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The present study was conducted in a traditional mining area in Romania-the Rovinari Carboniferous Basin-from which in 1976 the communist authorities relocated about 800 people, two churches, and a cemetery to a new location in the village of Iași, Gorj County, in order to expand coal mining operations. Using the triangulation method, we gathered data from 139 questionnaires, 30 interviews, and ethnographic observations to highlight the ways in which the traumatic memories of the communist period are evoked today by the displaced population and perceived by the younger generation. Apart from some post-communist memories that cast the communist regime in a positive light, respondents largely condemned the regime, which, by threatening to take away their work, forced them to move to a new location. This relocation had profound implications in respondents' personal and family mentality represented first by the destruction of local cultural property or heritage and later by the appearance of trauma and respondents’ implicit attachment to the places they had lost. The history of those times is taught through the intergenerational transmission of memories at home as a place of family identity or at church as the centre of spirituality for the Romanian village. Bringing household items from the old destroyed location to the new location strengthened respondents’ postcommunist memory and helped to heal or alleviate their past trauma. However, beyond the differing political considerations expressed by those we interviewed and questioned, the complexity of post-communist memory, whichis tense and nuanced, remains relevant under deeper scrutiny.

This paper explores the lived space of entrepreneurial urbanism in Orestad, a 1990s mega-project still under development on the edge of Copenhagen. Drawing upon in-depth interviews, interactive map-making and critical discourse analysis, it shows that imaginaries of urban competition, place branding and cosmopolitanism have only superficially been internalized by residents as part of their lived space in Orestad, even revealing contradictory everyday practices and experiences. Rather than the cosmopolitan metropole and connected city space it was conceived to become, the district is experienced as a disconnected housing satellite without much street life, as a stepping stone to something better by reducing home to exchange value, and as an area with a community based in opposition. A sense of place identity and place attachment does exist for many Orestaders but it is born out of ‘do-it-yourself mentality’ and reaction to a sense of ephemerality. The lived space of entrepreneurial urbanism in Orestad can only partly be understood by what the district is, but much more by what it is not – i.e. by what it lacks from the perspective of its residents.

The economic, cultural, political, and social benefits of festival tourism for local communities are gaining increasing recognition. However, determining the means of creating a long-running community festival remains a key issue. To fill this gap, this study applied the cognition-affect-behavior model to identify the relationships among social capital, place identity, and support intention for festival tourism. Specifically, we sought to determine the influence of community residents’ social capital on their support intention as well as the mediating role of place identity. To test this model, we examined resident opinions of the Kaohsiung Zuoying Wannian Folklore Festival. Data collected from 500 residents was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Our results indicate that social trust directly affects place identity, which is also influenced by social norms and networks. Furthermore, we found that place identity is a key indicator of support intention. Our analysis also supports the hypothesis that place identity mediates the effect of social capital on support intention. These findings have important theoretical and managerial implications, which we outline in our discussion.

This study investigates the differences in place identity between residents of rural and urban communities. Differently from previous research comparing place identity between neighborhoods or countries, our study focuses on the local community type (urban or rural) as a key determinant of place identity. This fills a research gap in environmental social psychology, frequently ignoring the role of community type in shaping people's relationship with their local community. In particular, we analyze to what extent residents of rural communities present greater levels of cognitive, affective and evaluative place identity than their urban counterparts. Based on data from 1153 residents of Spanish rural and urban areas, results reveal that there is no difference between both environments in cognitive place identity. However, residents in rural communities show greater levels of affective and evaluative place identity than city dwellers. In addition, age moderates the influence of community type (urban vs. rural) on affective and evaluative dimensions of place identity. The discussion helps explain how place identity is developed differently in rural and urban locations. The study concludes that these differences are not caused by community size, but by community type and its personal relevance.

Residents' support is critical to the success of ethnic tourism and has been the focus of many research efforts. This study enriches relevant discourse with a comprehensive view that integrates rational and emotional perspectives to map the drivers behind minority residents' support in the context of ethnic destinations in China. Based on social exchange theory and place attachment theory, a mediation model was proposed to capture the effects of rational factors (perceived costs and benefits) and emotional factors (place identity and place dependence). This model was tested using data collected from 294 ethnic residents in Xijiang Miao Village in China. Structural equation modeling confirmed that place identity and place dependence fully mediate the effects of perceived benefits and costs on residents’ support. Practical implications for tourism planning and development in ethnic destinations are also discussed.

As websites have become increasingly popular as a source of information for customers, place websites can play a critical role in the choices potential visitors/tourists make about destinations. This study aims at understanding how the dialogic communication potential of four African destinations' place websites relates to destination image from the perspective of potential visitors/tourists. The study employed a quantitative research approach for data collection and analyses. Specifically, data was analysed using the structural equation modelling approach. The dialogic communication principles of a website serve as an antecedent to forming customer perceptions about a destination. The destination image impression of a country positively relates to visiting intentions; an indication that perceived destination image is another antecedent of visiting intentions. Place websites have surprisingly not adequately featured in academic and practitioner interrogation with respect to brand marketing and communications and this paper is one of the attempts to address this research lacuna. Significant implications for researchers and managers promoting destinations have been highlighted.

