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This article discusses common abnormalities found in the European or Caucasian nose. The treatments of the disorders via open structure rhinoplasty techniques are presented in a case-based manner. Multiple references are provided for further study of these techniques.

Spanish Abstract: En conversacion con el profesor Paul Cordova, se desarrollan las ideas propias de la diferencia entre Constitucion y fenomeno constitucional, a partir de referencias historica y la necesidad de ver la Constitucion no solo en un sentido excesivamente formalista, sino propio de una norma abierta. English Abstract: In conversation with Professor Paul Cordova, the ideas of the difference between the Constitution and the constitutional phenomenon are developed, based on historical references and the need to see the Constitution not only in an excessively formalistic sense, but also inherent to an open standard.

Owing to their high redox activity, abundant resource, and low cost, compounds based on group VB elements (V, Nb, and Ta) are promising electrode materials for an array of energy storage devices. Moreover, their open structure benefits transportation and accommodation of alkali Na+ ions, rending them particularly appealing for cost-effective sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In the last decade, these materials have evoked intensive investigations in SIBs, serving as either cathode, anode, or both depending on their sodiation degree and redox potential. Exciting progress has been made, but significant gaps in our knowledge still remain. Their practical application in SIBs remains unclear and thus calls for further efforts to settle several technical challenges in terms of poor conductivity, unstable cycling, and inefficient charge storage. In this perspective, a brief overview is given of recent progress on how to solve these technical issues and envision their bright future in SIBs, which may serve as a source to inspire researches on relevant topics.

With the adoption of open structure techniques, rhinoplasty has become more reliant on the use of structural grafts to resist change that occurs over time owing to both gravity and the aging process. As surgical procedures have become more technically complex, the type of grafts use for both primary and secondary rhinoplasty have undergone significant evolution. This article provides a case approach focused on the use of structural grafting in rhinoplasty.

Urban greenspace has been highlighted as a means of offsetting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and mitigating climate change in cities. However, it is still challenging to design for sustainable carbon sequestration. This study developed a transdisciplinary framework to link carbon sequestration research with planting design practices. Taking 28 urban parks in Beijing as a case, we integrated field investigation and remote sensing images to analyze the relationship between planting design indicators and carbon sequestration efficiency, and the change of carbon sequestration efficiency with the growth of plant biomass. The results showed that carbon sequestration efficiency varied over the urban parks with a mean value of 8.72 gC m−2d-1, and varied with plant growth. The difference was associated with individual plant properties and biotope structure. Medium-sized plants and biotopes with partly open structure are proved cost-effective for sustainable carbon sequestration of urban greenspace. We summarized adaptive planting design strategies for different biotope types and emphasized the benefits of nurturing growing and partly open biotopes structured with different sizes of plants. The results will be possible to produce information for landscape architects for improving sustainable carbon sequestration not only in the study area but also in other cities with similar climatic characteristic.

Two rougher-cleaner-cleaner/scavenger (R-C-CS) circuits, one with CS tails sent to final tails, designated open, and the second with CS tails recycled to the rougher, designated closed, are compared. The open structure by isolating roughing from cleaning which aids process control appears to be favoured. Linear circuit analysis was used to address whether structural differences also play a role. The solution for circuit recovery was taken for the case of equal stage recoveries which permits separation to be assessed using the differential, designated sharpness of separation. When circuit recovery exceeded ca. 50% the open circuit gave higher separation than the closed which may contribute to the open being favoured. An argument for equal stage recoveries is advanced.

Innovation and organizational design is central to how organizations manage their structures and boundaries for greater engagement to an increasing number of users as potential partners for increased value creation. Open organizing is prominent in industries where the locus of innovation can be extended to users leading to a burgeoning literature on concepts like co-creation, open innovation, and collaborative efforts. However, the current body of scholarship offers little insight into how organizations establish open organizational structures, specifically in more traditional industries like the energy industry, calling for a renewed focus on organizational structures and boundaries that is not merely related to reducing transactional costs or gaining efficiency. For the energy industry, open organizing remains paradoxical as it is not entirely driven by low communication cost and increased virtual connectivity. The energy industry is localized, performing under a broader industry framework subjective to a list of exogenous and endogenous factors. This study synthesizes the cases of 8 energy companies to produce a theoretical framework building on a checklist of the exogenous and endogenous factors that are central to the innovation process. Most importantly, this study reconciles the work on organizational boundaries and open structures to produce such theoretical framework. This framework can act as an evaluation tool for energy companies to assess the transition between existing structures to an open structure.

