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Epidemics of nutritional deficiency disorders, caused by a lack of vitamins and minerals, were once very common and claimed many victims. Fortunately, advances in medicine have led to improved diets and a decline in the incidence of these disorders so that they are now seen clinically less often. Reminders of diseases such as scurvy, chlorosis, and pellagra can be found in artwork from the 19th century. The striking clinical presentation of these diseases caught the attention of artists who used them as themes in their work. We discuss the following three works of art: Gustave Doré's engraving for The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (plate 10), which features scurvy; Sebastian Junyent's painting Chlorosis; and Giuseppe Mentessi's painting Our Daily Bread, which portrays pellagra.

Iron, vitamin B12, and folate are essential for the body's metabolic reactions. Deficiency of these in isolation or in combination can lead to anaemia and systemic symptoms. Sometimes the systemic symptoms and deficiency can precede the anaemia. Deficiency states are commonly seen in everyday practice so it is vital to be able to recognize and treat them appropriately. Differentiating and diagnosing the cause of anaemia allows clinicians to understand the steps in clinical presentation and the specific investigations. Every effort should be made to determine the cause of the nutritional deficiency and treat it if possible. Transfusion is rarely required and many of these presentations can be successfully treated with a period of supplementation. Patient compliance with treatment is key to successful treatment.

Anemia is a clinically important syndrome in small ruminants. Anemia can be divided into regenerative and nonregenerative forms. Differentials for regenerative anemia include hemorrhage owing to gastrointestinal or external parasitism or hemostatic disorders, and hemolysis owing to infectious, osmotic, toxic, and nutritional causes. Differentials for nonregenerative anemia include inflammatory and chronic diseases, renal failure, pancytopenia, copper deficiency, and heavy metal toxicosis. Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by chronic gastrointestinal and external hemorrhage or nutritional deficiency and may be mildly regenerative or nonregenerative. Appropriate diagnostic tests are described along with treatments, including blood transfusion, parasite control, and prevention.

Background Tribals are intrinsically isolated and socially disadvantage groups currently living in India. Health parameters like nutritional deficiency leads them to several health consequences. Main objectives on which study is based, was to know prevalence and determinants of nutritional status among tribal women in Maharashtra. Data sources and methodology Data of 3923 tribal women from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), was used. Bi-variate and Logistic regression was calculated using a statistical tools linked with nutritional status. A spatial tool (ArcGIS) was used to study spatial variation of BMI & Anaemia in Maharashtra. Results The prevalence of underweight is lower among tribal women but more than half of the total women are anaemic, less than 6% of obesity among them in Maharashtra. In the spatial analysis, predominant results of any anaemia of tribal women were found in the Northwest districts of Maharashtra. The highest (2.5–4.6%) and the moderate percentage (1.5–2.5%) of severe anaemia, and obesity were found in almost all the districts located in western Maharashtra, whereas the prevalence of high (48–62%) and moderate (35–48%) underweight was found dispersedly throughout Maharashtra. Conclusion Tribal community in India is most susceptible in terms of social, health and education development. The government needs to focus on regional and community-based development approach for overall health improvement among tribal women in Maharashtra. These results may help policymakers to prepare apt strategies for the overall development of health among the people in general and tribal women in particular.

Many children with chronic disease are now surviving into adulthood. As a result, there is a growing interest in optimizing bone health early in the disease course with the dual goals of improving quality of life during childhood and reducing life-long fracture risk. Risk factors for impaired bone health in these children include immobility, nutritional deficiency, exposure to bone toxic therapies, hormonal deficiencies affecting growth and pubertal development, and chronic inflammation. This review focuses on the chronic diseases of childhood most commonly associated with impaired bone health. Recent research findings and clinical practice recommendations, when available, for specific disorders are summarized. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.

OBJECTIVES: Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an immune mediated disease and causes oro-mucosal burning sensation that reduces food intake and hence resulting in nutritional deficiency. The present study was done to evaluate the serum levels of vitamin B12 in patients with symptomatic OLP and establish an association between reduced B12 levels and OLP. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Serum vitamin B12 was assessed in 60 symptomatic cases of oral lichen planus and 60 healthy age and gender matched controls. RESULTS: Serum vitamin B12 was significantly reduced (p value

Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus is one of the two octopuses' species of great commercial importance in Chile. At the present time, the life cycle of this species in captivity has been closed at experimental level; however, high mortalities at the early paralarvae stage are a limiting factor for attaining sustainable production. Cannibalism has been identified as one of the main mortality causes at the early paralarvae rearing. Stress has been proposed as an important cause of cannibalism in cephalopods. Likewise, nutritional deficiency has been suggested as a potential cause to onset cannibalism. However, neither of both factors has been directly assessed in cephalopod paralarvae. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate if physiological stress due to a food shortage and/or to a high rearing density of paralarvae trigger cannibalism in E. megalocyathus. An experiment was carried out with newly hatched paralarvae, under conditions that trigger cannibalism with densities of 10 and 15 paralarvae L−1 combined with two measures of prey availability: 0 and 2 prey paralarva−1 day−1. Paralarvae alone in the aquarium fed ad libitum was used as a control to avoid cannibalism. Nutritional status was assessed as the total protein and energy content per paralarvae; and the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70) transcript level was used as a bioindicator of physiological stress, documented as a suitable stress biomarker for cephalopods. No differences were observed between the treatments and control in the absolute protein levels and energy content. There was a strong induction in HSP70 transcriptional level when high density and prey availability where combined, proving that there are only a few paralarvae rearing combinations that cause critical stress and trigger HSP70 transcription. In experimental conditions, nutritional status indicators showed that early paralarvae, with similar reserves of protein and energy, exhibited cannibalism. Results suggest that mortality as well as cannibalism is associated with competition for prey and with nutritional and energy imbalance due to food shortage that determines the expression of the related stress gene.

Dental caries occurs due to high net demineralization that caused loss of enamel minerals. Milk has become a promising agent of remineralization for its high content of CPP-ACP. However, some individuals cannot consume milk due to their health conditions. Plant-based milk was opted as milk substitute to recover some nutritional deficiency. Some plant-based milk has high amount of calcium which suggests the ability to promote enamel remineralization. Articles regarding plant-based milk were referred from 1960s until recently and compared with remineralization mechanism of action of milk. This review explores the potential of plant-based milk in arresting caries, especially coconut milk.

Laurel wilt (Lw) disease is an exotic and lethal disease that can kill laurel family trees very fast. It is vectored by the redbay ambrosia beetle that prefers to live and lay eggs inside avocado trees (among other plants). Lw disease continues to expand in Florida posing a major threat to the avocado industry. Early and accurate disease detection is very critical in this case to remove infected trees and distinguish Lw disease from other diseases or disorders with similar symptoms. Herein, we present a nondestructive remote sensing method to detect Lw-infected avocado trees (in early and late stage) and discriminate them from healthy and other factors that cause similar symptoms, such as iron and nitrogen deficiencies, by using a portable spectral data collection system (visible – near infrared; 400–970 nm). Two data sets were collected in 10 nm and 40 nm spectral resolution, and 23 vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated to detect Lw-affected trees by using two classification methods: decision tree (DT) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks. Additionally, the optimal wavelengths and VIs to discriminate healthy, Lw-infected and avocado trees with iron and nitrogen deficiencies were identified. The results showed that it was possible to detect Lw-infected trees at early stage and distinguish them from other biotic and abiotic factors with high accuracy (around 100%) using the MLP method. Poorer results were achieved with DTs. The optimum 10 nm wide bands and VIs selected for the Lw-detection were found in the red, red-edge and NIR bands.

Calcium deficiency in high yielding bovines during calving causes milk fever which leads to economic losses of around INR 1000 crores (USD 137 million) per annum in Haryana, India. With increasing milk production, the risk of milk fever is continuously rising. In the context, we aim to address the most fundamental research question: What is the effect of a preventive health product (anionic mineral mixture (AMM)) on milk fever incidence, milk productivity and farmers income? In an effort to contribute to the scanty economic literature on effect of preventive measures on nutritional deficiency disorders in dairy animals, specifically, on AMM effects in India, this study uses a randomized controlled design to estimate internally valid estimates. Using data from 200 dairy farms, results indicate that milk fever incidence decreases from 21 per cent at baseline to 2 per cent in treated animals at follow-up. Further, AMM leads to a 12 per cent and 38 per cent increase in milk yield and farmers net income, respectively. Profits earned due to the prevention of milk fever [INR 16000 (USD 218.7)] overweighs the losses from milk fever [INR 4000 (USD 54.7)]; thus, prevention using AMM is better than cure.