This research explores the complex interplay among (a) landscape and social memory, (b) the construction of place-identity, and (c) notions of responsibility sharing in hazard preparedness and response. Our aims are to (a) establish greater clarity about the gap between social responses to technologically driven risk management strategies favoured by governments and agencies within the context of Australian bushfire management policies and practices, and (b) provide insight into the practical implications of policies espousing greater community involvement in readiness for bushfire, and shared responsibility between communities and governments. Case study based ethnographic research involves communities in rural, peri-urban and remote Australia. We find that maintaining a sense of place-identity in the face of economic rationalist government-at-a-distance may be of greater urgency to communities than planning for possible bushfire threat. Community imperatives to retain control over local social and landscape memory and narratives may result in push-back against well-intentioned outsider agency interventions aimed at promoting greater community awareness and preparedness. Within the entanglement of landscape, remembering and everyday social practices – the taskscape – there is fluidity between individual place-identity and the ways social memory is (re)constructed to make sense of emergent events and support imagined community futures. We conclude that a consequence for land and fire management agencies is to recognise the importance of framing community engagement around the ways each community functions within and as part of its landscape, rather than a singular focus on potential bushfire impacts.

This contribution to a spatial theory of sense of place is an invitation to seek a better understanding of the importance of physical and concrete places in dynamic territorial attachments and meanings. The objective is to build a theoretical and methodological framework embracing a spatial approach to relations with place, and of testing it on different territories. From 130 individual interviews conducted in four rural areas, this article provides four main scientific insights: (1) a theoretical input through clarification and classification of seven concepts involved in the interactions between people and places; (2) a framework proposition in order to highlight the important role of place in defining sense of place; (3) an empirical input, with a comparative multiple case analysis; and (4) schematic representations of place attachment (based on place dependence and place identity) and place meaning (based on liked, disliked and notorious entities). Such results may be of interest to both land-use planners, in order to match facilities to affinities, and to inhabitants themselves, as tools for dialog.

As an outcome of the phenomenal development of place branding in the travel industry, scrutinizing its potential influences on tourism and travelers' destinations is of supreme importance. This study aims to identify how branding of places influences both supply and demand sides' perspectives and leads to changes in travelers' behavior towards Tatarstan, Russia. Based on 78 interviews with tourists (22), managers (34) and 3 focus groups (22), a conceptual model was designed which illustrates that the tangible and intangible factors of place identity influence the archetypical nation trait and regional place brand, which further results in a positive place image, authentic lifestyle, and entrepreneurship. Implications for tourism planning and management are provided.

The current study aims to investigate souvenir suppliers' perceptions of authentic souvenirs in the context of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Laos, Luang Prabang (LPB). The findings suggest that authentic souvenirs need to integrate culture and history to represent place identity of the destination, to be handmade and produced within LPB, to have a unique, attractive presentation, and to require local-specific skills of local artisans or recognisable person for craftsmanship. The research finds that attitudes toward and willingness to sell mass-produced souvenirs are more typical of souvenir vendors because of the limited business resources. This paper discusses the suppliers’ consensus on the issue of origin and locality of souvenirs, which is a strong pursuit of objective authenticity of souvenirs, but challenges exist, in particular, increasing demand over the volume of local souvenir production and a fierce competition with international traders in the local market.

The ability to remember, recognize and reconstruct places is a key component of episodic autobiographical memory. In this respect, place forms an essential basis for the unfolding of experiences in memory and imagination. The autobiographical memory is seen to contribute to a sense of self and place identity. The aim of this study was to concertedly analyze paintings, autobiographical narrations and places of birth and life of clients under treatment at a psychiatric clinic in Switzerland who were manifesting psychiatric disorders, e.g. depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, personality disorder, substance dependence, and dementia. Each client exhibited distinctive attitudes and approaches towards life characterized by unique personal mental constructs for living in given places of time episodes that worked towards shaping the development of their identities as well as the development of their health. For these clients, place and time function together to leave a mark, a trajectory, that can hinder or help the resolution of a psychiatric condition. Based on six representative cases, we illustrate how each painting, each biographical narration and each interview reveals deeper structures of individual perception, emotions, feelings, coping strategies, and capacities to reflect and identify with place-time trajectories. Based on this analysis, a place-time-identity model has been developed, which emphasizes the importance of narration, the structure of personality, and emotional experiences in the development of the 'relay station' of episodic autobiographical memory, self and autonoetic consciousness: these three elements are not only connected through their embeddedness in time, but also through their embeddedness in place. In this context, place provides an external fundus of memory, capable of supporting humans in healthy recollection and remembering. The process of placing appears to contribute to the creation of self-esteem and identity. This psycho-geographical place-life-time approach is contrasted to phenomenological place-space-time theories of Husserl, Heidegger, Bachelard, and Sloterdijk.

In classical Rome, the icon of a snake was used to depict the protection of place identity. This genius loci helped identify the quintessential elements of a place. The present study explores the extent to which places experiencing significant tourism development have lost their genius loci. Findings are derived from a comparative appraisal of archival and current landscape photographs, supported by an exploratory study at a particular setting. The fieldwork reveals that tourism activity is predominantly accountable for changes in a place's genius loci and that certain sites seem to possess attributes that retain that “genius”. Points of reference are identified so that destinations can regain their lost genius loci.

