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Background Course of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) is studded with multiple relapses. Personality factors are implicated as one of the influencing factors in the course of this disorder. Keeping in view of scarcity of Indian data available, the study was planned with the aim to find Personality traits more commonly associated with ADS patients, and identify specific traits, associated with relapses of ADS. Method With sample size of 100 consecutive cases and 100 controls, socio-demographic data was collected. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Severity of Alcohol Use Disorder Test (SAD-Q) were administered to each of these patient. Personality dimensions were assessed with NEO-five factor inventory (NEO-FFI) (Costa and McCrae), for both groups and further compared for differences in the dimensions in each of its subscale. Results The NEO scores, showed statistically significant difference with Cases having higher scores in Neuroticism and control group in Openness and Conscientiousness. Neuroticism linked to higher scores of AUDIT and SADQ and also associated with relapses. Other traits also showed statistically significant association which are discussed. Conclusion As new factors are being explored for effective management, routine personality profiling is easily accomplished and can give delightful insight into focused and designed management plan.

In this empirical paper, we revisit the financial development-impact of financial globalization using a panel dataset comprising the OECD countries for the period 1996–2017. We rely on a multidimensional financial development index and the KOF financial globalization index. We find that financial globalization has a positive impact on financial development. Considering the heterogeneity in the conditional distributions of financial development, we also discover that financial globalization favourably impacts financial development across all the conditional distributions (quantiles) albeit with varying magnitude. These findings are robust to the KOF de facto and de jure measures of financial globalization as well as an alternative measure of financial globalization–financial openness index.

This article investigates the asymmetric effect of internet access (index of the internet) on economic growth in 42 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 2008-2018.The estimation procedure is obtained following a dynamic panel threshold regression technique via 1000 bootstrap replications and the 400 grids search developed by Hansen (1996, 1999, 2000). The investigation first explores the presence of inflection points in the relationship between internet access and economic growth through the application of Hansen's threshold models. The finding from the nonlinearity threshold model revealed a significant internet threshold-effect of 3.55 percent for growth. The article also examines the linear short-run effect of internet access on economic growth while controlling for the effects of private sector credit, trade openness, government regulation, and tariff regimes. The marginal effect of internet access is evaluated at the minimum, and the maximum levels of government regulation and tariffs regime are positive. On the other hand, the minimum and maximum levels of private sector credit and trade openness are negative via the interaction terms. The article advances the literature by its nonlinear transformation of the relevance of internet access on economic growth by exploring interactive mechanisms of internet access versus financial resource, internet access versus trade, internet access versus government regulation, and internet access versus the tariff regimes from end-user subscriptions. In policy terms, the statistical significance of the joint impact of government regulations and tariff regimes is relevant in the operation of the telecommunication industry in SSA countries.

This paper investigates the relationship between trade openness and labor productivity by accounting for the level of openness and the structure of exports in 61 developing countries over 1999-2018. Using panel vector autoregressive and Granger causality tests, we provide new evidence on the trade-productivity literature. We show that the trade-led productivity hypothesis does not hold for all countries, and only countries with higher levels of openness display essential productivity gains. We provide evidence for both export-led productivity and productivity-driven export hypotheses in our analysis. It is also evidenced that productivity gains can make domestic market production more efficient by reducing imports and improving the structure of exports. Following the prediction of the Dutch Disease phenomenon, we demonstrate that dependence on primary commodity exports is associated with lower labor productivity. Finally, we find that commodity-based economies should improve the overall labor productivity of their economies to accelerate economic diversification.

The virtue of humility and “humble leaders” have attracted increasing attention in leadership given the positive effects it can have on team and firm performance. In spite of what we know about the favorable outcomes of leader humility, we do not know much about how personality influences humble behaviors. How is leader humility related to personality? How can leaders develop humility? In this paper, we look at how the personality factors of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Extraversion, lead to specific humble behaviors: self-awareness, appreciation of others, low self-focus, teachability, and self-transcendent pursuits. We find that the personality mix of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience represents the substantial base for leader humility. At the same time, a humble leader can be introvert or extrovert, and can demonstrate different degrees of emotional stability. We offer recommendations and a behavioral inventory of leader humility that can be used by emerging leaders and by organizations to recruit and promote for humility, engage in behavioral modeling and coaching, and create interventions to develop leader humility.

Donation-based crowdfunding, as part of impact investment, plays a vital role in promoting economic development and alleviating poverty. In order to enhance the lender's enthusiasm for lending behavior, some platforms, for example Kiva, have introduced groups to facilitate lending. This study examines how the group environment can affect the lenders’ behaviors in crowdfunding. It has been found that lenders who join groups contribute 1.2 more loans (about $30-$42) per month than those who do not, but the theoretical mechanism of these differences is unclear. To understand in depth how the group environment affects lending behaviors, we introduce and develop the Person-Organization fit theory and Free-rider theory in this study. Combining machine-learning techniques with empirical analysis, the results show that the matching degree of motivation between group and lender has a positive effect on the lender behavior, i.e., lending to loans, and this relationship is weakened by free-riding in large groups. In addition, the group openness can have different effects on lenders of different group sizes. Our research enriches the existing crowdfunding literature and fills the gap in the research on new lending models in crowdfunding, and it will also be useful for crowdfunding platforms in setting the rules for building groups.