Introduction Acute malnutrition is a nutritional deficiency that results either from inadequate energy or protein intake. It is more prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Even though efforts have been carried out at the global and national level, the burden is still intolerable and it attracts the attention of the government and researchers. Hence, this study aims to assess the magnitude of acute malnutrition and its associated factors among under-five children who attended Hamusit Health Centre from 1st September to 30th January 2021. Materials and methods This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st September to 30th January on 404 randomly selected under-five children who visited the health centre. Samples were selected using a simple random sampling technique, and the data were obtained using a pre-tested standardized questionnaire. For data entry and analysis, Epi-info 7 and SPSS 21 applications were used, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to identify associated factors at a 95% confidence interval. Significance was considered at p-value, Acute malnutrition, children aged 6–59 months, cross-sectional study, Ethiopia.

Nutraceuticals deficiency can lead to serious health issues including neurological diseases, inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, etc. The poor bioavailability of nutraceuticals is attributed to their low aqueous solubility, poor stability, narrow absorption window, and poor permeability. Colloidal carriers because of their nano-dimensional size, higher free surface energy, and predictable release profile, emerge as a promising tool to resolve the limitations of conventional nutraceutical products. The fast progress in food colloids holds a great promise to improve the bioavailability of functional foods, known to play a key role in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases. This review highlights the latest developments in nanotechnology-based approaches to increase the bioavailability of nutraceuticals and future prospective in food science.

Purpose To describe a case of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in a young adult found to have elevated homocysteine after bariatric surgery and to review risk factors for CRVO in younger patients. Observations An 18-year-old female presented with a CRVO and severe cystoid macular edema (CME). She was normotensive, not on medications, and without known heritable hypercoagulable disease. Her medical history was notable for bariatric surgery and subsequently she was found to have nutritional deficiency, anemia, and elevated homocysteine. Her elevated homocysteine may have induced a hypercoaguable state that predisposed her to developing a CRVO. Treatment with bevacizumab dramatically improved her macular edema and visual acuity. Nutritional supplementation was initiated. Conclusions Elevated homocysteine in the setting of nutritional deficiency from prior bariatric surgery may cause a hypercoaguable state and is a potential risk factor for CRVO. Importance With the increasing prevalence of obesity and bariatric surgery, it is important to consider associated nutrient deficiency as a potential cause of induced hypercoagulability and increased risk for CRVO. Identification of these at-risk patients is especially important given this condition is easily treatable and may be present in younger individuals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a CRVO with elevated homocysteine in the setting of nutrient deficiencies from laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Iron, vitamin B12 and folate are required for essential metabolic functions. Deficiency states of these nutrients, either singly or in combination, are common clinical conditions. Clinically, they present with not only disordered haematopoiesis, but also widespread effects in other organs that can precede the appearance of haematological abnormalities. Investigation of suspected iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency should first be directed at establishing that the deficiency state exists, but this can be challenging because of the limitations of available biomarkers for evaluating tissue status. A careful assessment of clinical symptoms and signs is indispensable to guide appropriate requesting and interpretation of relevant laboratory tests. Every effort should be made to determine the cause of the nutritional deficiency and to treat it where possible. Correcting the deficiency with supplements is usually straightforward, provided adherence to treatment is ensured. Blood transfusion should be avoided unless symptoms dictate otherwise.

Both the metabolism and dietary intake of vitamins and minerals are essential to homeostatic function in the body. Dietary excess or deficiency, as well as genetic and acquired disorders in metabolism, can present dermatologically and systemically. More specifically, disorders in metabolism of zinc, biotin, essential fatty acids, and vitamin B, can appear with acrally distributed dermatoses. Recognition of the dermatologic manifestations associated with nutritional disorders is important for early diagnosis and management.

Nutritional support is a vital intervention in the critically ill that can adversely affect survival and morbidity. Many patients presenting to critical care have a degree of nutritional deficiency either due to chronic ill health or their presenting complaint and these have to be addressed. Critical illness itself affects the nutritional needs of patients, progressing from profound catabolism to a degree of anabolism and support must reflect these changes. Challenges exist in both the calculation of requirements and the provision of appropriate support, and the use of the multidisciplinary team is essential to provide high quality support. Calculations of nutritional requirements are complicated both by the nature of critical illness and the limited access to sources of information. Nutritional support itself can cause morbidity, either via unrecognized refeeding syndromes, or by complications of the chosen route of support and an appreciation of the evidence base is essential to make the right choice for patients.

The nutritional status of an individual or population needs to be assessed through valid and reliable biomarkers. Cutoffs generally have an underlying relation to health status and are one of the important quantitative criteria against which biomarker outputs are compared. For this reason, cutoffs are integral for surveys, surveillance, screening, interventions, monitoring, and evaluation. Despite their importance, nutritional biomarker cutoffs have not been adequately addressed in the literature. Furthermore, the field has not reached a consensus on which cutoff to use for each biomarker, and different cutoffs are often used for the same biomarkers in published studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cutoffs related to nutritional biomarkers and highlights some of the high-priority research gaps and challenges of using micronutrient case studies.