The relationship between spatial mobility and place attachment has always been an important part of the psychology of place. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the context of international migration. Thus, this paper brings together the existing scholarship on place attachment and migration studies in order to discuss the development of place attachment among settled migrants, focusing on the example of Poles living in London and Oslo. Drawing on 60 semi-structured in-depth interviews, it is argued that people's bonding with a new place of residence could be described more adequately as a dynamic process rather than through static typologies. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that different aspects of place attachment, namely place dependence, place discovered, place identity, and place inherited, often coexist and may emerge gradually in the process of adaptation to a new urban setting.

Cittaslow (i.e. slow city) is a social movement and organization that conveys cultural values at the local level and promotes slowness in lifestyle. Cittaslow destinations aim to preserve their unique characteristics and foster the quality of lives of locals and visitors by promoting interactions among people, places, and resources. Owing to such advocacy, participating destinations have attracted growing attention. This movement parallels the increased attention toward place attachment in tourism studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of place attachment in the decision-making process of tourists in the context of Cittaslow. This study augments place attachment with four sub-dimensions in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and develops an extended TPB to predict tourists’ revisit intention. Data were collected from tourists in Cheongsando, a Cittaslow destination in South Korea. The results confirm the multi-dimensionality of place attachment with the four sub-dimensions of place identity, place dependence, place affect, and place social bonding. The results reveal that place attachment has a significant effect on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, which influence behavioral intention. Place attachment has an indirect effect on behavioral intention via the antecedents of TPB.

The relationship between place attachment and loyalty has been researched in a variety of recreation and tourism contexts. This study expands upon the existing literature by examining the relationship between place attachment and behavior loyalty within an urban park setting. Specifically, the relationship between the place attachment dimensions of place identity, place dependence, and social bonding with behavioral loyalty, measured by park use frequency and proportion of use in relation to other settings. Two predictive models were tested: the first examined the influence of place attachment dimensions on loyalty as tested in previous research. The second model explored the influence of loyalty on the place attachment dimension, which had been alluded to in previous studies. The data, collected from 405 participants at eight urban parks in Manhattan Beach, California, was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Contradicting expectations, results of the study found no significant structural paths in the first model with place attachment dimensions predicting loyalty. Interestingly, the second model with behavioral loyalty predicting place attachment indicated significant relationships between all constructs. The findings of the study indicate that for an urban park setting, frequent use of specific parks contributes to stronger place attachment. Management implications ● Place attachment and loyalty research have important management implications as both concepts are tied to continued use and visitations. ● Managers should make note of place attachments potential to facilitate loyalty. ● The relationship between attachment and loyalty is a close one. ● It is important to prioritize the retention of current park visitors who may develop attachment over time. ● Management should continue to provide access to parks, park facilities, and opportunities for a variety of recreational interests that drive continued use. ● Accessibility and diversified offerings encourages increased park use. ● The development of loyal, attached visitors creates strong advocates for recreation places

Globalization and mobile societies challenge large cities to provide not only basic services, such as water or housing, but also places where long-term residents and (forced) migrants are able to form bonds and attribute meanings. The question of what types of urban settings can foster place attachment through interaction has been poorly investigated. To address this research gap, a qualitative study was conducted in Iran to investigate how long-term residents (Persian) and bi-cultural migrants (Afghans who migrated to Iran and stayed there for more than 5 yrs) form bonds with urban parks. Participants were given a standardized round-trip of Persian gardens and a modern urban park. Theory-guided, problem-centered interviews were recorded and analyzed with directed qualitative content analysis. Considerable differences were found among both groups in terms of how people created attachments with the different places. For both user groups both park types enabled links to the place via practical and visual appreciation, social interactions, emotions and garden structure. In contrast to the modern park, the Persian gardens offered many more opportunities to link to the place via shared history, meanings and memories. These three prominent drivers of place identity offered long-term residents excellent means to establish a bond with that place. Shared history and meanings, however, rarely allowed bi-cultural migrants to become attached to the place; for this group, certain elements of Persian gardens triggered memories that enabled them to view the places of origin and relocation as interconnected locations capable of providing different, yet compatible experiences. As theory suggests, such access helps to reduce the disruption of moving to a new place. Our results help to empirically test and broaden current place attachment theories and encourage city planners to preserve and develop parks that satisfy more than the ‘place dependency needs’ of users., Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61, ISSN:1618-8667

We examine how CEO birthplace identity affects firm corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. CEOs heading firms located in their home birth counties are associated with higher levels of CSR. The relation is more pronounced for CEOs with deeper home connections. Importantly, CSR activities by home CEOs are associated with significant increases in firm value relative to non-home CEOs. Additionally, home CEOs do not appear to extract private benefits, either directly or indirectly, from these activities. Overall, our results suggest that engaging in CSR will not necessarily increase levels of social trust and firm value. The place identity of the CEO also matters

This article explores how place reputation is affected by two strategies that are frequently incorporated in a strategic place branding framework. The first strategy is stimulating an open place brand process in which there are more than enough opportunities for an open debate and discussion in the process of developing and implementing a place brand. The second strategy concerns stimulating an identity-image match where the communicated place image reflects the place identity. It is hypothesized that each strategy has a direct positive effect on place reputation as well as two indirect (mediated) positive effects by increasing place brand adoption and reducing conflicts about place marketing by and between place stakeholders. The research applies structural equation modelling to data from nationwide surveys in the Netherlands and Germany among professionals working in place marketing and branding (N = 444). Results show that the first strategy has a positive direct effect on place reputation. The indirect effect on place reputation mediated by place brand adoption is positive, whereas the indirect effect mediated by the level of conflicts among stakeholders is negative. Thus, an open place brand process leads to more conflicts among stakeholders and thereby affecting place reputation negatively. However, the net result of these two indirect effects is still positive albeit small. The second strategy has a strong direct positive effect on place reputation as well as two positive mediated effects though place brand adoption and reducing conflicts among stakeholders. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