Innovation management research has recently pointed out that competitive advantage depends on the ability to connect knowledge at both intra- and inter-organisational levels through multiplex boundary work. Resource-based view (RBV) and knowledge-based view (KBV) can provide valuable and complementary insights to understand which individual-level determinants enable knowledge exchange through collaborative boundary work. Based on these arguments, we adopt a microfoundational approach to explore, through a multiple-embedded case study of seven small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), the individual characteristics that make organisational members able to connect across boundaries and perform effective multiplex boundary work for collaborative innovation. Our findings show the relevance of three sets of individual determinants (i.e., openness to others, assertiveness, and balancing skills). This study extends the RBV and the KBV by identifying the main individual determinants that represent an essential resource base for leveraging internal and external knowledge in SMEs' engaging in multiplex boundary work for collaborative innovation.

Inter-firm openness is critical to creating an open innovation ecosystem. However, a method for measuring openness among ecosystem firms has not been developed. We demystify the largely implicit openness construct by introducing a five-dimensional, 20-item Inter-Firm Openness Scale (IFO-Scale). Using three qualitative and four quantitative data sets from two innovation hubs: Macquarie Business Park (Australia) and Silicon Valley (USA), we present the development and validation procedures in three interrelated studies. Study 1 generates a descriptive model of an open innovation ecosystem, identifies the critical openness dimensions among ecosystem firms, and refines items for measurement. Study 2 examines dimensionality and internal construct validity. Finally, Study 3 establishes the nomological- and criterion-related external construct validity. The IFO-Scale replicates across samples and demonstrates strong psychometric properties. The measure aids managers in assessing the degree of inter-firm openness in their innovation ecosystems and enable researchers to test and advance open innovation theory.

Against the background of fundamentally changing political and social requirements of agricultural production, the requirement profile of farmers has changed. The future of agriculture is widely discussed. To prepare a ground for future debates and policy programme design, it is essential to obtain an understanding of which values underlie the behaviour of farmers. This paper applies Schwartz's value theory to a large quantitative survey (N = 787) of German farmers. In addition to the overall value portrait, different value portraits within the sample of farmers are analysed. Farmers of the sample first and foremost prioritise self-transcendence values followed by openness to change. Conservation and self-enhancement are ranked to be less important within the value priorities of farmers. Furthermore, three different value portraits are identifiable within the sample. These groups differ significantly in their risk attitude and involvement in structural diversification. Implications for agricultural policy design and agricultural management are derived from the results.

Using a recent reform policy of stock market liberalization in China, the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect(SHSC), as a quasi-natural experiment, we investigate the effect of stock market liberalization on stock price synchronicity. The difference-in-difference analysis suggests that the implementation of the SHSC significantly reduces stock price synchronicity of eligible firms listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and this effect mainly exists in listed firms with a lower degree of openness. Furthermore, we document that the SHSC promotes information transparency and voluntary disclosure frequency. At last, we find that the SHSC does not affect stock price synchronicity of eligible firms listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

The importance of lifelong learning is an indisputable fact both for the development of a knowledge society and for personal development. It is essential and has been regarded as a learning outcome in engineering courses. The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a massive shift in the higher education landscape. The migration to online learning poses questions on whether students can cope with the sudden transition in learning from the perspective of lifelong learning skills. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics of lifelong learning competencies and factors affecting lifelong learning among chemical engineering students at Monash University Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-methods study (questionnaires and interviews) was conducted to address the research questions. Forty-two percent of the students completed the questionnaires voluntarily. Among these, six students were randomly selected for the interviews. The questionnaires of the lifelong learning scale and factor scale were adopted from the existing literature. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, t-test, and multiple linear regression) were used to analyse the differences based on gender and level of study and the correlation between the two scales. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the interview scripts and support the quantitative analysis. The results showed that awareness, gender, and level of study do not affect lifelong learning competencies. Factors such as curiosity and openness to learning have affected the chemical engineering students’ lifelong learning competencies during the pandemic. Higher education should undertake to elicit curiosity and openness to learning among students to increase their propensity for lifelong learning.

This article explores how firms can foster positive consumer inferences by communicating their new product development (NPD) openness. In particular, it analyzes inferences about a firm’s customer orientation, ability to develop high-quality products and innovativeness. Previous research has focused on examining inferences derived from cues about consumer contributions to the external design of products. This article extends current knowledge (i) by analyzing inferential processes when customer participation goes beyond external product design and affects functionality and (ii) by considering other forms of openness, namely expert contributions to NPD. The results of two experiments show that, in general, customer participation in NPD effectively triggers customer orientation inferences, while expert participation leads to inferences about a firm’s ability to develop high-quality products only in specific settings. Finally, counter to previous research, communicating external participation does not seem to be an effective cue to infer innovativeness for functional product contributions.

There has been an increase in the use of renewable energy sources over recent years, which has led to a strand of literature examining the determinants of renewable energy consumption. However, most of the research used linear estimation models while reviewing the determinants of renewable energy consumption and ignored the indirect effect of democratic institutions on renewable energy consumption. With the use of a panel threshold model, this paper demonstrates that democratic institutions play a significant role in renewable energy consumption. In countries in which the democratic rights of people are preserved better, higher economic growth leads to increased use of renewable energy consumption; however, there is a negative association between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in less democratic countries. Increased trade openness leads to lower growth rates of renewable energy consumption in less democratic countries, while increases in real oil prices lead to increased renewable energy consumption in less democratic countries but play no significant role in more democratic countries. The findings of this paper suggest that democratic institutions are vital in channelling economic resources (economic growth) to renewable energy, and increased trade openness is associated with lower rates of renewable energy deployment in less democratic countries.