RESUMENLa Enfermedad Celiaca (EC) tiene una prevalencia cercana al 1% de la población general y se considera que hay un número importante de pacientes asintomáticos no diagnosticados. Su presentación clínica es variable comprendiendo el clásico síndrome de malabsorción, formas menores y la EC silente. El diagnóstico serológico tiene una elevada sensibilidad y especificidad y siempre debe confirmarse con biopsia. El diagnóstico en pacientes en dieta libre de gluten incluye test de tipificación de HLA y prueba de dieta con gluten con estudio serológico e histológico posterior. El pilar del tratamiento es la dieta libre de gluten, que debe ser supervisada por un nutriólogo con experiencia. La monitorización de la terapia debe realizarse con serología. La EC mal controlada puede determinar complicaciones como linfoma y adenocarcinoma de intestino delgado. En el futuro es probable que nuevas terapias farmacológicas sean de utilidad en el manejo de la EC.SUMMARYCeliac disease has a prevalence near to 1% of general population and there is an important amount of asymptomatic people not yet diagnosed. Clinical presentation includes the classical malabsorption syndrome, minor and silent celiac disease. Serologic diagnosis has an elevated sensitivity and specificity, and must be confirmed by biopsy. Diagnosis in those on gluten free diet includes HLA type and gluten challenge with posterior serologic and histologic evaluation. The core of the treatment is the gluten free diet that must be supervised by an expert nutritionist. Monitoring is with serology. Poor disease control can determine complications such as lymphoma and small bowel adenocarcinoma. In the future, it is likely that new pharmacologic therapies will be available for the management of celiac disease.

This study aims to evaluate the types of neuropathy in a cohort of restless leg syndrome (RLS) patients and compare them with primary RLS. RLS symptoms can occur in peripheral neuropathy and may cause diagnostic confusion, and there is a paucity of studies comparing neuropathic RLS and primary RLS. Patients with RLS diagnosed according to the international restless legs syndrome study group criteria were categorized as primary RLS or secondary. Those with evidence of peripheral neuropathy were categorized as neuropathic RLS. The demographic, clinical, laboratory profile and therapeutic response to dopamine agonists at 6 months and 1 year of neuropathic RLS patients were compared between primary and secondary RLS patients. There were 82 patients with RLS of whom 22 had peripheral neuropathy and 28 had primary RLS. The etiology of neuropathic RLS was diabetes mellitus in 13, renal failure in six, hypothyroidism in five, demyelinating in two, nutritional deficiency in three, leprosy in one, and miscellaneous etiologies in four patients. The neuropathic RLS patients were older (46.0 ± 14.1 versus 35.8 ± 15.4 years), had shorter duration of illness (1.4 ± 1.4 versus 6.2 ± 6.2 years) and were more frequently symptomatic. RLS symptoms were asymmetric in primary RLS patients compared to neuropathic RLS (25% versus 0%). The therapeutic response was similar in both groups.

Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential for optimal innate immune function, and nutritional deficiency in either metal leads to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Recently, the decreased survival of bacterial pathogens with impaired Cu and/or Zn detoxification systems in phagocytes and animal models of infection has been reported. Consequently, a model has emerged in which the host utilizes Cu and/or Zn intoxication to reduce the intracellular survival of pathogens. This review describes and assesses the potential role for Cu and Zn intoxication in innate immune function and their direct bactericidal function.

This study examines the consequences of the sociopolitical transition in the Nile Valley from New Kingdom Egyptian control (18-20th Dynasties of Egypt, ∼1550-1069 BC) to Napatan Nubian rule (25th Dynasty of Egypt, ∼750-660 BC) through the analysis of skeletal remains and mortuary ritual at the site of Tombos in Upper Nubia (modern Sudan). Demographic variables as well as indicators of nutritional deficiency and infectious disease (linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, osteoperiostitis, and femur length) are used to assess the effects of governmental changes on people living in Nubia during these periods. It is evident from the skeletal sample that the Egyptian-Nubian community at Tombos continued to thrive after the fall of the New Kingdom Egyptian empire. Drastic differences in linear enamel hypoplasia and osteoperiostitis are not apparent in the New Kingdom and Napatan components at Tombos. However, an increased level of remodeled cribra orbitalia along with greater average femur length in the Napatan female cohort indicates better recovery from times of nutritional and infectious conditions in comparison with the New Kingdom individuals. Variable circumstances experienced by New Kingdom Egyptian colonists at Tombos, as well as genetic differences, may account for the observed frequencies of these paleopathological indicators.

Bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare anatomical malformation characterized by a division of the mandibular condylar head. The two articulating surfaces of the bifid condyle are divided by a groove that can be oriented mediolaterally or anteroposteriorly. Reported cases in living people and in preserved specimens are mostly unilateral and, usually, asymptomatic. The etiology of BMC is not clear with a large number of postulations proposed including trauma, residual fibrous septa, infection, teratogenic substances, endocrine disorders, nutritional deficiency, infection, genetic factors and irradiation. We report a case with a bifid mandibular condyle of the left side who reported with a complaint of deviation of jaw and pain in left preauricular area. He was treated by surgical excision of the condylar heads and post surgical orthodontic treatment.

This article reviews the most current practice guidelines in the diagnosis and management of patients born with cleft lip and/or palate. Such patients frequently have multiple medical and social issues that benefit greatly from a team approach. Common challenges include feeding difficulty, nutritional deficiency, speech disorders, hearing problems, ear disease, dental anomalies, and both social and developmental delays, among others. Interdisciplinary evaluation and collaboration throughout a patient's development are essential.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common ulcerative disease affecting the oral mucosa. RAS occurs mostly in healthy individuals and has an atypical clinical presentation in immunocompromised individuals. The etiology of RAS is still unknown, but several local, systemic, immunologic, genetic, allergic, nutritional, and microbial factors, as well as immunosuppressive drugs, have been proposed as causative agents. Clinical management of RAS using topical and systemic therapies is based on severity of symptoms and the frequency, size, and number of lesions. The goals of therapy are to decrease pain and ulcer size, promote healing, and decrease the frequency of recurrence.

Alopecia in childhood is a source of high concern, frustration, and anxiety. Delineating types of alopecia and those that are chronic or potentially related to underlying medical problems is important. There are 5 common types of hair loss in children: alopecia related to tinea capitis, alopecia areata spectrum/autoimmune alopecia, traction alopecia, telogen effluvium, and trichotillomania/trichotillosis. Hair-cycle anomalies including loose anagen syndrome can lead to sparse-appearing hair. Rarer reasons for alopecia in children include pressure-induced alopecia, alopecia related to nutritional deficiency or toxic ingestion, and androgenetic alopecia. Congenital lesions should be considered for areas of localized alopecia occurring at birth.

The burden of disease estimate has been performed for diseases attributable to nutritional deficiency, foodborne pathogens, the environment, infection and other factors. However, the burden of disease estimate attributable to different food processing practices has not been investigated before. The aim of this study is to compare the burden of disease estimate attributed to red meat consumption processed using different cooking practices. The red meat cooking practices were categorized into three: (A) barbecuing/grilling; (B) frying/broiling and (C) roasting/baking. The associated endpoints, affected population, intake and dose-response data are obtained by literature survey. The selected endpoints are four types of cancer: colorectal, prostate, breast and pancreatic. The burden of disease per cooking practice, endpoint, sex and age is estimated in the Danish population, using disability adjusted life years (DALY) as a common health metric. The results reveal that the consumption of barbecued red meat is associated with the highest disease burden, followed by fried red meat and roasted red meat. The method used to quantify the difference in disease burden of different cooking practices can help to inform the consumer to make a choice on whether the benefit of a preferred cooking style is worth the associated health loss.

Today, human iodine deficiency is next to iron the most common nutritional deficiency in developed European and underdeveloped third world countries, respectively. A current biological indicator of iodine status is urinary iodine that reflects the very recent iodine exposure, whereas some long term indicator of iodine status remains to be identified. We analyzed hair iodine in a prospective, observational, cross-sectional, and exploratory study involving 870 apparently healthy Croatians (270 men and 600 women). Hair iodine was analyzed with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). Population ( n 870 ) hair iodine ( I H ) respective median was 0.499 μg g −1 (0.482 and 0.508 μg g −1 ) for men and women, respectively, suggesting no sex related difference. We studied the hair iodine uptake by the logistic sigmoid saturation curve of the median derivatives to assess iodine deficiency, adequacy and excess. We estimated the overt iodine deficiency to occur when hair iodine concentration is below 0.15 μg g −1 . Then there was a saturation range interval of about 0.15–2.0 μg g −1 ( r 2 = 0.994). Eventually, the sigmoid curve became saturated at about 2.0 μg g −1 and upward, suggesting excessive iodine exposure. Hair appears to be a valuable and robust long term biological indicator tissue for assessing the iodine body status. We propose adequate iodine status to correspond with the hair iodine ( I H ) uptake saturation of 0.565–0.739 μg g −1 (55–65%).