This study uses a sample drawn from 317 residents (Emiratis and expatriates) of the city of Dubai and a two-step procedure based on structural equation modelling and a conditional process analysis to investigate 1) the direct and/or indirect effects of place dependence and place identity on residents' reactions to mega events; 2) to provide the boundary conditions for these relationships by examining the role of length of residence and gender. The findings reveal the mediating role of place identity in the relationship between place dependence and residents’ reactions to mega events, while there is no evidence of the moderating role of length of residence and gender. The proposed model visualises important interrelations between human-place bonds and how they may be converted into positive and supportive reactions.

Haiti’s catastrophic earthquake of 2010 left approximately 200,000 people dead, 1.5 million homeless and most government buildings destroyed. Even pre-disaster, Haiti’s outcomes on the UN Human Development Index were among the lowest in the world, and since the quake the country has fallen into further decline. Today, most Haitians continue to lack basic services, struggle with daily survival, and confront daunting challenges in their change efforts. Many have called for reconstruction of society, and argue that local civil society organizations should lead the way in these efforts by valuing local knowledge, and building on small-scale community successes. This research investigates one community’s change efforts toward a new form of community development and potential pathway to transformation in Haiti. We aim to apply learning from this case to inform development practice and policy in Haiti and similar contexts. The case study community, Bellevue-La-Montagne, is applying an education-centered community development approach which has placed construction of a new school and education at the heart of collaborative rebuilding efforts by local residents and organizations, primarily Haiti Partners. Education and participatory practices are embedded in all aspects of the community development, including: social entrepreneurship, healthcare, environmental stewardship, community agriculture, planning and construction. These efforts involve participation of people and organizations (local and international) in dialogical negotiations that aim to share power and build capabilities of local people, and to create, change, or preserve structures and institutions consistent with the interests of local people. Participatory and phronesis research methodologies reveal nuanced understandings of the community development and its meaning for local people. In spite of substantial progress in development projects, findings reveal tension points that potentially threaten long-term sustainability, such as: the highly fragile nature of state-society relations, lack of a sense of agency of local people despite strong levels of participation, and differences between outcomes for the community as a whole and individual households. Moving from revealed community change in this case to a broader and deeper social transformation will require key ‘levers of transformation’, identified in this case as: 1) education; 2) place identity, networks, and research; 3) social entrepreneurship and social innovation; and 4) state-society trust and accountability. These levers can be activated through participatory and education-centered community development strategies that provide important roles for local people and civil society, and a nuanced role for international organizations which is sensitive to power dynamics. Such development strategies would give ‘voice’ to communities in their struggles for change. Strengthening, networking and scaling community level innovation that shows promise of transformation, such as the case of Bellevue-La-Montagne, would contribute to Haiti’s attempts to forge a new narrative, and to evolving international development planning policy and practice.

Following Williams' (2014) call for a more thoughtful approach to the study of place meaning, the present study employs a phenomenological research paradigm to elicit deeply personal meanings formed through conservation volunteerism. A photovoice protocol (n = 18) and life history interviews (n = 53) explore meaningful places for volunteer “stewards” in Scottsdale, Arizona's McDowell Sonoran Conservancy. Inductive thematic text analysis reveals how these volunteers form identity-expressive meanings that transcend and traverse geographic place scales. Results suggest that the concept of place identity is more than a sub-construct of place attachment, and requires further theorizing as a phenomenologically-embodied experience. Nonprofits and municipalities can learn from the organization's success in fostering an environmental steward identity as a means of community building.

Identity of a given place arises from a combination of social and cultural characteristics of the related community which reincarnated in physical shapes and forms of the urban locality. Soaring growth of contemporary cities beside recent transformations of traditional urban spaces have been caused some gaps between physical features of urban environments and their cultural identities. This issue, accordingly, supports the need of special attentions to the cultural and social aspects of transforming places under a process of urban design/planning. We provide here an analysis framework with emphasis to the identity of the place from the cultural aspects of the settlement. This technique mainly concerns to identify cultural features of the urban spaces and preserve them during further urban regeneration. To this aim, representative factors of the places identity are hybridized with the characteristic elements of cultural landscape and collected as a matrix of cultural landscapes, CLs. We convinced from the analysis that it may be oversimplification if solely attention to the physical features for improving quality of urban identity whiles it is affected by some nonphysical aspects, as well. Provided matrix of CLs is also implemented for a test case. Some factors of cultural landscape are discovered and the related effects on urban identity of designing place are discussed in micro and macro scales. Analysis highlighted some tangible/intangible characteristics of the studied public urban area which have to be critically considered through further transformation of the place. Accordingly, a preliminary design of the example studying area is suggested as a green linkage space between natural area in countryside and cultural realms in central parts of Mashhad city.