This study explores the impacts of migrants’ remittances and institutional quality on financial development in developing countries, and further tests the hypothesis that institutional quality influences the impact of remittances on financial development. Applying an unobserved dynamic factor model to 46 countries for the period of 1996 to 2016, a composite institutional quality index is first estimated that represents national institutional quality. Using fixed- and random-effects instrumental variable (IV) estimations, evidence is then provided that demonstrates that remittances and institutional quality promote financial development, and more importantly, that institutional quality can play a significant role in enhancing the impact of remittances on financial development, especially when institutional quality attains a certain high level. These results suggest that in countries with stronger institutions, remittances are transmitted more effectively and efficiently to promote financial development than in countries with weaker institutions. Moreover, in accordance with previous literature, financial openness and trade openness are shown to be critical for financial development.

Emotional experience and emotion regulation (ER) are associated with mental and physical health. Although different psychological interventions focusing directly or indirectly on ER have been developed in this domain, a manual-based intervention relying on an empirical emotional processing (EP) model that refers to an integration of cognitive, behavioral, and experiential approaches and techniques is still needed. This study aims to investigate the effects of an intervention working on several dimensions of EP based on the Openness to Emotions (OE) model, examined with 102 healthy participants assigned to treatment or control conditions. The participants in the treatment condition, compared with those in the control group (CG), significantly increased their abilities to cognitively represent and regulate their affective states and achieved greater functional equilibrium of the EP components. Furthermore, in a subgroup of 35 participants, those in the treatment condition learned to use the strategies “acceptation of the situation” and “mental relaxation” to regulate negative affect more frequently. They also perceived “mental relaxation” to be more effective compared to the waiting list’ participants. They also reported significantly less difficulty in controlling their impulses and accessing strategies to regulate emotional states. Further research is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this intervention program in larger samples with diverse mental and physical health characteristics.

Renewable energy markets have recently emerged in countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Despite having abundant renewable energy resources, these countries contribute only a small share of global renewable energy investment. This study examines the nexus between governance, renewable energy investment, and trade openness for a sample of 51 BRI countries from 1996 to 2017. Specifically, the gravity model of trade is used to develop an instrumental variable for trade openness. The empirical findings reveal that political stability, the rule of law, regulatory quality, and corruption control are statistically significant factors that influence renewable energy investments in BRI countries. Moreover, this relationship seems to depend on the degree of trade openness. Our results are robust to various econometric specifications.

This study aims to examine empirically the effect of remittance inflows, FDI, and economic growth on income inequality. We include financial development and trade openness as potential determinants of income inequality. We utilise annual data from 1980 to 2016 and consider a sample of 20 major remittance–receiving developing economies. The empirical results from the panel cointegration models confirm the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Our results on long-run elasticities suggest that increase in FDI inflows and remittances raise income inequality, while economic growth reduces. The findings also establish unidirectional causality from economic growth to income inequality. Given these findings, we suggest that policy makers frame appropriate policies for the effective use of remittances and FDI inflows to reduce income inequality in developing economies.

The study analyzes the relationship between external debt and economic growth in the South Asian region. The panel ordinary least square (OLS), fixed effect, Quantile regression, and robust output regression were used to analyze the World Bank data from 2000 to 2018. South Asian countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Nepal, were included in the assessment. The analysis exhibited that external debt has a negative impact, and on the other hand, external debt stock has a positive impact on economic growth. The robust regression analysis substantiated the findings and yielded total external debt and external debt service impact of 39% and 31%, respectively. The study also showed that gross capital formation and trade openness have a positive effect on economic growth. Moreover, compared to domestic debt, Threshold analysis reveals that the external debt becomes a drag on growth and instigates a more substantial adverse effect on growth (due to the rising indebtedness of a country). Thus, the study serves as a base for policymakers and government officials to upsurge economic growth while reducing the foreign debt of the economy. Even though the presence of high borrowing costs, better institutional quality can help alleviate the adverse impact of external borrowing on growth.

We administer a survey to thousands of affluent Americans about their personalities and investments. The Big Five personality traits can explain the heterogeneity among investors in their beliefs about the stock market and economy, risk preferences, and social-interaction tendencies. Two personality traits---Neuroticism and Openness---stand out in their explanatory powers for equity investments. Both investors with high Neuroticism and those with low Openness tend to allocate less to equity. While the former behavior is due to pessimism about future stock returns, the latter is due to high risk aversion. We find consistent out-of-sample evidence in a representative panel of Australian households.

Numerous studies in the literature have investigated the effect of financial development on poverty, and tend to report a poverty reduction effect of financial development. The present paper considers the issue the other way around, by examining the effect of poverty on financial development. In particular, it has investigated the financial development effect of poverty through the human capital channel. Additionally, it has examined whether the effect of poverty on financial development depends on countries' level of trade openness. The analysis is carried out using a sample of 136 countries (both developed and developing countries) over the period 1995–2017, and the two-step Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM). Results have shown that higher poverty rates undermine the development of the financial sector, and this effect works through the human capital development channel. In fact, higher poverty rates are associated with lower financial development in countries that accumulate less human capital. Furthermore, trade openness matters for the effect of poverty on financial development. Specially, higher poverty rates undermine the expansion of the financial sector in the context of lower levels of trade openness. Thus, greater trade openness helps to mitigate the negative financial development effect of poverty, and this negative effect may turn out to be positive for very high levels of trade openness.

