cm2. The surface of the samples has also been cleaned from ion beam etching for various durations to record the XPS spectra. On the irradiation, signals due to Fe2p and Ni2p are emerging along with the signal of Si2p whereas no signal of Si2p has been observed, prior to irradiation. The observation shows that the Si atoms are present within the probed surface layer due to irradiation induced interfacial intermixing. We also observed a shift in the binding energy position of Si2p which could be due to the formation of silicide phases as a result of irradiation induced interfacial intermixing. XPS results have indicated the presence of ionic Fe (Fe2+ or Fe3+) and metallic Ni at the Fe/NiO interface, which could be due to the different chemical reactions at the Fe/NiO interface.

We propose a two-step local polynomial and a weighted bootstrapped estimator for the parameter functions of a time varying GARCH( p , q ) model. We also suggest a test statistic for testing the constancy of parameter functions of the model. Asymptotic distributions of the estimators and a test statistic are derived. The validity of the bootstrapped estimator and the test is established with the help of a simulation study.

Widespread use of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) has raised major concern about the outcome of resulting pregnancies, as well as about the health of the newborn children. The ART conceived pregnancies have an increased risk for prematurity and low birth weight (LBW). The risk of congenital malformations among children conceived via ART is contemplated to be high. The present case control study was conducted with an aim of analysing perinatal outcomes of children born by ART in the Indian context.The case control study was conducted in the Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi. It included 82 cases and 164 controls. The data was collected on maternal and newborn characteristics among cases and controls. Perinatal outcomes were compared between ART conceived and spontaneously pregnant women in terms of birth weight, preterm, multiple pregnancies, and neonatal complications.Significant difference was observed in terms of the preterm delivery, birth weight, neonatal complications between the cases and the controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 21.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.3, 112.9) for preterm delivery; 6.0 (95% CI 1.1, 43.8) for multiple pregnancy and 3.2 (95% CI 1.5, 7.0) for caesarean section. The risk of LBW and neonatal complications was heavily confounded by preterm delivery and multiple pregnancies, the adjusted OR being 0.9 and 1.0, respectively.Increased risk of preterm delivery, multiple pregnancies and caesarean section was associated with ART. The LBW was confounded by preterm delivery and multiple pregnancies.

Crystalline cubic NiO rods with diameter ranging from nanometer to few hundred nanometers and lengths up to 10 μm have been realized from a simple chemical route. The chemical reaction, of aqueous solutions of nickel chloride and sodium hydroxide with different molar ratios of NiCl 2 and NaOH, formed the nickel hydroxide precursor which on thermal dehydration resulted in NiO nanocrystals with rod like morphology. The synthesized material has been characterized from XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The TEM micrographs show the rod like morphology of the formed crystals and the selected area electron diffraction pattern confirms the single-crystalline and polycrystalline nature of the observed rod like nanocrystals. The optical absorption band gap of NiO nanorods has been found to be of ∼3.62 eV.

Buyback of shares which was initially prohibited in India has now been allowed from 1998. On the other hand United States was having the concept of share repurchase from the early days of corporation laws.This article will see whether the Central Laws in India are enough for buybacks as compared to two-tier system i.e. Federal as well as State laws in US?

Stephen, Sir James once stated that: “It is far pleasanter to sit comfortably in the shade rubbing red pepper in a poor devil’s eye than to go about in the sun hunting up evidence.” In this paper I intend to collect the reasons why the Indian Supreme Court banned the involuntary administration of three tests namely Narcoanalysis, Polygraph test and BEAP test in the latest case of Smt Selvi v. State of Karnataka. It is done by using cases from US and role of American Courts. It also investigates Indian precedents and Constitution of India for the purpose of Doctrine Self-Incrimination. It also talks about the scientific reliability of these tests. It also examines the condition of Indian investigative agency before the judgements along with role of media as media shows dangerous clippings of tests on national television. These tests made Indian investigation agencies lazy which resulted in shortcuts.Among other considerations, this article examines the delicate question about the Miranda Warning in Indian Context.

To study the responsibility for childishness relating to law of torts in different legal systems of the world. Author has also analyzed different acts related to children in tort law. e.g. – injuries caused to others by children. To determine the liability of children and the role of parents and other supervising authorities for tortious acts of children.

This Project deals with the legal principle that only the parties to a contract and those who take under them by succession or assignment can have rights or obligations under that contract. The principle is commonly referred to as the doctrine of privity of contract.It became an established part of the common law as a result of decisions in England in the nineteenth century, and it survives in England, Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand with limited judicial and statutory qualifications. We conclude by recommending the enactment of legislation giving enforceable rights to strangers to the contract in certain circumstances.The whole project will be dealt with in three different topics, as the name suggests, i.e. Logic, Experience and Expansion of Privity of Contract. The first part of the project will be dealing with Logic for Privity of Contract. In this part we will be studying what were the reasons for the evolution of Privity of Consideration and how, with due course of time, it evolved in England. Then, evolution of Privity of Contract in India will be also dealt in this part. This part will then deal with what actually Privity of contract is, its legal definition and how it is?The next part of the project will be dealing with the development of Privity though out the history till date. Its initial years in England and introduction in India will be covered under this same topic. Then, one of the most important developments which took place, i.e. Contract (Third Party Rights) Act, 1999, will be dealt and explained dully under this part. To understand the present scenario in the country, recent judicial trends of Indian judiciary will be studied. This all will cover the experience part of the project.Expansion, the last part of the project, will be actually criticism of the Privity of Contract and then some suggestions, probable reforms and extension for the Doctrine of Privity of Contract.