This paper presents wind pressure distribution characteristics of oval-shaped arch-supported membrane structures based on the wind tunnel experiments. Distribution of mean and fluctuating wind pressure coefficient is presented meticulously using pressure maps. Influence of different factors including rise-span ratio, wind direction, and terrain category, on the distribution of mean, fluctuating and peak wind pressure coefficient is discussed. Both enclosed and open structures are considered. Results show that structure experiences critical suction pressure at immediate downslope of arch axis under oblique wind direction. The significant influence of rise-span ratio and wind direction on the distribution of mean and peak wind pressure coefficient is observed. Variations of wind pressure coefficient, due to change in key parameters, are distinct in windward area but changes are insignificant in leeward area. Relatively larger area of roof of open structure is loaded with positive wind pressure coefficient, as compared to an enclosed roof. Moreover, clustering analysis is performed to divide the roof surface into different zones, then mean and peak wind pressure coefficient are proposed for corresponding zones of roof surface considering different rise-span ratios under different wind directions. The outcomes are expected to be useful to engineers and researchers to understand similar type of structures.

Temperature is a key factor that affects the adfreeze strength between frozen soil and a structure. Under the influence of climate change, permafrost degradation reduces the bearing capacity of bored piles in permafrost regions. Based on the monitoring results of bored piles at a site in Beiluhe and related simulations, the effect of a ventilated open structure (VOS) on the temperature at the pile-soil interface and the bearing capacity of bored piles was discussed. The results showed that climate warming can significantly reduce the bearing capacity of bored piles. The higher thermal conductivity of concrete than frozen soil had a negligible influence on thermal stability of pile. However, the temperature at the pile-soil interface decrease drastically within a year due to the lower surface boundary temperature beneath a VOS. Numerical simulation indicated that the bearing capacity of bored piles with a VOS increases during the first 25 years and then decreased. While the bearing capacity without a VOS decreases over 50 years. A VOS can improve the stability of bored piles, delay bearing capacity degradation of bored piles for at least 50 years, and significantly reduce the design pile length.

Purpose Patients having suffered severe nasal trauma or having undergone prior septal surgery present particular problems during open structure septorhinoplasty. Septal cartilage deficient noses often require costal or conchal cartilage grafting or the use of allograft material, resulting in secondary donor site morbidity, longer operative times and variable results. The present study evaluated the utility of cyanoacrylate-based adhesives (CBA) in creating layered septal cartilage grafts from remnant septal cartilage for L-strut reconstruction during open septorhinoplasty. Study design A retrospective clinical review was performed at a university-based facial plastic and reconstructive surgical practice, identifying patients undergoing open structure septorhinoplasty performed by the senior authors. Procedures involved construction of a layered caudal or dorsal L-strut graft from at least two smaller autologous septal cartilage grafts. The grafts were adhered together with CBA with 5-0 polydioxanone suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) used for reinforcement. Stability of the final construct was assessed postoperatively. Results Fifteen patients were included with mean age of thirty-nine years (range: 15–65). Fifty-three percent of the patients had undergone prior nasal surgery: Seven had undergone at least one prior external septorhinoplasty and one had undergone prior endonasal septoplasty. Median follow-up was 144 days (range: 45–405). Postoperatively, one local infection was noted and two patients complained of post-operative columellar deviation. No other complications were encountered. Conclusion CBAs provide a safe technique in the crafting of layered grafts to provide reliable tip/dorsal support when performing open structure septorhinoplasty among patients with cartilage deficient or severely traumatized septa.

Applying membrane filtration as the primary step in microalgae harvesting has been proven to be effective to reduce the overall harvesting costs. However, membrane fouling remains a bottleneck to improve the performance. In this study, a direct comparison of an aerated and a vibrated membrane system for the fouling control of a Chlorella vulgaris broth filtration is presented in terms of membrane permeance and permeance recovery, respectively, in multiple filtration and cleaning stages. The result shows that the vibrated system offers a significant advantage to maintain high permeance by minimizing the fouling and thus sustaining the filtration operation, especially for membranes with a more open structure. However, both systems were unable to prevent severe pore blocking in the early stage of filtrations, thus diminishing the advantage of using highly permeable membranes in microalgae harvesting. Nevertheless, further system and membrane cleaning procedure developments can still be conducted to overcome this problem.

In this paper are analyzed thermal characteristics of sandwich plates with prismatic core in order to optimize their geometry. Open structure of sandwich plates makes them convenient for cooling: the fluid flows through the open channels in the core and takes away the heat which can act on one or both surfaces of the plate. The construction of sandwich plates with prismatic core is also convenient for application where good heat conduction and high carrying capacity are requested simultaneously. If one bears in mind this double application, the task is to perform the optimization of the sandwich plate's geometrical parameters in order to apply various combinations of structural and thermal loads. Results presented in this paper provide possibility for large geometrical flexibility in combining thermal and structural characteristics optimization.