In an effort to improve air quality, developed countries are stepping up their environmental measures. On the other hand, the level of environmental measures remains low for developing countries. This difference can turn these regions into a pollution haven. The aim of this article is to study the direct and indirect impact of trade openness on environmental degradation in 31 developed countries and 100 developing countries over the 1980–2016 period. Using the system Generalized Moments Method (GMM), this study reveals that the pollution haven hypothesis (PHV) is considered only for developing countries, while the pollution halo hypothesis (PHL) is considered for developed countries. The empirical results do not valid the hypothesis of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in developing countries, but do valid it in developed countries. It can be said that an increase in trade and foreign direct investment increases the developed countries’ polluting projects which are destined for the developing countries, thus pushing the developed countries to achieve emission reductions at the expense of the developing countries. It is recommended to continue to attract such entries while putting in place mechanisms and instruments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions within the framework of rigorous environmental policies.

Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have characteristic personality traits compared with healthy subjects. Genome-wide significant variants for neuroticism have been reported in healthy subjects. However, the associations of these genome-wide neuroticism-associated variants with five-factor personality traits in patients with SCZ are less clear. We investigated the influences of nine independent genome-wide significant variants for neuroticism on five-factor personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) assessed by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) in 107 patients with SCZ and 119 healthy controls (HCs). As expected, patients with SCZ scored significantly higher for neuroticism and lower for extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness than HCs (p < 0.05). Of nine neuroticism-associated variants, the T allele at rs4653663 related to lower neuroticism was only significantly associated with lower neuroticism in patients with SCZ (β = -0.27, p = 3.88 × 10-3) and in combined subjects (β = -0.15, p = 0.026). Furthermore, of other personality traits, the genetic variant was significantly associated with higher agreeableness in combined subjects (β = 0.17, p = 9.41×10-3), higher conscientiousness in patients with SCZ (β = 0.21, p = 0.031) and lower conscientiousness in HCs (β = -0.20, p = 0.034), and nominally associated with higher extraversion in patients with SCZ (β = 0.18, p = 0.056) and in combined subjects (β = 0.13, p = 0.051). These outcomes were not affected by clinical variables. We suggest that genome-wide neuroticism-associated variant could be associated with neuroticism as well as other personality traits in schizophrenia.

To design and implement effective post-COVID-19 macroeconomics policies to tackle poverty in SSA, policymakers need to understand the factors shaping poverty in the region. This paper investigates the effect of international remittances and financial development on poverty alleviation in 44 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2010 to 2019. The instrumental variable generalised method of moment technique results indicated that while remittances increase poverty, financial development contributes significantly to poverty reduction. The results consistently revealed that remittances increase both male and female poverty rates, while financial development significantly reduces male and female poverty rates. Other factors such as economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade openness contributed significantly to reducing poverty. In contrast, government expenditure and foreign aid were found to increase poverty rate in SSA. These results are robust to the Lewbel two-stage least squares estimator. The practical implications of these findings for post-COVID-19 macroeconomic policies for SSA are discussed.

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is expected to significantly change our mobility patterns. However, it is still not clear who will accept this new mobility paradigm and how it will affect travellers’ behaviours. In this study, we identify a set of attitudinal and personality factors relevant for MaaS adoption based on a survey comprising 1,000 respondents in the metropolitan area of Madrid (Spain). The results show strong positive attitudes towards MaaS after being validated through a structural equation model. The higher the percentage of multimodal travellers, the more they are open to “new mobilities”, the greater their technological capabilities and curiosity, and the lower their cost sensitivity, then the higher the adoption potential for MaaS. Our analysis reveals four clusters in terms of individuals’ intention to use MaaS technologies (technological car-followers, unimodal travellers, MaaS-lovers and active public-transport supporters). Motivated by a significant environmental sensibility, MaaS-lovers appear to be the most likely to reduce their private car usage in favour of alternative modes. Overall, we recognise two main barriers that can frustrate MaaS adoption: low technology affinity and low openness to sharing-mobility services. Policies that focus on these two aspects can encourage MaaS acceptance.

IntroductionSeclusion still occurs on mental health wards, despite absence of therapeutic efficacy and high risks of adverse patient effects. Literature on the effect of nursing teams, and the role of psychological characteristics in particular, on frequency of seclusion is scarce.AimTo explore the influence of demographic, professional or psychological, nursing team-level, and shift characteristics on the frequency of use of seclusion.MethodsProspective two-year follow-up study.ResultsWe found that the probability of seclusion was lower when nursing teams with at least 75% males were on duty, compared to female only teams, odds ratio (OR = 0.283; 95% CrI 0.046–0.811). We observed a trend indicating that teams scoring higher on the openness personality dimension secluded less, (OR = 0.636; 95% CrI 0.292–1.156).DiscussionHigher proportions of male nurses in teams on duty were associated with lower likelihood of seclusion. We found an indication that teams with a higher mean openness personality trait tended to seclude less. These findings, if causal, could serve as an incentive to reflect on staff mix if circumstances demand better prevention of seclusion.