Impacts to ecosystem functions, structures, and aesthetics resulting from recreational use may influence the quality of outdoor recreation experiences as well as the integrity of recreation resources. Effectively managing outdoor recreation resources requires understanding impacts in addition to recreationists’ perceptions of impacted conditions, particularly in high-use popular outdoor recreation areas. However, emotional bonds or feelings of attachment to a particular place may influence the relationship between impact and perception. Previous literature indicates mixed findings regarding how feelings of attachment to a place (i.e., place attachment) influence outdoor recreationists’ evaluations of impacts to ecosystem elements and processes. To contribute to this literature, this study used normative theory and visual methods to examine the relationship between place attachment and evaluations of recreation-based ecological impacts at campsites in Utah's Wasatch National Forest. An onsite survey administered to 234 campers indicated that place dependence did not influence campers’ evaluations of impacts, but as campers’ place identity increased, their acceptance of ecological impacts born from recreational use also increased. These findings suggest that the type and level of place attachment may have a differential influence on campers’ evaluations of ecological impacts and site conditions. Management implications This study only considers the use during peak seasons (May – August) and did not investigate all possible user groups and their different norms and thresholds for ecological impacts (e.g. people engaging in hunting, fishing, ATV, motorcycle or RV recreation). These considerations aside, based on results of this study, there are some possible management strategies for consideration. • First, managers might consider keeping current dispersed campsites available for recreationists to prevent further impact to other areas that would may become impacted if recreationists were denied campsites due to recovery or closure. • Secondly, recognizing that campers have moderate to high levels of place attachment, managers might consider guaranteeing consistent maintenance, clean up, and education to sustain recreationist expectations and to prevent displacement. Finally, educational practices to inform visitors of low-impact camping techniques may provide an avenue to prevent further impact.

This research investigated the place attachment of a heritage place, namely, the Roman amphitheater, by using a valid model, the Kyle, Graefe, and Manning (2005) model. This model presents three factors to reach place attachment: place identification, place dependence, and social bonding. Although the validity of the used model was proved, statistical tests were used to verify the validity of the collected data because the model was used on a heritage site. In accordance with the mentioned model, the sample was interviewed using the model questionnaire to evaluate people's attachment to the heritage place during rush hours. Along with other statistical tests, the exploratory factor analysis of the sample elaborated that the Kyle, Graefe, and Manning model is not completely valid for this study, because the results added a new effective factor, namely, spiritual value. The place attachment estimation was then examined using the new model. The nature of the place was found to affect the model used to evaluate its place attachment.

This special issue considers food growing in the city. It presents a series of papers which explore the interface between urban growing initiatives and the planned city, and identifies the development of the movement in different world regions and situations. It explores the characteristics of different food growing and urban gardening scenarios regarding the inherent properties of the urban agriculture/food growing complex as an urban movement, its drivers and the niche that it occupies within the city. The papers address circumstances of food growing in highly developed western planning systems, typically represented in Europe, but also other global regions which show different historical and development contexts. These demonstrate that urban food growing initiatives are largely activist-led and tend to fall outside of, or conflict with current city planning models. Where these initiatives are incorporated, they have the potential to provide effective urban landscape solutions that respond to local circumstances, new markets, engendering social and environmental improvement. Taken together, the papers suggest that urban agriculture models need to be recognised more widely within mainstream urban planning and the urban development process.

This study explores the impacts of urban change on neighbourhood residents, by exploring the process of change, and by analysing the form of residents’ behavioural responses to such change. It is based on the concepts of place identity and place dependence, via a notion of environmental disruption, with a focus on the symbolic meanings associated with the historic city centre of Sulaimaniyah in Kurdistan, Iraq. For this purpose, a qualitative method is used, based on in-depth interviews, focus groups and document analysis. Results indicate a supportive behavioural response to place disruption in cases of threatened place identity and place dependence. The results show that the responses of residents are related to the social value of heritage. These results contribute to the study of behavioural responses towards environmental disruption in relation to the social value of urban heritage.

The aim was to investigate relationships between emotion and cognition components of place-identity and wellbeing, before and after a natural disaster. A total of 656 respondents, living near the area of the largest forest and landscape fire in modern times in Sweden, participated in this study. Before the disaster, a positive association was found between place-identity and wellbeing, indicating that the stronger emotions participants evolved to the place, as well as remembered more and thought about the place, the stronger wellbeing they experienced at the site. After the disaster, the strength of this relationship decreased more than twice, accounted for by the weakening of the emotion-wellbeing link. Accordingly, participants almost lost their emotional bond to the area but maintained their memories and thoughts about the site intact and, by that, their positive wellbeing associations with the location. This indicates tentatively the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth, type of resilience involving operations of cognitive appraisal.

Ageing in place enables older people to remain in familiar places, namely their homes and neighbourhoods, for as long as possible. However, neighbourhood decline and/or personal capacity decreases can threaten people's plans to age in place. Existing studies have paid great attention to creating supportive home environments to alleviate the pressures on older people induced by declining personal competence. However, this neglects the dynamics and the agency of places such as neighbourhoods in people's ageing process. Therefore, the present study examines how neighbourhood-based resources, especially older peoples' place identity, affect their experiences of ageing in declining neighbourhoods in Shenyang, China. A transcript analysis of 43 semi-structured interviews was conducted, showing that older residents from declining neighbourhoods face triple dysfunctions (social, cultural, and structural) due to the retreat of existing social ties, family safety nets, and institutions in various dimensions of their life. They also suffer from physical environmental degradation and residential composition changes in their neighbourhoods. Consequently, they rely on place identity to cope with environmental decline and decreasing personal competence. We found that older people can benefit from the recognition function of place identity, which provides physical and social insideness with their neighbourhoods and helps them recognize resources essential to their wellbeing. Moreover, the mediating change function and the defence function of place identity motivate them to adopt pro-environmental behaviours or to visit their past memories to sustain their sense of continuity and combat various neighbourhood declines. However, place identity and its associated anxiety and defence function also prevent older residents from adapting to the social changes induced by population turnover, and this further hinders them from socialising with migrant renters. This study also explores implications of the results and provides recommendations for policy and further research.