This paper presents the detection of mercury (II) ions based on a novel hybrid Long Period Fiber Grating (LPFG)-Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) sensor system. The fundamental design of the hybrid sensor combines the features of a gold nanoparticles-coated LPFG embedded within a DGT structure. The main function of the DGT structure is to overcome the weakness of LPFG sensor by providing a durable housing for the protection of the fiber sensor, thereby allowing near real-time, in situ as well as long-term monitoring of mercury (II) ions in water. Experiments were conducted with mercury (II) solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5 ppm to 10.0 ppm in order to study the sensing ability of the hybrid sensor. The performance of this hybrid sensor was then compared with an open structure sensor, in which the membrane filter and gel layers of DGT device were not included. Results showed that the response rate of the hybrid structure was lower than the open structure, i.e., 0.0049- and 0.0078-a.u./min, respectively in 2.0 ppm mercury (II) solution. This has proven that the presence of the structure of DGT has prolonged the movement of the mercury (II) ions towards the innermost Polyelectrolyte-Gold nanoparticles (PE-AuNP) coated LPFG sensor. Furthermore, the brittle LPFG sensor was well protected by the DGT structure. This mechanism makes the proposed LPFG-DGT sensor system suitable to be used for long-term and near real-time monitoring of water bodies due to the prolonged lifespan.

Given the perilous state of the Oseberg find from Norway, the Museum of Cultural History and the Department of Chemistry both at the University of Oslo, are looking into new methods for treating archaeological wood. While numerous polymers have been previously tested, most do not stabilise the wood sufficiently, penetrate far enough, or remain stable without producing toxic fumes. A few of the more common examples are: Alum salt, KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O, which was used for treatment earlier but does not penetrate well and leaves the wood very acidic. Poly(oxy ethylene) (POE or Polyethylene glycol [PEG]) is widely used as a consolidant today but this material degrades over time and thus cannot support the finds for a very long time. Melamine-formaldehyde (Kauramin) has also been used and while it is fairly stable, it may also fill the wood and turn it into a ‘block’ of plastic. Since new consolidants would be advantageous, it is discussed what the requirements of such consolidants are and how material sciences may help procure them. It is proposed that an important requirement for a future stabilising agent is to leave an airy structure in order to allow retreatment in the future. This might be accomplished by foaming a polymer, or by combining nanoparticles with a polymer ‘spider web’ network to keep them in place. Such particles may help stabilise pH inside the wood by neutralising any acid generated inside treated artefacts. Special attention is given to the field of biomimetics–the discipline of constructing materials inspired by existing natural designs. It may be possible to construct a frame using bio-inspired materials (possibly an ‘artificial lignin’ mixed with other compounds optimise strength and flexibility) or through biomineralisation (an inorganic ‘skeleton’). Tests on biomimetic cellulose and chitosan have begun and the initial evaluation of these materials is given. Chitosan is made from modified chitin (primarily from shrimp and crabs) and may be dissolved in acidic solutions. Crystalline cellulose is interesting in conservation as the individual particles are resistant to acid and not as hygroscopic as the amorphous part of cellulose. The materials and the procedures used in testing are described. It is shown that crystalline cellulose particles usually flocculate when used to treat archaeological wood but that they may be treated with surfactants in order to improve penetration of archaeological finds.

We presented simulation of fractal pattern in electrodeposition (Diffusion limited aggregation) using concept of off lattice walk. It is seen that the growth patterns are based on a parameter called ‘bias’. This parameter ‘bias’ controls the growth of patterns similar to that of electric field in electrodeposition technique. In present study the fractal patterns are grown for different values of ‘bias’. Dendritic patterns grown at lower value of ‘bias’ comprises open structure and show limited branching. As the bias is increased the growth tends to be dense and show more crowded branching. Box counting was implemented to calculate fractal dimension. The structural and textural complexities and are compared with the experimental observations. It was also noted that in the evolution of DLA patterns, the center of mass of the growth is shifted slightly. We tracked the position of the center of mass of simulated electro deposits under different electric field conditions. The center of mass exhibit random walk like patterns and it wanders around the origin or the starting point of the growth.