The impact of local environment characteristics on individual cycling behaviour has been discussed in transport research for several years. Many previous studies have, however, primarily focused on the presence and distribution of built environment elements, considered using georeferenced or census data. This paper argues that not only is the objectively measured environment an influencing factor, but also the individual perception of this environment. Furthermore, besides built elements, the evaluation of perceived non-built attributes, such as discourses and policies, as well as the environment’s impact on cycling attitudes, should be taken into account for a more comprehensive view. For this purpose, this study examines the responses to a household survey in the German city of Offenbach am Main (n = 701). The impact of the perceived local environment on cycling behaviour and cycling attitudes has been analysed using 21 perception items as well as socio-demographics, travel mode availability and general travel attitudes. For a more detailed view on cycling behaviour, this study applies the stage model of self-regulated behavioural change (SSBC) indicating a level of openness to use a bicycle frequently in everyday life. The results of the multivariate analysis show that the perceptions of built and non-built environment characteristics interrelate. Furthermore, certain perceptions encourage bicycle use and positive attitudes towards cycling, such as perceived cycling safety and pleasure. Primarily, these perceptions are safe and appropriate cycling infrastructures, cycling as a common practice and the absence of vandalism, dirt and high car pressure.

This study investigates the influences of trade openness and FDI inflows on domestic economic complexity. In particular, the study analyses the roles of human capital, Internet usage, and energy poverty in these relationships. The analysis is carried out for two indices of economic complexity (ECI and ECI+) in a sample of 40 selected developing countries from 2002 to 2017. Applying a two-step system generalised method of moments estimate to deal with endogeneity, and predictive margins analysis to analyse the catalytic role of basic resources, four interesting findings emerge. First, trade openness has a positive impact on economic complexity, while FDI inflows have a negative impact. Second, human capital accumulation accelerates the effect of trade openness but does not have a catalytic role in the effect of FDI inflows. Third, the development of the Internet is found to be a new and important resource that boosts the positive impact of trade openness and, notably, turns positive the negative impact of FDI inflows. Fourth, the role of energy poverty reduction is mostly the same as Internet development. The alleviation of energy poverty and Internet development seem to be good policies for enabling developing countries to absorb spillovers from economic integration.

Retailers and brands such as IKEA, Home Depot, and Build-a-Bear encourage consumers to ‘make’ their products rather than be passive recipients. While a growing literature explores ‘why’ consumers purchase self-made products, it is less understood ‘how’ marketers can develop effective advertising and marketing communications to promote such products. Building on the functionalist framework of emotion, the present research explores the potential of a mixed emotional appeal – poignancy – that may be useful in enhancing consumer preferences for self-made products. Notably, this effect is mediated by a fresh start mindset and openness to learning. The effect is also attenuated among consumers with a low personal control. In addition to having substantive practical implications to marketers in developing effective communication strategies, this research offers a novel perspective on the effect of poignancy on consumer decision making.

This paper examines an important, but hitherto relatively neglected, aspect of the work of Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom, namely her ontological commitments (that is, her views about the nature of social reality and their implications). While they are rarely described as such, Ostrom's writings contain discussions of many important ontological issues (including the openness of the social world, the nature of human agency, the configural nature of social rules; the relationship between social structure and human agency; and the complexity of the social world, viewed as a nested hierarchy of emergent systems). This article is the first to draw together systematically Ostrom's reflections about ontological issues and to identify what Ostrom saw as their implications for the appropriate methods for analysing and explaining the possibility of self-governance. In doing so, the paper also contributes to the growing literature on ontology and the history of economic thought.

The present study examines a database of 58 countries for a period of 45 years to assess whether trade openness can operate as a technology transfer channel. The examination has a twofold purpose: determining the impact of openness on total factor productivity and verifying whether this relationship holds for low-income and emerging countries. Employing the generalized method of moments for a data-panel model (System GMM), the analysis focuses on domestic and foreign knowledge capital stocks and level and variation of openness, among other variables. The results indicate that the level of trade openness does not affect productivity growth, though its variation rate has temporary positive effects on total factor productivity. However, for high- and middle-income countries, the openness level affects productivity positively. In the case of low-income and emerging countries, however, openness affects productivity growth negatively even when the degree of openness interacts with domestic knowledge stock.

Tourism has a significant impact on income inequality, which seems to be an academic consensus. However, there are still great differences in impact direction and intensity. This study uses the meta-analytic technique to reconcile the results of 12 econometrics studies derived from the Web of Science and Scopus databases examining the relationship between tourism and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient. The results show that tourism increases income inequality significantly. Moreover, economic growth and trade openness positively moderate the effects of tourism on income inequality. Besides, the sample characteristics, including research period, midpoint of research period, sample size, destination type, and data type, significantly affect the relationship between tourism and income inequality as well. This study reaches a more reliable, robust and universal conclusion about the relationship between tourism and income inequality. Also, it gives theoretical and practical implications for future research and decision-makers.

