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Resumen Introduccion El estatus focal, convulsivo y no convulsivo, es una entidad frecuentemente subdiagnosticada, sobre la cual no hay suficientes trabajos de investigacion publicados acerca de tipos de estatus focales mas frecuentes, factores de riesgo asociados a farmacorresistencia o morbimortalidad. Objetivo/metodo Realizamos un estudio descriptivo basado en la revision de historias clinicas de pacientes con estatus epileptico focal, internados en clinica medica entre diciembre de 2013 y abril de 2017, con el objetivo de analizar las caracteristicas demograficas de la poblacion atendida, los diferentes tipos de estatus focales, la morbimortalidad, los factores asociados con refractariedad al tratamiento y la relacion entre las variables mortalidad y refractariedad con las variables temporales. Para las variables cualitativas se describieron frecuencias y porcentajes; en la variables cuantitativas, promedios, desviacion estandar, minimos y maximos. Al comparar frecuencias se uso el test de Chi cuadrado y al comparar promedios, el test de la t de Student para muestras independientes. En todos los casos los test estadisticos aplicados fueron para muestras independientes y se uso un nivel de significacion menor del 5% para rechazar la hipotesis nula. Resultados Se analizaron 27 pacientes, 15 mujeres y 12 hombres, en los cuales el tipo de estatus mas frecuente fue el focal no convulsivo. La farmacorresistencia estuvo relacionada significativamente con el tiempo de evolucion de los sintomas. La mortalidad se vinculo con la gravedad de la enfermedad subyacente. Conclusiones El estatus focal es una afeccion frecuentemente subdiagnosticada. La sospecha clinica y una adecuada interpretacion del electroencefalograma son fundamentales para un rapido diagnostico y tratamiento, como tambien para optimizar la respuesta terapeutica.

The salmon industry has reduced fishmeal in aquafeeds with different sources of alternative proteins, including low-cost plant meals. However, high replacement levels cause negative impacts on carnivore salmonids' growth, partly explained by alterations in the inflammatory and antioxidant response. To cope with this situation, we evaluated the effect of a dietary polyphenol supplementation of micro-encapsulated grape pomace extract (MGPE) from wine industry residual by-product in a diet high in soybean meal on growth performance, plasma antioxidant capacity, and gut microbial communities of Oncorhynchus mykiss for 30, 60 and 90 days. For this purpose, we first compared two commercial diets with low and high soybean meal (SBM) content without MGPE, and as expected, the high soybean content diet showed a significant decrease in the antioxidant capacity and the growth performance of the fish. Interestingly, this phenomenon was reverted in fish fed with the high SBM diet supplemented with the MGPE. Complementary, a fish gut microbiome analysis showed a time-dependent drop in microbial richness and diet-dependent changes in the bacterial communities from 60 days of treatment. The data also revealed that a more cooperative gut bacterial community interaction network could be part of the adjustment that explains the recovery of growth and antioxidant capacity in fish fed with the high SBM content diet supplemented with MGPE. These results present the basis for using residual pomace polyphenol extracts from the winemaking process in fish diets to improve the salmon farming industry's sustainability.

In recent decades, the alteration of coastal food webs (via aquaculture, fishing, and leisure activities), nutrient loading, and an expansion of monitoring programs have prompted an apparent worldwide rise in Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs). Over this time, a parallel increase in HABs has also been observed in the Chilean southern austral region (Patagonia fjords). HAB species like Alexandrium catenella—responsible for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)—are of great public concern due to their negative socioeconomic impacts and significant northward geographical range expansion. Many toxic dinoflagellate species (like A. catenella) produce benthic resting cysts, yet a holistic understanding of the physical-chemical and biological conditions influencing the distributions of cysts in this region is lacking. In this study, we measured a combination of hydrographic (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) and sediment physical-chemical properties (temperature, pH and redox potential), in addition to meiofaunal abundances –as sediment bioturbators and potential cyst predators– to determine the factors influencing dinoflagellate cyst distribution, with emphasis on A. catenella in and around a “hotspot” area of southern Chile. An analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) test revealed significant differences (p

Amitriptyline (AMT) is the most widely used tricyclic antidepressant and is classified as a recalcitrant emergent contaminant because it has been detected in different sources of water. Its accumulation in water and soil represents a risk for different living creatures. To remove amitriptyline from wastewater, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) stands up as an interesting option since generate highly oxidized species as hydroxyl radicals ( OH) by environmentally friendly mechanism. In this work, the oxidation and mineralization of AMT solution have been comparatively studied by 3 Electrochemical AOPs (EAOPs) where the OH is produced by anodic oxidation of H2O (AO-H2O2), or by electro-Fenton (EF) or photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). PEF process with a BDD anode showed the best performance for degradation and mineralization of this drug due to the synergistic action of highly reactive physiosorbed BDD ( OH), homogeneous OH and UVA radiation. This process achieved total degradation of AMT at 50 min of electrolysis and 95% of mineralization after 360 min of treatment with 0.5 mmol L−1 Fe2+ at 100 mA cm−2. Six aromatic intermediates for the drug mineralization were identified in short time of electrolysis by GC-MS, including a chloroaromatic by-product formed from the attack of active chlorine. Short-chain carboxylic acids like succinic, malic, oxalic and formic acid were quantified by ion-exclusion HPLC. Furthermore, the formation of NO3− ions was monitored. Finally, the organic intermediates identified by chromatographic techniques were used to propose the reaction sequence for the total mineralization of AMT.