Iron is the most common metal in the earth's crust yet iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency found in humans. The clinical causes and consequences of iron deficiency anaemia are well established. However, iron deficiency without anaemia is a less well described phenomenon. Here we review the available literature examining the deleterious effects of iron deficiency without anaemia on cognitive development and physical performance. We go on to summarise the available evidence for the effects of iron supplementation on cognition and performance with emphasis of a beneficial effect on performance in heart failure patients.

Vitamin D and calcium metabolism are complex and interrelated, and at the same time tightly controlled via feedback loops established to conserve calcium homeostasis. This article reviews the metabolism of both calcium and vitamin D, and the nutritional deficiency and excess syndromes that can lead to an imbalance of one or the other of these nutrients.

Large numbers of publications investigating the molecular details, the regulation and the physiological roles of autophagic processes have appeared over the last few years, dealing with animals, plants and unicellular eukaryotic organisms. This strong interest is caused by the fact that autophagic processes are ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms. They are involved in the adaptation of organisms to their environment and to stressful conditions, thereby contributing to cell and organism survival and longevity. This review article aims to describe the discovery of autophagy, the molecular details of this complex process, its regulation, and its specific functions in plants.

Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes offer the promise of addressing a serious nutritional deficiency in African diets: chronic Vitamin A deficiency, which can cause blindness in children and many complications in adults. Although the official public health policy in Mozambique emphasizes meeting this deficiency through Vitamin A capsules, a group of scientists, mostly women, is championing the cultivation of orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes as an alternative. Not only do the potatoes address the vitamin deficiency; they provide culturally appropriate starchy nutrition and an opportunity to market any surplus the household produces. Creative applications for the powdered sweetpotato, such as in flour for bread, have been developed. Plant tissue culture can support this movement by providing disease-free planting material, making high-yielding, disease-free cultivars more broadly available. Currently, NGOs are purchasing the plantlets on behalf of poor farmers, but eventually, plant tissue culture could become a complementary business in a growing agriculture-based economy, providing rural livelihoods in one of the world's poorest countries. The distributional consequences of the technology of plant tissue culture thus depend on its place in a network of farmer empowerment and rural development as well as on its technical characteristics.

This article summarizes effects and evaluation of 8 trace minerals considered significant in ruminant nutrition, both for nutritional deficiencies as well as production-related toxicosis: cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. Changes in availability, metabolism, and amounts needed for optimum health and productivity in animals are their major effect; frank clinical toxicosis or severe nutritional deficiency are of limited concern in modern production agriculture. The information provided in this article can help to manage the risk of subtle effects that may alter performance and lifetime productivity.

As a first step in the evaluation of nutritional levels in Bolivian children (8–13 years-old), we carried out X-Ray Fluorescence measurements in hair samples of children belonging to different social classes and living either in rural areas or in cities. The aim of this study is to contribute to health policies tending to improve the global health of children and consequently avoid malnutrition. Our method intends to have maximum reliability and at the same time be as simple as possible from an experimental point of view. Additionally, we use this method to determine some other elements such as Fe, Cu, Pb, As and Hg, the latter three considered as contaminants that could be present in children living in areas which neighbor mines and industries. This work will be complemented by some biological and medical tests.

Resume Introduction La carence martiale est classiquement responsable d’une anemie microcytaire, parfois accompagnee d’une thrombocytose. L’association a une thrombopenie est en revanche beaucoup plus rare. Observation Une patiente de 17 ans etait hospitalisee pour asthenie et dyspnee d’effort, avec une carence martiale profonde, secondaire a des menorragies depuis deux ans et une thrombopenie. L’examen clinique etait sans particularite, notamment la patiente ne presentait pas de splenomegalie, ni d’adenopathie. L’hemogramme mettait en evidence une anemie microcytaire (4,4 g/dL ; volume globulaire moyen [VGM] : 49 fL) et une thrombopenie (33 G/L). La ferritinemie etait inferieure a 3 μg/L. Le myelogramme mettait en evidence une augmentation de la lignee megacaryocytaire, compatible avec un purpura thrombopenique auto-immun (PTAI). La thrombopenie se corrigeait cependant en 48 heures par la seule supplementation en fer. Conclusion Nous avons retrouve dans la litterature 39 autres observations de thrombopenie par carence martiale dont 24 suffisamment detaillees pour etre analysees. La carence martiale et l’anemie sont, dans ces cas, toujours tres profondes. Il convient donc de toujours commencer par une supplementation en fer devant une « thrombopenie carentielle », afin d’eviter des examens invasifs inutiles et traitement inadapte. L’effet therapeutique est alors spectaculaire en quelques jours sur la numeration des plaquettes.