Identity can improve our understanding of personal climate action, particularly when climate action becomes an expression of a person’s self. However, it is unclear which kind of self or identity is most relevant. Building on a comprehensive series of eight meta-analyses (using data from 188 published articles, N = 414,282 participants) this research systematically compares how strongly climate-friendly intentions and behaviors are associated with place identity, personal connectedness to nature, environmental self-identity (i.e., personal self-definition as a pro-environmentally acting person), and social identity (i.e., identification with social groups). Results suggest robust, medium-sized to strong links of both pro-environmental intentions and behaviors to people’s nature connectedness (r = 0.44/0.52), environmental self-identity (r = 0.62/0.56), and identification with groups considered to support climate-friendly behavior (r = 0.48/0.51), but markedly weaker effects for identification with groups which are unrelated to environmental topics (r = 0.30/0.15) and for place identity (r = 0.18/0.32). Implications for policy interventions and psychological theory are discussed.

Resettlement policy has broken the emotional link between farmers and rural communities. However, most research in this area has focused on the perspective of economic compensation rather than emotional cognition. This study considered the emotional cognition of resettled farmers using the theory of “place attachment,” based on a statistical analysis of questionnaire results following 32 in-depth interviews. A theoretical hypothesis was constructed to explain the influence of resettlement policy on place attachment using the results of 315 questionnaires, with the structural equation model (SEM) method applied to test the hypothesis. The results showed that the classical two-dimensional classification of place attachment (place dependence and place identity) had good statistical applicability for expressing the emotional link between resettled farmers and their former rural community. It was found that six factors generated by the resettlement policy affect farmers’ place attachment: policy evaluation, space shortage, space improvement, rural attributes, land rootedness, and community inclusion. Our findings indicate that in the context of Chinese social culture, resettlement policy has not only materially changed the spatial environment but also the fundamental meaning of place for farmers. Our results provide new insight into how resettlement policy has influenced resettled farmers in the urbanization of China.

Recent studies have supported the proposition that place attachment positively contributes to psychological restoration. However, fewer studies have been conducted regarding the relationships between place attachment and restorative components within China. This study explores residents’ ratings of urban parks and natural settings for restorative potential and its four components in relation to two constructs of place attachment, place dependence and identity. We conducted a cross-regional comparative study using Fuzhouese and Macanese urban park setting images and natural images as stimuli, with local inhabitants as respondents. Respondents were asked to rate three groups of images in terms of familiarity, preference, place dependence, place identity, sense of being away, extent, fascination, compatibility, and restorative potential. The results showed that both Fuzhouese and Macanese respondents assigned higher ratings in all categories for familiar urban park settings compared to unfamiliar ones. Respondents’ ratings of the restorative potential of natural settings and their familiar urban park settings were equivalent. In addition, both place dependence and place identity played significant and positive roles in contributing to the respondents’ views of the restorative potential for familiar urban park settings. However, for natural settings, only place identity positively contributed to restorative potential. The results illustrate the significant role of local urban parks in enhancing residents’ place attachment and providing psychological restoration. This finding can offer insight and impetus for landscape designers working in restorative environmental design.

This study reconstructs the place branding model from the perspective of Peircean semiotics. Taking rural tourism development in Dadong, Tibet, as a case study, the multi-method ethnographic approach to data collection consists of field observation and in-depth interviews. Place branding is defined as a dynamic negotiation between planned place image from place planners (immediate interpretant), villagers' place identity (dynamic interpretant), and tourists' constructed place image (final interpretant). These results confirm the importance in place branding of placemaking based on authentic place culture and restate the roles played by villagers as place ambassadors and authentic narrators of place culture. Furthermore, the study extends the understanding of place branding and will help destination planners manage destination brands more effectively.

Tourism academia has attempted to individually explore the concepts of visiting experience, place identity, narratives, and history museums, but it has rarely delved into the deep and sometimes murky waters of the intimate connection among these notions. Focusing on the Museum of History in present-day identity torn Hong Kong, the current study sheds light on the identitarian and ideological implications visiting this museum has for Hong Kong born-and-raised Millennials. The findings challenge the current understanding of place identity at heritage sites of contested identity by revealing the subtle, sensitive, and fluid connections between individual and official narratives, and also among the investigated concepts. They also raise important critical assumptions about the politics of museography.