We review research on personality/religiousness associations, integrating earlier meta-analyses with recent large-sample online studies. We find that general religiousness shows small positive associations with broad personality factors (e.g. HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Big Five Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) and somewhat stronger positive associations with narrower personality traits involving prosocial tendencies (e.g. altruism, fairness, forgivingness). The link between religiousness and prosociality appears not to be an artifact of self-report method variance. Religious fundamentalism and spirituality show negative and positive associations, respectively, with the Openness factor of personality. Religiousness/personality associations tend to be weak in relatively non-religious countries but moderately strong in highly religious countries. The direction of causal influence between personality and religiousness is not yet clear. Religiousness shows modest negative associations with IQ and appears to be somewhat negatively related to scientific thinking.

This paper studies the impact of inconsistencies in upward social comparisons on a firm's cooperative R&D. We find that firms with inconsistent industrial and regional upward social comparison results show higher levels of cooperative R&D intensity than those with consistent results. Furthermore, in facing inconsistency, firms with a “high industrial upward social comparison gap-low regional upward social comparison gap” combination show higher levels of cooperative R&D intensity than those with a “low industrial upward social comparison gap-high regional upward social comparison gap” combination. These results indicate that inconsistent social comparison results can promote the openness of a firm's R&D. In cases of inconsistency, better regional comparison results can help a firm narrow its industrial upward social comparison gap in an open and innovative way. The above findings provide insights for policymakers committed to guiding and promoting openness in corporate innovation.

Psychological disorders such as major depressive disorder are characterised by interpersonal difficulties and anhedonia. A cognitive mechanism proposed to contribute to the maintenance of these problems is a diminished ability to generate positive mental imagery, especially regarding social interactions. The current study examined whether the effects of social imagery training on social activity and anhedonia could be enhanced with the addition of intranasal oxytocin, and whether these effects might be augmented in persons with a high propensity to engage socially (i.e., high extraversion). University students (N = 111) were randomised to self-administer intranasal oxytocin or placebo, followed by a single session of positive social or non-social imagery training that required participants to imagine 64 positive scenarios occurring in either a social or non-social context, respectively. There were no main effects of imagery type and drug, and no interaction effect on anhedonia and social activity, measured respectively via self-report and a behavioural task. Individuals low in extraversion, trust-altruism, and openness to experience reported significantly more anhedonia after receiving oxytocin relative to placebo, but only following imagery training of positive social outcomes. Results highlight the negative consequences of increasing oxytocin bioavailability after priming social contact in more withdrawn individuals.

The main aim of this paper is to explore the impact of financial development and globalization on consumption-based carbon emissions in Mexico while controlling growth, trade openness, and energy consumption. This impact has not been comprehensively explored for the case of Mexico using the newly developed dual adjustment approach. The fundamental innovation of the approach is that it offers an alternative to cointegration analysis, which reduces the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. Furthermore, the study employs an autoregressive distributed lag approach to capture both the long-run and short-run association, while frequency domain causality tests are applied to capture causal linkages among the variables in the short run, medium run and long run. The empirical findings of this study reveal that: (a) globalization and financial development improve the quality of the environment; (b) energy consumption and economic growth deteriorate environmental quality; (c) trade openness exerts no significant impact on environmental quality. The findings from the frequency domain causality test reveal that financial development, energy usage, and economic growth can predict consumption-based carbon emissions at different frequencies, whereas trade openness and globalization can predict significant variations in consumption-based carbon emissions in the long and short term. Based on the empirical findings, the study suggests that the government of Mexico should be careful when formulating policies aimed at increasing growth, as they could be detrimental to the quality of the environment.

Agricultural producer organisations, the entities which aim at grouping farmers together, have become increasingly important in the food supply chain. In addition, they are widely viewed as having the potential to considerably contribute to rural people's wellbeing. Yet, we have only a limited understanding of the way in which these collective action organisations operate on the market. In response to this, the paper makes two contributions. First, our research documents an enormous variety in market behaviour of these organisations. This concerns both the product mix they offer and marketing channels they use. Second, drawing on recent advancements in theories of the firm, our analysis seeks to provide some insights on the nature and determinants of this heterogeneity. While the evidence we provide reflects merely conditional correlations, it points to two interesting regularities. On the one hand, it suggests that supplying large retail chains is positively associated with the organisations' size and openness to accept deliveries from non-members. On the other hand, it suggests that organisations operating in a more competitive environment offer less products than organisations that face lower pressure from the competition. Our specific example comes from the fruit and vegetable sector in Poland, a country which is among the biggest fruit and vegetable producers in the European Union.

Environmental problem is a much discussed issue worldwide. It is a more serious issue for Bangladesh, which is vulnerable to frequent natural disasters. Therefore, this work aims to identify the short-run and long-run causal relationships between clean energy, population density, urbanization, economic development, trade openness and environmental pollution in Bangladesh using the data of 1973–2014. Different time series related econometric techniques such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Phillips-Perron test, Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bounds test and the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test are applied to find out outcomes. Our findings are: the use of clean energy improved the environmental quality, but population density, urbanization and economic growth are found to be detrimental to the environment; a unidirectional causality of CO2 emissions with clean energy, economic growth and urbanization is also revealed. Therefore, the use of more clean energy for reducing the environmental pollution is to be ensured.