Rivers are essential for loess deposit formation. River systems which relate directly to loess deposit formation include the Danube and the Rhine; the Mississippi and the Missouri; the Thames and the Medway; the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra; the Dnepr, Don and Volga; the Clutha, Mataura and Rakaia—New Zealand rivers; the Yellow River; rivers in South America; Siberian rivers (flowing north); the Odra and the Wisla (between the mountains and the ice); the Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya (into the desert). The contention is that rivers are not just important in major loess deposit formation, they are mandatory (necessary, imperative, obligatory, essential, indispensable, requisite). For a complete and satisfactory study of a loess deposit, we need to know how the material is produced; how it is transported and distributed across the landscape; how intermediate deposits are formed; how transportation provides the defining properties (i.e., open structure, collapsibility, draping across the landscape); and what may happen post-deposition (e.g., chernozemisation, fragipan formation, increased collapsibility, etc.). If rivers are essential then it would appear that the British loess is probably Alpine material delivered by the proto-Rhine and the Polish loess is not derived from the ice-sheet to the north but from the mountains to the south. The lack of loess in Canada is explained by the absence of suitable rivers. The loess in Russia and neighbouring countries can be classified (as Jefferson et al. [Jefferson, I.F., Evstatiev, D., Karastenev, D., Mavlyanova, N.G., Smalley, I.J., 2003b. The engineering geology of loess and loess-like deposits: a commentary on the Russian literature. Engineering Geology 68, 333–351] suggested) on the basis of associated rivers. A ‘new’ deposit of glacial loess is recognised—associated with the Dnepr, Don and Volga rivers (the USWR loess). The Smalley–Leach [Smalley, I.J., Leach, J.A., 1978. The origin and distribution of the loess in the Danube basin and associated regions of East-Central Europe: a review. Sedimentary Geology 21, 1–26. Available from: 〈 www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Smalley-SedGeo-1978.pdf 〉] vision of the loess in the Danube basin and East-Central Europe is probably misconceived. They assigned a great significance to glacial action and put loess in a ‘northern band’. It appears that this proposed glacial influence is minimal and that the Danube loess is essentially mountain loess—derived from the Alps, the Carpathians, the Sudeten mountains and other high regions. The Danube system is a classic example of a river controlling loess distribution.

We report the operation of passively Q-switched diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 lasers by employing Cr4+-doped garnets with Ca2+ or Mg2+ as charge compensators. We found that the laser performance improved significantly, mainly in the Nd:YVO4 system when (Cr4+,Mg2+):YAG sample was used as a passive Q-switching. For example, in the Nd:YVO4 and Nd:YAG lasers, the maximum peak power using (Cr4+,Mg2+):YAG saturable absorber was higher by a factor of 8.5 and 2.6, respectively, relative to (Cr4+,Ca2+):YAG. This fact is attributed to better optical quality of the (Cr4+,Mg2+):YAG sample, as a result of improved dopant distribution and reduced internal stresses inside the saturable absorber crystals. Similar passively Q-switched laser performance can be obtained by using other garnets with an open structure, and hence, with low internal stresses, such as (Cr4+,Ca2+):GGG. We also compared the laser performance of Nd:GdVO4 with the same saturable absorbers and obtained both passive Q-switching and passive mode locking. By using an analytical model with the relevant physical parameters of the laser crystals and saturable absorbers it is possible to optimize the laser performance.

Stability of SiC fullerene type structures is still an unsolved issue as no experimental confirmation has been reported so far regarding its existence. However, theoretical reports are available in the literature where carbon fullerenes were taken as base models for SiC fullerene structures. In this present Letter we show by a systematic study on the C 20 fullerene that this approach may not always produce the ground state structure in fullerene form. Instead, the energetically favorable structure could be highly distorted and open structure. However, we observed a very systematic linear trend in the evolution of binding energies of SiC clusters from the carbon fullerene.

Water-soluble coal-based acids (WSCA) obtained by oxidation of Wuchuan weathered lignite (W-WSCA) or by extraction from the Jincheng weathered coal (J-WSCA), enhanced the biological activity of tribenuron-methyl, an herbicide. In the presence of the WSCA, the ED90 values for tribenuron-methyl were increased by a factor of 4.28 (W-WSCA) or 2.52 (J-WSCA). FTIR analysis indicated that the main interaction between WSCA and herbicide was via hydrogen bonds. NMR proved the results of FTIR. The established molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the more open structure favored the interaction between the herbicide and additive. The strong interaction between herbicide and additive and consequent marked change in herbicide structure are probably related to the improved biological activity of the herbicide.

Morphologies of PBS/PBA blends varying in blend ratio at different crystallization temperatures of PBS component were studied using optical and atomic force microscopies. It was found that interspherulitic phase segregation of PBA takes place at high temperature, e.g. 100 °C, for all blend compositions due to the high diffusion length. On the contrary, no interspherulitic phase segregation of PBA at 75 °C occurs at all, consistent with a shorter diffusion length. It was further found that the PBA melt acted as a diluter, affecting the morphology of PBS, which in turn influenced the phase separation behavior of PBA remarkably. At 100 °C, with increasing PBA concentration, the resultant open structure of PBS caused by the diluting effect of the PBA melt makes it necessary to retain some portion of the PBA melt between the PBS lamellae. This leads to the concurrence of interlamellar and interspherulitic phase segregations. An even higher PBA content results in the occurrences of all three phase separation options, i.e. interlamellar, interfibrillar and interspherulitic phase segregations. At 75 °C, in blends with PBA as a minority phase, mainly interlamellar segregation of PBA occurs. For a 50/50 blend, interlamellar and interfibrillar phase segregations take place simultaneously. For a PBA in-rich blend, PBS forms only a spherulitic framework, filled in with the PBA lamellar crystals, indicating that interfibrillar mode is the main phase separation process.