This paper investigates the factors that influence the loyalty of young residents as tourists in their home destination in the context of domestic tourism. The interest in studying the loyalty of this particular population segment stems from their consumption potential, their influence, and for the triple role they can play as tourists in the destination, as residents in the destination and as collaborators with local tourism companies. The setting for this study is one of growing domestic tourism in a destination made up of islands, the Canary Islands (Spain). The importance of this kind of research for island destinations arises from the negative impacts of tourism that island destinations suffer more than others, often with negative repercussions on loyalty. This paper studies the role of tourism companies, the product, the place and the young residents themselves in the formation of loyalty. A sample of 678 young residents from the Canary Islands responded to an ad hoc questionnaire of 22 items. The descriptive analysis highlights that young residents value to varying degrees all the variables included in the model (tourism companies, place, product and tourist variables). The discriminant analysis shows that there are no significant differences in the perceptions of young residents according to gender, island of residence or the number of trips made within the destination, which confirms the generational nature of the study and the possibility of extrapolating the results. Using the causal model proposed, the formation of loyalty among young residents is explained. In this model, the variables related to the company and the product hardly influence loyalty formation among young residents when these variables are integrated into the same model with place variables (identity, attachment and familiarity). These variables initiate the chain of cause and effect that culminates in the formation of satisfaction and loyalty among tourists, relegating company and product variables to the background.

This study explores the sense of place in the small coastal Algerian town of Tipaza. The town is famous for its world archaeological sites, but its inhabitants and the local community in general seem to appreciate more its exceptional landscape than the universal archaeological values conferred to it by UNESCO. The particular townscape clearly delimited by the Mediterranean Sea and the Chenoua Mountain seems to have strongly influenced people’s mental images and attachments to their town. Based on the concepts of environmental representation and place attachment, local-community’s sense of place is investigated at three territorial scales: the town centre, the town as a whole and the region. Since the sense of place is defined as a multidimensional attitude including cognitive, conative and affective aspects, the proposed paper examines the socio-cognitive dimension through the structural approach of social representations where shared socio-cognitive meanings are assumed to constitute the central core of environmental representations. On the other hand, the conative component has been investigated through the analysis of expected activities in favourite places. Moreover, place attachment, an affective bond between people and environmental setting, is explored through two sub-concepts: place identity which refers to the cognitive level and place dependence which refers to the conative level. By exploring shared local community’s meanings and their impact on place preferences and appropriation, the research aims at showing the value of townscapes and particularly coastal ones in urban development projects. Natural features such as the sea are powerful landmarks and have strong impact on people’s perceptions of environmental settings.

In this article, we look at changing urban place identities in four neighbourhoods in the Helsinki city area that are connected by the tram line number eight. The aim of our study is to present how place identity can be described as a cultural, discursive map that shows what kind of values, attitudes and ideologies are used when building urban place identities, and how people link different meanings to certain urban areas, based on their experiences and memories. The theoretical framework of the study draws from cultural mapping theory and literature on place identity. The empirical part consists of citizen interviews and diaries left to be filled up at tram stops. The construction of place identity is elaborated through three themes depicted in the empirical materials: home, nature and community. Our methodology is based on discourse analysis, and the research is part of the field of human geography and urban studies. We introduce a methodological tool: discursive mapping. It shows how different historical and societal layers are manifested in place identities. We also bring a new concept to the field: neighbourhooding, a process where neighbourhood identities are produced. The study sheds light to certain distinctive and unique neighbourhood identities and creates awareness of local histories. The research is a co-project withthe City of Helsinki.

This paper discusses two recurring land use issues that are conventionally accepted when analyzing most of the Mediterranean mass coastal tourism destinations: the limited role of planning and the supposedly standardized nature of the resulting landscape. Based on a specific case study in the Catalan coastline, this paper presents analytical metrics and empirical data showing that, despite the controversial nature of the resulting urbanization and contrary to this common understanding, urban planning tools have been relevant in the shaping of the landscape of coastal settlements dominated by tourism and second homes. More precisely, the paper analyzes how, on the Catalan coast, partial planning tools have been able to create since the 1960s specific urban pieces with temporary residence uses that, beyond their actual limitations, shaped differentiated landscape structures with a particular landscape identity. To reach this conclusion, we have applied a set of spatial metrics at different scales to the analysis of the urban partial plans approved in the destination. Results allow the identification of the basic urban landscape patterns of the area, facilitate the understanding of the role of regulatory planning tools, and highlight the role of its evolution during the last 50 years in the process of the destination urban landscape shaping and transformation.

Within resident attitude research, place attachment and empowerment are two of the most prominent non-economic constructs used to explain residents’ attitudes toward tourism. This research explores the relationship between the two and whether residents’ perceptions of place identity, place dependence and nature bonding affect perceptions of being empowered through tourism. The relationship is tested within the rural destination of Choczewo, Poland. Results reveal that place identity, place dependence, and nature bonding directly influence residents’ perceptions of psychological and social empowerment through tourism. However, only place dependence predicts residents’ ability to feel politically empowered through tourism. Results from this study extend the model of residents’ attitudes toward tourism by explaining how societal factors such as resident bonding with the socio-physical environment enable residents to become more empowered through tourism development.

This paper focuses on the psychological, social, and spatial factors of residents of retrofitted dwellings in the City-zen project. The results of this exploratory survey showed that pro-environmental behaviour could be predicted from behavioural control, behavioural norm, and place identity, explaining 40% of the total variance in pro-environmental behaviour. Secondly, results show large differences between private home owners and social housing residents on demographic, house and neighbourhood, and psychological and social level. Factors predicting pro-environmental behaviour differed largely between these two groups. One implication is that interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviour should be better attuned to the particular social groups.