We provide experimental evidence of behavior consistent with the sunk cost effect. Subjects who earned a lottery via a real-effort task were given an opportunity to switch to a dominant lottery; 23% chose to stick with their dominated lottery. The endowment effect accounts for roughly only one third of the effect. Subjects’ capacity for cognitive reflection is a significant determinant of sunk cost behavior. We also find stocks of knowledge or experience (crystallized intelligence) predict sunk cost behavior, rather than algorithmic thinking (fluid intelligence) or the personality trait of openness. We construct and validate a scale, the “SCE-8”, which encompasses many resources individuals can spend, and offers researchers an efficient way to measure susceptibility to the sunk cost effect.

This study investigated the effect of intrinsic motivation on hotel employees' helping behavior and the moderating effect of leaders' trustworthiness on this relationship. Drawing on both self-determination and conservation of resources theories, this study is one of the first to propose a potential nonlinear relationship between intrinsic motivation and helping behavior. The survey data were gathered from 185 employee–supervisor dyads working for 27 hotels in China. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a curvilinear relationship between intrinsic motivation and helping behavior, such that the facilitative effect of intrinsic motivation on helping behavior became incremental when intrinsic motivation was at a higher level than at a lower one. Furthermore, leaders' trustworthiness was found to moderate the curvilinear relationship between intrinsic motivation and helping behavior, such that the pronounced side of the curvilinear relationship was weakened under lower leaders' trustworthiness. These results imply that hospitality firm managers need to invest in enhancing employees’ intrinsic motivation, develop the trustworthiness of supervisor—thereby improving leader–employee relationships—and promote openness, truthfulness, and the use of sound principles to guide behavior within these relationships.

As COVID-19 continues to incur enormous personal and societal costs, widespread vaccination against the virus remains the most effective strategy to end the pandemic. However, vaccine hesitancy is rampant and has been steadily rising for decades. Seeking to remedy this, personality psychologists have begun to explore psychological drivers of vaccine hesitancy, including the Big Five. Openness to Experience presents itself as a vexing case as previous attempts to study its association with vaccine hesitancy have yielded mixed findings. In this prereg-istered study, we hypothesise that the impact of Openness to Experience on Vaccine Hesitancy depends on its interplay with other factors, namely conspiracy beliefs. To test this, we apply logistic regressions, simple slopes analyses, and propensity score matching to a nationally representative sample of 2500 Italian citizens, collected in May 2021. Contrary to our original hypothesis (i.e., Openness will have a positive association with Vaccine Hesitancy at high - and a negative at low - levels of Conspiracy Beliefs) we find that high Openness diminishes the impact of Belief in Conspiracy Theories on Vaccine Hesitancy. Consistent with previous research, we propose that Openness serves as a buffer against extreme positions by allowing individuals to be exposed to a greater diversity of information.

Under the context of Pilot Free Trade Zones (PFTZs), ports are confronted with new opportunities to realize high-quality development. This paper first applies the Super-SBM model to evaluate and analyze the overall technical efficiency (OTE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency (SE) of the ports in six typical China's PFTZs from 2010 to 2017 to reveal their development status. By further constructing an OTE-cargo throughput matrix and comparing OTE with and without considering undesirable outputs in 2017, the intensive and green development degree of ports are analyzed. Second, Tobit regression model is employed to identify the influencing factors from both external and internal aspects including the PFTZ factor together with economic and operational indicators. The main findings are as follows. (i) The ports' OTE in the six PFTZs is stable and high, with PTE on the rise and SE somewhat differentiated. Except for the mean of SE, sequences of the port efficiency in terms of standard deviations and other means roughly accords with the time sequence of PFTZs' establishment. (ii) There's heterogeneity in both intensive and green development degree of the ports, and Shanghai Port is the benchmark with the best performance. (iii) The PFTZ factor exerts a positive role in promoting port efficiency, while other significant influencing factors namely economic status, openness and population of hinterland, ownership structure, human capital, as well as operation scale of ports are also detected. Finally, suggestions on high-quality development and efficiency improvement of ports in the PFTZs are proposed.

Existing research shows that the short-term impact of free trade on renewable energy development is clear, whereas the long-term influence of free trade on renewable energy development is an open question. To fill the research gap, this work investigates the effects of free trade on the renewable energy considering the effect of population, economy and technology in 186 countries from 1990 to 2015. Free trade is measured by two broad categories: trade volumes and trade taxes. The results show that the influences of free trade on renewable energy in different income levels are heterogeneous: for countries at high and upper-middle income countries, free trade has a positive effect on renewable energy development, but the effect is negative on countries at lower-middle-income countries. Additionally, population increase, economic development and technological progress can promote renewable energy development in 186 countries.

Considering the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 of certain access to the reliable, renewable and clean energy technologies and climate action, this study explored the dynamic nexus between financial development, economic growth, non-renewable and renewable energy utilization, trade openness and ecological footprint by utilizing the second-generation panel data approach covering the period from 1990 to 2014 for 20 Asian economies. The inspection of cross-sectional dependency (CSD) tests confirmed the CSD exists across cross-sections. For this intention, the study employed the second-generation panel unit root tests, panel cointegration techniques, augmented mean group (AMG) approach for the estimation of long-run magnitude of the parameters. The empirical findings illustrate that economic growth and non-renewable energy utilization significantly accelerate the environmental deficit, while renewable energy utilization reduces the total environmental damages in the long-run. Furthermore, country-specific outcomes explore the influence of renewable and non-renewable energy utilization on ecological footprint varies in terms of their nature of association, influence in their magnitude and their significance level. Moreover, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) causality test discovered the feedback hypothesis between ecological footprint and financial development, economic growth, non-renewable and renewable energy utilization and trade openness. Finally, current study expresses the some vital policy implications for Asian countries.