The Courel recumbent syncline is one of the best examples of a regional scale recumbent fold outcropping in the NW Iberian massif. A strain, microfabric and minor fold analysis of this structure has been integrated in an evolutionary model that begins with an episode of layer shortening, buckling and body rotation associated with deformation dominated by simple shear. Subsequently, the fold was flattened by dominant irrotational strain with maximum shortening perpendicular to the axial surface and maximum stretching parallel to the fold axis. This occurred during the first phase of the Variscan deformation, and gave rise to a fold with an axial surface dipping moderately towards the hinterland (SSW). The recumbent character of the fold was increased during the third phase of the Variscan deformation, which produced a large-scale open structure with a subhorizontal limb.

The fruitful interaction between the Jilin group (under Ruren Xu) and that of one of the authors (JMT) at the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory (DFRL) is adumbrated, and the highlights achieved briefly assessed. These have led the authors to design and prepare a range of novel single-site solid catalysts that open up new (and benign) routes for the production of important commodity- and fine-chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

The structural and electronic properties of liquid InSb have been simulated by using ab initio molecular dynamics. The calculated results indicate that the covalent bonds of In–Sb similar to those of c -InSb are preserved in liquid state, and the Sb clusters have open structure while the In clusters have close-packed structure.

Catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/C of vinylogous aminoacids and aminoamides has been studied. The configuration of the ethylenic bond has an important effect on the diastereoselectivity. The higher selectivity is observed with the E -vinylogous aminoamides. The conformational preferences of the α,γ-disubstituted γ-peptides have been determined. The 2 S ,4 S -γ-peptide moiety induces a β-like folded structure stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond, whereas the 2 S ,4 R -diastereomer assumes an open structure.

The performance of three types of separator (axial flow, straw walker and multi-cylinder), designed to separate grain from material other than grain (MOG), were tested in the laboratory and field. The straw walkers were mounted in a conventional combine harvester and the multi-cylinder separator in an experimental trailed stripper harvester, and evaluated during in-field harvesting trials. An axial flow separator was built especially for laboratory evaluation. The crops used for the tests had all been harvested with stripper headers and passed through conventional threshing drums. The grain and MOG that passed through each stage of each separator under test was collected by trays along the machine so as to reveal how the individual stages of the separators performed, and hence inform developments in separator design. Although the data were gathered from independent evaluations of the three separators, useful comparisons were possible. MOG input to each separator close to 4 t h−1 and grain input of 1 – 2.7 t h−1 gave separation efficiencies of 95% with 3·1 to 4·2 m2 of straw walker area, 1·7 m2 of multi-cylinder grating and 1·0 m2 of grating in the axial flow rotary separator. The axial flow separator allowed 29% of barley MOG through with the grain whilst the straw walker allowed 13%. In wheat, the straw walker allowed 37% MOG through, compared with 56% by the multi-cylinder separator. The MOG fraction entering a separator after stripping is predominantly leaf and light straws. This does not form the open structure seen when long straw is present but tends to ‘mat’, making grain separation more difficult. Rotary separators, both axial and tangential, appear better suited to handling this stripped material than do straw walkers because their more aggressive action teases out the material and allows easier release of the grain, but it also breaks up MOG resulting in worse MOG retention.

The burnout conditions in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) have been investigated to optimize the binder removal condition and to control the microstructure during the burnout process. MLCCs showed a delamination for the heating rate of 7 °C/min at 200 °C, and 6 °C/min at 250 °C and 300 °C in the ambient atmosphere. The heating rate affected the pore size distribution and mean pore size, showing the smaller and larger mean pore size in the reducing and at higher temperature, respectively. The cumulative pore surface area was dependent on the burnout temperature rather than the heating rate. The minimum pore surface area could be obtained at 300 °C with the heating rate of 3 °C/min, in which the pores were connected to be an open structure. The atmosphere and temperature affected the burnout microstructure related to the binder removal without the effect of the heating rate.

In the presented research work the authors tried to develop the software which will suit all the needs of the injection moulding when optimising the part-mould-technology system. The simulation results consist of geometrical and technological data. Geometrical data are useful for both: the part as well as the mould designers, because technological data help the moulders to understand the process parameters. On the basis of the simulation results, the part designers can optimise the geometry of the part and the mould designers can optimise the running and the cooling system of the mould. In this way the optimal input values for the technology optimisation can be defined. The paper provides evidence that the program with its open structure suits the needs of the laboratory environment as well as of the real production.

