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Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the number of monitoring days needed to reliably measure weekly activity behaviours with the ActivPAL (AP) monitor in adults. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Participants (90 adults (51.1% men); age = 39.1 ± 12.43 years) wore an AP for 7 consecutive days. Mean time spent sitting/lying, standing and stepping per day, and mean number of transitions from sitting to standing per day were calculated for each participant using 7 days of monitoring (reference). Estimates for these activities were also derived from a combination of randomly selected days (from 1 to 6 days), and randomly selected weekdays and weekend days, and compared with the reference using ANOVA, correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman methods Spearman–Brown Prophecy Formula, based on Intraclass correlation of 0.8, was used to predict the minimum number of days needed to represent activity behaviours as measured with the AP. Results At least five days of monitoring were necessary to achieve a reliability of 0.8 for all postures and transitions. Correlation coefficients between estimates derived from any combination of 5 days and the reference were high (rho = 0.96–0.98). When using a combination of weekdays and weekend days, mean biases were comparable with those shown by any combination of days, but 95% limits of agreement were narrower. Conclusions When using the AP for a week, data from a combination of any 5 days provided reliable estimates of all activities and transitions per day, but more precise estimates were achieved if at least 1 weekend day was included.

Background: Although evidence on the health effects of sedentary behavior (SB) has grown systematically in recent years, few developing countries have reported population levels of SB, especially in South America. Our objective was to describe time spent sitting in a representative sample from Chile categorized by age, gender, educational level, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: A national health survey was conducted in Chile in a nationally representative sample (n = 5411) in 2009–2010. Sitting time (ST) was measured with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2. Results: Data were from 5031 participants (43.26 ± 0.41 years, mean ± SE; 40.3% male). Overall, there were no gender differences in mean ST (men: 158.10 ± 5.80 min/day, women 143.45 ± 4.77 min/day; p = 0.05). ST was lower in those who lived in rural areas compared with urban areas (99.4 min/day vs. 160.0 min/day; p = 0.001). ST increased significantly with increasing BMI, but only in men (p = 0.009), and was positively related to years of education in both men and women (p

There is limited evidence on potential health benefits of active travel, independently of leisure-time physical activity (PA), with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Latin-America.To investigate the relationship between active travel and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in a national representative sample of Chilean adults.Cross-sectional study of 2864 randomly selected adults' participants enrolled in the 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey (CNHS). Self-reported PA was obtained with the validated Global PA Questionnaire and classifying participants into insufficiently active (150min/week) or active (≥150min/week). MetS was diagnosed from the modified Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria with national-specific abdominal obesity cut points. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate associations of travel PA with MetS and its components at a regional level, adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics and other types of PA.46.2% of the sample engaged in 150min/week of active travel and the prevalence of MetS was 33.7%. Mets was significantly lower among active travel participants. Active travel was associated with lower odds of MetS (OR 0.72; 95%CI 0.61-0.86), triglycerides (OR 0.77; 95%CI 0.64-0.92) and abdominal obesity (OR 0.82; 95%CI 0.69-0.97) after controlling for socio-demographics and other types of PA.Active travel was negatively associated with MetS, triglycerides and abdominal obesity. Efforts to increase regional active travel should be addressed as a measure to prevent and reduce the prevalence of MetS and disease burden in middle income countries.

Bicyclists are vulnerable road users who risk incurring severe injuries from traffic incidents involving motorists. However, the prevalence of severe bicycle injuries varies across countries and is not well-documented in Latin American countries. Studies from developed countries outside of Latin America have shown that individual and contextual factors are associated with severe injuries incurred by bicyclists in road traffic incidents with motorists, but it is not clear whether these factors are the same as those incurred by Latin American bicyclists. Moreover, most studies on bicyclist-motorist traffic incidents have treated injury severity as a binary variable for analysis although injuries range widely in severity. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bicycle injuries from incidents between motorists and bicyclists in Chile and examine the associations between individual and contextual factors and bicyclist injury severity, treated as an ordinal outcome variable, in these incidents. Data on road traffic incidents between bicyclists and motorists from the 2016 Traffic Accident of Bicycle Riders and Consequences database of the Chilean Transport Ministry were analysed. Multilevel mixed-effects ordinal regression models were used to examine associations. In total, 81.2 % of 4093 traffic incidents between bicyclists and motorists resulted in nonfatal injuries to bicyclists and another 2.3 % resulted in fatalities. Most incidents involved collisions (84.3 %), and most were due to a motorist being distracted while driving (50.4 %). Severe bicyclist injuries were more likely when the incident involved a stationary cyclist who was struck, a collision between a moving bicycle and a moving motor vehicle, or an overturning motor vehicle striking a bicyclist (p0.001). Other factors included the motorist driving under the influence of alcohol (p = 0.05), the incident taking place in a mid-size community (p = 0.04), the incident occurring between 7:00 pm and 4:59 am (p0.01), and the injured bicyclist being under 18 years or 45+ years of age (p0.05). These findings suggest the need for educational programs that promote safe driving behaviour in the presence of bicyclists, better enforcement of laws and higher penalties for distracted or drunk driving, and provision of high-quality exclusive bicyclist infrastructure to address the vulnerability of the youngest and oldest bicyclists on shared roads, particularly in mid-size communities, and to provide better lighting on bikeways for evening bicycling, to reduce the high incidence of severe bicyclist injuries in motorist-bicyclist incidents.