This paper contributes to the current debate about the “knowledge sharing-protecting” tension in R&D collaborations by introducing a new angle for analyzing this paradox. Considering the role of internal knowledge sources of the firm, the paper introduces and empirically analyses the interplay between three knowledge governance mechanisms (selective, contingent, and orchestrated openness) and the different technological fields of the firm (core, related non-core, and distant non-core technologies). Based on a unique first-hand large-scale project-level dataset from a Global 100 firm across a 10-year span, this research finds that R&D collaborations selectively conducted in firm’s related non-core technological fields promise the best innovation performance. Further, by orchestrating its projects across core and non-core technological fields in the same knowledge portfolio, the firm can leverage a network of inter-connected projects when collaborating with external partners. As such, the firm can strategically “distribute” collaboration risks across multiple projects, while optimize its access to external knowledge that it intends to get. Finally, contrary to the common assumption, this study does not find any discriminating factors against market-based partners in their contribution to innovation in both core and non-core technologies.

We document gender and socioeconomic inequalities in personality over the life cycle (age 18–75), using the Big Five 2 (BFI-2) inventory linked to administrative data on a large Danish population. We estimate life-cycle profiles non-parametrically and adjust for cohort and sample-selection effects. We find that: (1) Women of all ages score more highly than men on all personality traits, including three that are positively associated with wages; (2) High-education groups score more favorably on Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism than low-education groups, while there is no socioeconomic inequality by Conscientiousness; (3) Over the life cycle, gender and socioeconomic gaps remain constant, with two exceptions: the gender and SES gaps in Openness to Experience widen, while gender differences in Neuroticism, a trait associated with worse outcomes, diminish with age. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of gender wage gaps, household production models, and optimal taxation.

Many existing studies on China noted that technical inefficiency varied across Chinese provinces and changed with time. These studies further observe that a province’s inefficiency status varies with time, suggesting a province’s lagging behind status may be transient. Given heterogeneity of provinces in terms of resource endowment, geographical location and so on, the judgement of a province in transient lagging status should be based on the province’s contemporaneous efficiency level compared to its own potential frontier efficiency level. Accordingly, this study distinguishes between persistent and transient inefficiency. It identifies provinces that are respectively caught in the two types of inefficiency traps and explores policy measures to reduce the possibility of a lagging behind province being trapped in the disadvantaged situations. Analysis suggests that the transient inefficiency trap problem can be mitigated by technological progress and education. It is also found that persistent inefficiency trap to a large extent is explained by geographical location, yet location’s hinderance effect can be offset by increases in public and private investment and trade openness.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of financial inclusion and trade openness on the economic development of 27 European Union (EU) nations. The sample countries are classified into low-income, high-income, old-EU, and new-EU members; this distinction allows us to provide more constructive and practical policy implications. Yearly data from 1995 to 2015 and panel econometric techniques were used. The results show that access, depth, efficiency, and the overall development of financial institutions have significant positive impact on economic growth in both the full sample and sub-samples. We also find that capital, labour, energy consumption and trade openness play an important role in driving economic growth across these panels. Moreover, the impact of financial inclusion on economic output is more significant in low-income and new-EU member countries than in high-income and old-EU countries. Based on these findings, detail policy implications for the entire EU, as well as for its sub-groups, are provided.

This article investigates the effect of tax reform – which entails a convergence of developing countries’ tax structure towards that of developed countries – on public debt instability in developing countries. The empirical analysis has shown that a greater extent of tax reform reduces the instability of public debt, including when countries experience lower public revenue instability or when they open-up their economies to international trade. These findings have important policy implications.

Digital platforms and associated ecosystems provide a promising new environment for entrepreneurship. While the benefits to entrepreneurs (and new ventures) associated with membership in these ecosystems are well understood (e.g., market access), the associated costs or “downsides” are yet to be studied. Digital ecosystems require entrepreneurs to simultaneously fill two roles: ecosystem member and new venture leader. Often, these roles are incompatible, thus generating role conflict and high levels of stress. We predict that the stress generated by role conflict would reduce venture performance by interfering with entrepreneurs' performance of key tasks in digital ecosystems. We further predict that the positive relationship between role conflict and stress is moderated by ecosystem openness and that the negative relationship between stress and venture performance is moderated by entrepreneurs' self-control. Empirical results offer broad support for these predictions, provide fresh insights into the costs of digital entrepreneurship, and indicate potential mitigating skills.

The purpose of the study is to understand the effect of workplace ostracism on turnover intention relationship and the roles of moderated mediated variables. The data was collected from 350 employees from hotels situated in the Delhi NCR region of India. Structural Equation Modeling and Macro PROCESS (Hayes, 2013) were used to study the hypothesized relationships. Openness to experience and neuroticism partially mediated the effect of workplace ostracism on turnover intention, and resilience moderated the mediating effects. The findings would help explore the role of resilience in altering the mechanism between workplace ostracism and turnover intention. The study is the first of its kind in the Indian context, which has linked variables like workplace ostracism, turnover intention, and personality variables to understand their impact on the hotel industry. Linking the study with the ‘Conservation of Resource’ perspective, the study has added a new dimension to the prevalent frame of knowledge.