Octadecyl–Sepabeads (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) was used to immobilize the lipases from Candida antarctica (fraction B), from Mucor miehei and from Candida rugosa via interfacial adsorption. The activity and stability properties of the derivatives obtained using this strategy by “stabilization of the open structure of the lipase” were compared to other more conventional immobilized derivatives (e.g. those obtained by multipoint covalent attachment) where the lipases are likely to be immobilized exhibiting its closed structure. Lipases adsorbed on hydrophobic supports exhibited a clear hyper-activation compared to the soluble enzyme or other types of derivatives. Their specific activities were greatly improved after immobilization (M. miehei lipase derivative was even 20 times more active than the soluble enzyme). Furthermore, lipases adsorbed on hydrophobic supports were very stable against heat and organic solvents inactivation. For example, C. antarctica B lipase octadecyl derivatives preserved 100% of the activity after 200 h of incubation at pH 7 and 50 °C. In addition, these derivatives remained also fully active after a very long incubation (200 h) in 50% dioxane at pH 7 and 25 °C. In spite of being immobilized by simple physical adsorption these lipase derivatives were more stable than multipoint covalently immobilized derivatives and much more stable than their respective soluble enzyme. It seems that the “open structure” of lipases, adsorbed on hydrophobic supports, is much more active and much more stable than the corresponding “closed” structure even when the closed structure is undergoing a very intense multipoint covalent attachment.

The relative stability of classical versus nonclassical mono- and bis-boron analogs of the 2-norbornyl cation was investigated by ab initio and density functional methods. Nonclassical structures were preferred in carbon bridged isoelectronic 1,2-diboranorbornyl anions having the following substituents on boron: H, CH 3 and CN. The difluoro analog preferred the classical structure. The mono-boron analog preferred an open structure.

Some of the most challenging rhinoplasties involve correction of broad, boxy or ball tips (the three Bs of tip surgery). A review of the literature indicates significant variations in diagnosis and treatment. This article will deal with analysis and correction of the “three Bs.” The broad tip is most easily diagnosed on oblique view where the sheer volume of the alar cartilages is readily apparent, as is the lack of tip definition. Anatomically, the domal segment is flat and continues into a broad convex lateral crura. The surgical goal is to decrease volume, increase domal definition, and decrease lateral crural convexity — all amenable to open tip suture techniques. The boxy tip is most easily diagnosed on basilar view where the basal perimeter is square. The tip itself may be underprojected and require caudal septal support. Aesthetically, one appreciates Tardy's triad of strong convex alar cartilages, weak alar bases, and collapsible side walls. The choice of sutures or grafts is often dictated by the rigidity and malleability of the alar cartilages. Alar rim grafts are recommended to overcome the inherent weakness of the alar rims. The ball tip is most easily identified on anterior view by the convex lateral crura whose lateral borders give the tip a circular appearance. Aesthetically, the tip overwhelms the rest of the nose and one must carefully assess both projection and skin quality. Anatomically, the major axis of the lateral crura is now vertical rather than transverse, and the highest projecting point on the alar cartilages is the lateral crura rather than the dome. Surgically, the problem is that the alar cartilages are too large and too ill-defined for subtle changes. In most cases, the need to decrease intrinsic projection by 4 to 8 mm favors an open structure tip graft.

In the field of flue gas cleaning several proven techniques are well established. According to the forces of free enterprise economy and environmental requirements, the development of an economically reasonable procedure, based on well-known processes, which can also guarantee the fulfillment of legal emissions, was carried out. For the evaluation and scale-up criteria a pilot plant has been built, on which also the relations in the presented model have been verified. At the time, scrubbing of SO 2 , HCl and HF with Ca(OH) 2 below their emission limits according to legal limits for cleaned flue gas (Siebzehnte Verordnung zur Durchfuhrung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes Verordnung uber Verbrennungsanlagen fur Abfalle und ahnliche brennbare Stoffe-17. BImSchV vom 23. November, 1990 (BGBl. I 2545, 2832), BRD) is realized. The process, and in consequence the model, which is basis of the discussion of this paper, is built in an open structure to permit rearrangements of and extensions to the process. This paper gives an introduction to the model, which is based on pilot plant data and theoretical reflections under consideration of scale-up criteria. This model has been developed to calculate demands of operating materials and basic dimensions of plants as well as to evaluate theoretical considerations on measurement data.

The synthesis and structure of titanosilicate UND-1 with a chemical composition of Na 2.7 K 5.3 Ti 4 Si 12 O 36 4H 2 O are reported. The UND-1 was synthesized in a system using solid titanium oxides as a Ti source. The structure consists of six-membered rings of SiO 4 tetrahedra and isolated TiO 6 octahedra by which, through corner sharing, form an open structure containing channels (ca. 4 A in diameter) running along the [100] direction.

Glass liners serving as vaporising chambers for large volume injection or transfer into capillary gas chromatography were packed with Carbofrit, a carbon material of open structure and low retentive power. Polyimide was used for deactivation of the glass surface with a water-resistant layer, for fixing the Carbofrit material to the insert wall and for binding loose particles.