Optimal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system is dependent on a constant supply of appropriate nutrients. The first section of this review discusses neurologic manifestations related to deficiency of key nutrients such as vitamin B(12), folate, copper, vitamin E, thiamine, and others. The second section addresses neurologic complications related to bariatric surgery. The third sections includes neurologic presentations caused by nutrient deficiencies in the setting of alcoholism. The concluding section addresses neurologic deficiency diseases that have a geographic predilection.

Intestinal failure (IF) is the ultimate malabsorption state, with multiple causes, requiring long-term therapy with enteral or intravenous fluids and nutrient supplements. The primary goal during management of children with potentially reversible IF is to promote intestinal autonomy while supporting normal growth, nutrient status, and preventing complications from parenteral nutrition therapy. This article presents how an improved understanding of digestive pathophysiology is essential for diagnosis, successful management, and prevention of nutrient deficiencies in children with IF.

Resume Les regimes d’eviction peuvent entrainer des consequences nutritionnelles chez certains patients souffrant d’allergie alimentaire (AA). Chez l’enfant, les aliments en cause constituent souvent la base de leur alimentation, en particulier le lait de vache et le gluten chez le nourrisson et les risques de carence augmentent en raison d’evictions multiples dans les polyallergies alimentaires. Ces evictions peuvent entrainer des carences d’apports a differents niveaux : energie, nutriments, vitamines et mineraux. L’alimentation de ces enfants doit etre particulierement surveillee et l’apport des produits dietetiques, notamment les laits de substitution ou aliments « garantis sans allergenes » parfaitement maitrises. Les apports nutritionnels quantitatifs seront regulierement controles et l’equilibre alimentaire respecte. La prescription et le suivi des regimes d’eviction doivent donc reposer sur l’expertise conjointe de l’allergologue et la dieteticienne. Les AA de l’adulte concernent essentiellement des allergenes vegetaux et posent peu de problemes de carences nutritionnelles a l’exception de la farine de ble.

What are the best dietary practices and farming methods to promote health? The answer may depend on whether one looks at the health of individuals or the health of the planet (planetary health or PH). PH will equate to a healthy ecosphere fostered by dietary/farming practices that are less resource-intense, potentially decreasing starvation and carbon emissions. Best practices also may depend on whether by health one means lack of observable disease (such as obesity, nutritional deficiency, diabetes, or cancer), optimal health (also known as wellness), or longevity. This article attempts to give an overview of the evidence as regards all of these aspects and definitions of health.

Resume L’application de complementations ou de regimes alimentaires specifiques sont pronees par certains auteurs dans le traitement du trouble autistique de l’enfant et cette approche suscite interet chez les parents et controverse chez les professionnels. Or, a ce jour, la majorite des etudes publiees sur ce theme dans le trouble autistique ne peuvent encourager les cliniciens a recommander les regimes aux parents du fait d’un manque de lisibilite de la balance benefice–risque. Les etudes souvent isolees et non repliquees par d’autres equipes souffrent d’une methodologie dont la rigueur s’avere insatisfaisante ou trop variable et seule la supplementation en vitamine B6 semblerait avoir repondu a des criteres d’evaluation, d’efficacite et de tolerance satisfaisants. Cette supplementation reste toutefois encore largement discutee. Mais l’approche dietetique n’est pas a negliger pour autant, car ces etudes temoignent du deficit nutritionnel des enfants autistes et de la confrontation des parents a leurs comportements alimentaires particuliers dont on ne peut ignorer le retentissement somatique, comportemental ou encore familial.

Resume Notre etude a ete realisee chez 90 femmes enceintes, qui sont equitablement reparties en trois groupes (30 femmes de trois mois de grossesse, 30 femmes de six mois de grossesse et 30 autres femmes de neuf mois de grossesse), venues en consultation prenatale dans un laboratoire prive ainsi qu’au niveau de l’hopital de Blida, pres d’Alger. La carence martiale au cours de cette etude est de 10 % pour le groupe G1 et G2 et G3 respectivement. A l’issue de ce travail, il ressort egalement une prevalence de l’anemie de (10 %, 33,33 %, 46,66 %) respectivement pour les femmes de trois, six et neuf mois de grossesse. On remarque que la prevalence de l’anemie est d’autant plus elevee que l’âge de la grossesse est avance. Ainsi, le defaut de la supplementation martiale est d’apres notre etude un facteur majeur dans l’apparition de l’anemie. Cependant, il apparait indispensable d’envisager un programme de supplementation systematique en fer a partir du second trimestre de la grossesse.