We consider the problem faced by a benevolent government agency that procures in each of T > 1 periods an indivisible good from one of N > 1 firms. The procurement process is complicated by the superior information possessed by firms about their time-varying production costs and efficiency-enhancing efforts. We fully characterize the optimal dynamic procurement. To reduce firms’ informational rents, the government introduces distortions along two dimensions: when selecting from which firm to procure the good and when providing incentives toward efforts in cost reduction. Both distortions interact in a non-trivial way. Firms that draw lower cost parameters in the first period are favored in the selection process in all later periods, which allows for the provision of more powerful incentives.

The dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning and negative socioeconomic impacts on the fishing industry and aquaculture. In Chilean Patagonia, the reasons underlying the significant increase in the geographical extension (from south to north) of A. catenella blooms during the last five decades are not well understood. To assess the potential spreading risk of A. catenella during an intense austral summer bloom, we conducted an in situ experiment in a "hotspot" of this dinoflagellate in southern Chile. The objective was to assess the accumulation of A. catenella resting cysts in passive (fishing nets) and active (mussels) dispersal agents during the phase of bloom decline. Large numbers of resting cysts were detected in fishing nets (maximum of 5334 cysts net−1 per month) at 5 m depth and in mussels (maximum of 16 cysts g−1 of digestive gland) near Vergara Island. The potential of these vectors to serve as inoculum sources and the implications of our findings for A. catenella population dynamics are discussed.

Diversification through a financial intermediary has the benefit of transforming loans that need costly monitoring into bank deposits that do not. We show that financial intermediation in a costly state verification model has a cost not yet analyzed: it allows for the existence of multiple equilibria, some of which are characterized by borrowers defaulting on their loans because they expect other borrowers to do the same (i.e. bad equilibria arise due to strategic complementarities in entrepreneurs’ actions). We propose two mechanisms that fully implement the desired equilibrium allocation.

A dihydroxybenzenes(DHB)-driven Fenton reaction was found to be more efficient than a simple Fenton reaction based on OH radical and activated species production. The reason for this enhanced reactivity by [Fe DHB] complexes is not well understood, but results suggest that it may be explained by the formation of oxidation species different from those formed during the classic Fenton reactions. In previous work, greater concentrations, and more sustained production of OH over time were observed in DHB driven Fenton reactions versus neat Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. In this work, chemiluminescence (CL) was monitored, and compared to OH production kinetics. The CL of the DHB-driven Fenton reaction was shorter than that for sustained production of OH. CL appears to have been caused by excited Fe(IV) species stabilized by the DHB ligands initially formed in the reaction. Formation of this species would have to have occurred by the reaction between OH and Fe(III) in a DHB complex.

If financial distress comes with such big costs, why do firms not take further precautionary measures to avoid it? I focus on a specific form of financial distress costs, those associated with asset fire-sales, and show that the contest for monopoly power among firms with financial constraints leads them to expend insufficient efforts to avoid financial distress. The clearest prediction that results from the analysis is that equilibrium distress costs should increase with the rents associated to monopoly power in the product market in which firms operate.

Introduction and objective Vascular development is critical in tumor biology and targeted therapies against angiogenesis process have proven their therapeutic efficacy. Neuropilin-1 (NPR1), a membrane glycoprotein that works as a receptor for semaphorins, is also a co-receptor for VEGF-A165 and it is expressed in endothelial cells and in many other tumors. Very few studies about this protein in primary and secondary tumors have been reported with contradictory conclusions1,2. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the expression of NRP1 in colorectal cancer patients in primary tumor and metastases and clinical and pathologic features, treatment response, progression-free interval and overall survival. Patients and methods From 1995 to 2010, 70 patients with available biological material in paraffin of primary tumor and metastases (liver and/or lung) have been selected. NRP1 expression was performed using immunohistochemistry with neuropilin-1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody Catalog # 2621-1 (ATOM) at 1:75 dilution. Vascular endothelium was used as positive control and tumor sample without antibody as negative control. Clinical and pathological data of patients, treatments administered, toxicity, response, progression-free interval and overall survival were registered. Results The mean age of patients was 63 years. 51 patients (85%) were adenocarcinoma and 46 patients (76%) were moderately differentiated. 34 patients (56.7%) presented metastatic disease at the moment of primary tumor diagnosis. NRP1 expression exists in 100% (120) of samples analyzed. Conclusions In our study, in contrast to latest published data2, no differences about intensity and frequency of expression of NRP1 were found between primary and metastatic samples. It is not possible to establish any relationship between tumor response to treatment and evolution. References: 1. Parikh AA, Fan F, Liu WB, et al. Neuropilin-1 in human colon cancer: expression, regulation, and role in induction of angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 2004;164:2139-51. 2. Jubb AM, Strickland LA, Liu SD, Mak J, Schmidt M, Koeppen H. Neuropilin-1 expression in cancer and development. J Pathol 2012;226:50-60. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.