Fe 4 F 3 (PO 4 )(HPO 4 ) 4 (H 2 O) 4 (N 2 C 3 H 12 ) (labelled ULM-15) was prepared hydrothermally (7 days, 453 K, autogenous pressure) in the presence of 1,3-diaminopropane as organic template. Its structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. ULM-15 is monoclinic (Space group C 2/ c (no 15)) with lattice parameters a = 24.176(1) , b = 14.558(1) , c = 7.186(1) , β = 102.3(1)°, V = 2470.8(3) 3 , Z = 4. Its three-dimensional framework is constituted from corner-sharing FeX 6 (X = O, F, H 2 O) octahedra and tetrahedral PO 4 and HPO 4 groups. The structure presents trans-chains of FeO 4 F 2 octahedra related to ferric dimers [Fe 2 O 8 F 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] by tetrahedral units. They delimit 16-membered rings channels along [001] in which the diprotonated amines are inserted. ULM-15 shows 3D antiferromagnetic behaviour below T N ≈ 22 K.

By using density functional theory calculations, it is found that the [2+1] cycloaddition derivatives of armchair ( m , m ) single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) evolve from open structure to closed three-membered ring structure as m >11 for NH addition, m >10 for O and CH 2 additions, and m >5 for SiH 2 addition. The diameter upper limit of the opening of the sidewall of SWNTs upon [2+1] cycloaddition is predicted to be about 15 A.

Few crystal structures are available for transporters related to the biomedically important neurotransmitter transporters, such as the serotonin and dopamine transporters. One of these structures is the bacterial analog LeuT, which transports Leucine. Until recently the available crystal structures of LeuT provided information on only two distinct states: an outward open state, where the S1 substrate-binding site is exposed to the extracellular vestibule, and an occluded state, where the S1 binding site is occluded from both the extracellular and intracellular vestibules. Therefore, there was not enough structural information to support an understanding of the substrate transport mechanism. Several computational models emerged to describe the inward facing conformation of LeuT in which the substrate is released. Given the structural information, some of these models (e.g., the symmetric inward open model - SIO) assumed rigid body motions in which the molecule would transition between the outward open-occluded-inward open states. We attempt to evaluate the feasibility of various models of LeuT by generating a transition path between distinct conformational states using the Motion Planning (MP) module Pathrover, a method that can identify a set of low-energy, clash-free structural intermediates between known end states. Because the sodium-hydantoin transporter Mhp1, which transitions between the same kind of states, has been crystallized in three distinct conformations, and intermediates have been calculated from a force-based approach, dynamic importance sampling (DIMS), it was used here to test the robustness of the Pathrover approach. For Mhp1 we find a clear overlap between the Pathrover computed intermediates and the DIMS intermediates, and conclude that the transition among the Mhp1 states is well represented by Pathrover. The intermediates calculated for LeuT in this work form the basis for comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations probing the molecular mechanism.

With the help of the CIMOSA modelling techniques and its integrating infrastructure TRAUB was able to establish a part of a complete reorganization in the production in a very short time. An appropriate domain—big part manufacturing—was selected for the pilot installation to make a first step towards a more flexible and open structure in the production and its tangent departments. This article describes in detail the experiences with these new technologies from an industrial point of view.

It is essential to appreciate the healing dynamics in rhinoplasty patients that occurs over a period of months. It is for this reason that long-term analysis and follow-up are essential for the surgeon to fully realize and understand the final effects of the effort. Discussion of important patient selection considerations, review of standard terminology, review of incision and approach choices, and brief review of alar cartilage procedures were presented. The importance of performing minimal surgery that would be capable of predictably producing the desired changes is stressed. In the majority of rhinoplasty cases, use of nondelivery or limited-delivery approaches, limited transfixion incisions, and conservative alar rim strip techniques seems to offer maximal predictability. These considerations, however, must be balanced with the improved exposure and teaching opportunity allowed via open rhinoplasty. The decision of which approach to use must be based on a thorough understanding of the problems presented by each case, and the techniques available within a surgeon's armamentarium. Excellent exposure and control of symmetry in the open structure approaches has led many teaching institutions to rely solely on that approach. It is the author's opinion that nasal reconstruction in more complicated secondary rhinoplasty, severely distorted, or congenitally deforms noses, or complex combinations of anatomic structure requiring grafting or lengthening should be performed via open rhinoplasty. It is believed, however, that an effective rhinoplastic surgeon should be able to successfully accomplish most nasal correction via any of the standard approaches discussed. With more conservative nondelivery approaches comes the probability of reduction in surgical trauma, decreased scarring, and increased relative predictability necessary for cosmetic surgical cases. Unfortunately, limitations of exposure and access are often difficult for even very experienced surgeons. It is not acceptable that all patients have to be exposed to only one type of exposure or technique based solely on the individual's original training experience. Rhinoplasty offers an ongoing learning experience, with a variety of elements. It remains perhaps the most challenging and demanding of the procedures in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery.

Stacks of phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized in the pores of the extra large pore molecular sieve VPI-5, as evidenced by the new CPDOR NMR technique, thus enabling the stabilization of the open structure in absence of the triple helix structure of adsorbed water and affording the system with exceptional catalytic properties. It was found that the stacks of Pc piles in the pores of VPI-5 very much enhance the redox properties of those FePc complexes that protrude from the surface.