Prematurely born babies, whose weights are usually less than 2500g, generally have nutritional deficiency problems, as most of their body functions have not developed completely. Total parental nutrition (TPN) has been one of the treatments commonly used by clinicians for improving their nutritional needs. This paper describes the application of an artificial neuromolecular system (ANM system), a self-organizing learning system, to investigate the factors (including TPN elements) that affect the weight changes of these babies. The system integrates intra- and inter-neuronal information processing that captures the gradual transformability feature of structure/function relationship embedded in biological systems. With this feature, the system is able to learn how to differentiate data in an autonomous manner. The system was applied to a database of prematurely born babies, comprising 274 records. Each record consisted of 30 parameters that might affect babies' weights. Experimental results showed that the ANM system had better results than either the back-propagation neural networks or the SAS (a statistical tool). Contrary to our expectation, the result was even better than that of human judgment, suggesting that it could be used as tool to assist clinicians. Our parameter analysis showed that most of the parameters that the system identified as significant were identical to those employed by clinicians; however, some were not. The finding of the latter might provide another dimension of information to clinicians.

This study examines the relationship between WIC and Food Stamp Program participation and young children's health and maltreatment outcomes, utilizing a unique individual-level longitudinal database linking administrative datasets on WIC and Food Stamp Program (FSP) participation, Medicaid enrollment and claims, and child abuse and neglect reports in Illinois. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methods, the data show that any of the three program participation types (joint WIC and FSP, WIC only, and FSP only) is associated with a lower risk of abuse and neglect reports, and of diagnosis of several nutrition related health problems such as anemia, failure to thrive, and nutritional deficiency. When we control for the possible selection bias using sibling fixed-effects models, the results were essentially unchanged suggesting no evidence of selection bias in the OLS results. The findings are significant indicators of the benefits of WIC and FSP participation among low-income young children. Furthermore, the findings about the lower risk of abuse and neglect is significant because it offers some evidence that participation in programs such as WIC and FSP that offer family supports not directly aimed at preventing child abuse and neglect may protect children.

Background The optimal Roux limb length for gastric bypass is unknown. Therefore, the effect of Roux limb length on weight loss and nutritional deficiency after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure was studied. Methods From September 2000 to February 2004, 165 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgeries were performed at William Beaumont Army Medical Center. One-year follow-ups were completed on 97 patients. Roux limbs varied from 100 cm to 150 cm, based on the patient's body mass index (BMI). Roux limb lengths were compared with 1-year changes in absolute weight, BMI, and nutritional levels. Results In the 97 patients, average age at the time of surgery was 44 years (range, 20-63). Average BMI was 46.7 ± 6.6 kg/m 2 before surgery and 30.9 ± 5.8 kg/m 2 at 1-year follow-up. Average absolute weight loss at 1 year was 43.7 ± 12.8 kg. A statistically significant linear relationship existed between Roux limb length and reductions in BMI and absolute weight. No relationship existed between Roux limb length and changes in nutrient levels. Conclusion A linear relationship exists between Roux limb length and 1-year weight loss.

Resume Introduction La leucinose est une maladie metabolique genetique dont le traitement repose sur un regime alimentaire pauvre en isoleucine. Nous rapportons une observation de pseudo-acrodermatite enteropathique par carence en isoleucine survenue lors d’un regime pauvre en acides amines a chaine ramifiee instaure pour leucinose. Observation Un enfant atteint de leucinose etait hospitalise pour une dermite periorificielle buccale et anogenitale, avec diarrhee et pancytopenie. Le diagnostic de pseudo-acrodermatite enteropathique iatrogene par carence en isoleucine etait pose et les anomalies clinicobiologiques regressaient par l’adjonction de faible dose d’isoleucine au regime alimentaire. Discussion La leucinose est une maladie metabolique liee a un trouble de la degradation des acides amines a chaine ramifiee. Le traitement de cette maladie chronique repose sur un regime alimentaire pauvre en acides ramifies. Un regime trop restrictif, en particulier pour l’isoleucine, entraine un tableau carentiel associant une atteinte cutanee a type de pseudo-acrodermatite enteropathique, une diarrhee et une pancytopenie.