Introduction The aim of this study was to analyze the association between neighborhood environment and the objective measures of physical activity (PA) according to nutritional status in the adult population. Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed. The information was collected from 161 representative subjects of the CESCAS study population from Temuco- Chile. The perception of the neighborhood environment was determined using the IPAQ Environmental- Module. PA was measured objectively by a triaxial accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. Weight and height were measured. The relationship between the residential environment and the PA levels was summarized through linear regression models stratified by nutritional status. Results The perceived residential environmental attributes that support active transport were positively associated with total moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) (β 397 min/week, CI 80–714, p = 0.019) in people with normal nutritional status, but not in overweight and obese individuals. In addition, living near to a public transport stop was associated with higher levels of moderate PA only in normal-weight subjects (β 383 min/week, CI 72–694, p = 0.021). Also living in a neighborhood with traffic safety was associated with higher levels of light PA in normal-weight subjects (β 518 min/week, CI 208–829, p = 0.004). Conclusions There was no significant association between perceived neighborhood environment and PA in people with obesity.

Introduction Active travel surveillance in Latin American is scarce and concentrated in a few countries. Surveillance of transport cycling in Chile is critical to document, to serve as a baseline from which to measure future planned strategies to increase transport cycling. This study aimed to document the prevalence of transport cycling in urban-dwelling Chilean adults and to examine factors associated with transport cycling in this population. Methods Data were collected from two cross-sectional National Environmental Surveys. Surveys were administered through a computer-assisted telephone interview system to representative samples of adult residents of the 15 regional capital cities in 2014 (n = 5057) and 2015 (n = 5664). Multivariable, multi-level logistic regression modelling was used to assess correlates of bicycling as the primary transport mode (yes, no) in the total sample and separately by sex. Results Transport cycling was reported by 7% of participants in 2014 and 2015. The highest prevalence estimates were found in males (9–10%), participants aged 18–24 years (12%), participants of low socioeconomic status (7%), and participants living in cities with warm summers and mild winters (8–9%). Low socioeconomic status was associated with greater likelihood of cycling in men (OR: 1.75 (95%CI 1.35–2.28), p Conclusions Transport cycling prevalence in Chile is low compared to other Latin American countries. Associations between environmental factors and transport cycling differed by gender. City planners should consider how environmental factors influence gender inequalities in transport cycling in their cities.

Introduction Sedentary behavior (SB), physical inactivity and obesity are main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. However, it is unknow whether reallocating SB time with physical activity (PA) domains related to travel, occupational and leisure activities is associated with lower levels of adiposity. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine independent associations and theoretical reallocations of SB and physical activity (PA) domains with obesity indicators in a nationally representative sample from Chile.. Methods Randomly selected participants were enrolled in the 2009–2010 Chilean National Health Survey. Cross-sectional self-reported SB and PA domains were collected using the Global PA Questionnaire. Isotemporal substitution modeling was applied to examine the potential effects of reallocating 10 min/day of SB with occupational or travel or LTPA in relation to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Results 3552 participants aged between 15 and 65 years [mean (standard deviation); age = 40.2 (14.07) years, BMI = 27.7 (5.38) kg/m2, WC = 91.2 (24.09) cm] reported an overall sitting time of 196.3 min/day and spent 15.4 min/day in LTPA. LTPA was negatively associated to both BMI and WC independently of SB. Substituting 10 min/day of SB with an equal amount of travel PA resulted in lower BMI (B = −0.033 95% CI: -0.055; -0.011) and WC (B = −0.089 95% CI: -0.172; -0.007) independent of sociodemographic variables and sleep time. Notably, the strongest association with obesity indicators was observed when SB time was reallocated for LTPA (BMI B = −0.080 95% CI: -0.122; -0.037) and WC: (B = −0.373 95% CI: -0.500; -0.245).. Conclusion Replacing SB not only with LTPA but also travel PA appears to be favorably associated with lower levels of obesity indicators. Walking and cycling as part of our travel PA may be a more feasible way of increasing PA levels than moderate or vigorous intensities PA in the overall population, at lower costs and environmentally friendly..