The three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the bacteriophage MM extended tail has been determined from electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens and compared with 3-D models of coprocessed extended bacteriophage T4 tails. Accordingly, the phage MM extended tail exhibits an axial repeat of 3.8 nm and can be indexed according to the integer helical selection rule l = -3n + 7m (n = 6n') compared to 4.1 nm and l = -2n + 7m (n = 6n') for the T4 phage tail. Compared to the T4 tail sheath, which reveals a stacked-disk-like appearance, the MM tail exhibits a more open structure, yielding an arrow-head-like appearance. Although the phage MM extended tail sheath is more stable than the T4 tail sheath under low-ionic-strength conditions, various chemical treatments of the MM tail sheath revealed responses, notably disassembly and contraction, similar to those previously described for the T4 tail sheath. Extended tails and their structural components contained in phage lysates or prepared by chemical degradation were compared in the EM, and the mass-per-length values of extended tails and tail tubes were determined by quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy and compared to the corresponding values computed from the respective 3-D mass density maps. Accordingly, masses of 111 and 135 kDa/nm were obtained for the MM and T4 phage tail sheaths, respectively, with the corresponding tail tubes calculated at 19.3 and 25.5 kDa/nm, respectively. Although negative staining and freeze drying/metal shadowing of the two tails revealed different extended tail sheath structures, freeze-dried/metal-shadowed specimens of their contracted tails revealed very similar 6-fold symmetric axial repeats, with the subunits arranged on a pseudo-12-fold symmetric surface lattice following the integer helical selection rule l = n + 11m. In both cases tail contraction started at the baseplate and propagated headward as a wave forming a contraction gradient with a sharp boundary.

Robotic recognition of the locations of nodes on small open structure plants used in micropropagation was reported recently, but for successful recognition the plants had to be suitably orientated. The initial stages of that recognition process selected a number of likely locations of the nodes, but a small simulated WISARD network finally identified the nodes images. It is already known that it is possible to train a multi-layer Perceptron to perform orientation-independent recognition of simple patterns but, as an aid to robotic micropropagation, this present report describes the training and use of such a network to recognise the images of nodes at any orientation. Moreover, the input data chosen for the network was such as to facilitate to some extent the orientation independence of the recognition process.

Aesthetic surgery of the non-Caucasian nose frequently requires aggressive surgical manuevers to attain the desired changes in nasal contour. Unfortunately, thick, sebaceous skin of the non-Caucasian nose is at great risk for increased scar contracture, which could deform an already weak nasal structure. To prevent deformity, we use the open structure rhinoplasty technique to add support to the nasal structure in the form of columellar struts and sutured-in-place tip grafts. In this article, specific modifications of the open structure rhinoplasty technique are described for management of the non-Caucasian nose.

Most techniques that control tip projection involve relatively aggressive maneuvers that can compromise the integrity of the nasal structure by dividing major support mechanisms, or dramatically alter the shape of the nasal tip by cutting the lower lateral cartilage and re-orienting the domes. Decreased tip support can result in an iatrogenic loss in tip projection that may require compensatory over-reduction of the nasal dorsum. This series of events may result in a blunted nose with a poorly defined dorsum. Open structure rhinoplasty techniques emphasize preservation or reconstitution of major support mechanisms to attain a natural-looking nose that will not deteriorate with time. This technique uses the open (external) approach to the nose, sutured-in-place columellar strut, advanced lateral crural manipulation, and a sutured-in-place tip graft to provide tip projection, support, and a bidomal tip configuration. This article discusses the theory, major technical points, and use of this technique for precise control of tip projection.

Lithium and sodium insertion into the layered host materials KV 3 O 8 and K 3 V 5 O 14 has been studied. KV 3 O 8 has a very high stoichiometric capacity for lithium insertion and good cycling properties, which make it an interesting material for use in secondary lithium cells, K 3 V 5 O 14 , which has a very open structure, inserts lithium and sodium ions at unusually low potentials, probably due to inadequate shielding of coulombic guest-guest interactions.

Databases are beginning to be used in mechanical engineering for aiding a designer select, analyse and validate the most appropriate catalogue component for an application. The format of the data and the way in which it is used varies significantly from more conventional database applications. This paper describes how databases have been designed and implemented in a commercial micro computer software package and describes how the user interface has influenced the software structure.

The epitaxial growth of Au on Ag(110) has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy up to 3 ML. A very consistent “intermixed Stranski-Krastanov” growth mode is demonstrated. Below 1 ML the open structure of the (110) surface allows the Au atoms to be incorporated mainly in the second layer. At higher coverages three-dimensional anisotropic islands of gold are observed. The anisotropic shape, the island density and the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional growth are discussed.