Understanding how different ethno-cultural groups value urban nature is important to understand the role of ethno-cultural diversity in urban ecosystem management. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper summarizes the empirical evidence on how different ethno-cultural groups use, perceive, prefer, and assign meaning to urban nature. I use the urban forest, defined here as all the trees in a city, as a proxy to understand this process. The 31 studies reviewed here differ widely in their lines of inquiry, research methods, urban natural setting, and conceptualizations of ethno-cultural identity. Most studies take place in the US and Europe, where the most common definition of an ethno-culturally diverse group is a person of non-European/non-White background. Most studies focus on what these groups like about a particular urban natural setting, such as an urban park; and whether they like more or less trees in a specific context (e.g. urban park). These groups usually prefer passive and social uses of urban natural areas, and more manicured/functional natural landscapes with less trees. The most common meanings associated with urban natural settings dominated by trees are social interaction and integration. The most common explanations on why these differences occur involve theories on socio-economic marginality, collectivist vs. individualist cultures, urban vs. rural lifestyles, and landscapes of origin. Future research on the topic will benefit by differentiating race from ethnicity, capturing intra-ethnic variation, capturing immigrant identities, exploring the different social, cultural, and economic factors that influence values and/or preferences, and focusing on concrete aspects of urban nature, such as urban forests.

Although place-related identity is receiving increasing attention within the environmental psychology field, little attention has been paid to deepen on place identity at the local level and better understand the social nature of urban identity. Focusing on the case of Zaragoza (the fifth largest city in Spain), this work aims to contribute to previous literature by understanding how shared city meanings and socio-demographic characteristics influence urban identity formation, proposing a standard measure of urban identity as a social identity formed by three-dimensions (cognitive, affective and evaluative), and testing the influence of urban identity on citizens’ behaviors. Results show that: (1) city social representations participate in the formation process of the three dimensions of urban identity, (2) the operationalization of urban identity as a second-order construct is validated, and (3) urban identity influences citizens behavioral support to local initiatives via personal and social norms.

•High mobility lifestyles has spread people around the globe making long-term relationships (friendships) more difficult.•Lacking quality of long term relationships or failed to make an attempt to connect and maintain connection with others make Third Culture Kids feel isolated and lonely.•Enabling modalities for place identity construction for Third Culture Kids include: sense of stability, sense of belongingness and sense of direction.

Since 2000, research into the value of urban design has been utilised in consultancy and policy-making with regard to understanding the value of public investment. This research informs an emerging approach to teaching urban design appraisal within a MA urban design studio, in which variations of the residual method are deployed to assess developer value, private good and public good. Here, the relationship of the appraisal and design elements is articulated by an iterative model of design decision and design judgement making. By situating this approach in a broader theory of societal value, we reconceptualise from first principles, the concept of ‘value in urban design’. This also suggests a corresponding definition of urban design in terms of value.

The contemporary farming context across western countries is experiencing a period of dramatic demographic, social, environmental and economic change. This is having a significant impact particularly in countries such as Australia with a long culture of generational family farming sustained by patrilineal farm succession. Generational farmers maintain strong attachment and unique relationships with place as farms are both homes and sites of production. Retirement involves a reconfiguration of place identity and in the context of change, farming couples contemplating retirement now face unprecedented challenges as they age, with the younger generation reluctant to follow. Drawing on Australian data, this article utilises place identity theory to examine the role of place identity in older farming couples' retirement considerations. Findings are drawn from a 'small story' narrative study of six older generational farming couples, all still actively farming the land. A small story approach permits examination of the ways couples position retirement and how place identity affects couples' agency as they contemplate retirement. The collection of data across two time points, 18 months apart, enabled couples to reflect on how they individually and collectively viewed retirement over time. Findings suggest that the uni-dimensionality of farming men's place identities may be marginalising women as couples navigate the prospect of retirement. The implications of this study are broader than the Australian context as the family farming model remains the most prevalent form of agricultural enterprise across the world.

'Sense of place' has become a central concept in the analysis of the cultural, personal and mental health risks posed by a changing climate. However, such place-related understandings of mental health and wellbeing remain largely limited to Indigenous health contexts. In this article we argue the relevance of sense of place in understanding the mental health impacts of climate change on family farmers who retain close living and working relationships to the land. We conducted a community-based qualitative case study located in the Western Australian Wheatbelt - a region that has experienced some of the most significant climate change in Australia. A three-part interview series was conducted with 22 family farmers between February 2013 and April 2014, and 15 interviews with various agricultural and mental health key informants. The research findings reveal that recently observed patterns of climate change have exacerbated farmers' worries about the weather, undermined notions of self-identity, and contributed to cumulative and chronic forms of place-based distress, culminating in heightened perceived risk of depression and suicide. The research findings highlight the tightly coupled ecosystem health-human health relationships that exist for family farmers living in regions affected by climate change, as well as the significance of farmers' place-based attachments and identities for their mental health and wellbeing.

Due to the rapid globalization growth, a tourism environment sets standardization to compete to be more attractive. Hence, it requires the peculiarity of tourism objects which indicates place identity. This research aims to examine distinctiveness as one of place identity principle. It focuses on natural environment in Karo Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia. A mixed-use method was conducted by investigating the variables, i.e. landmark, uniqueness, particular character, and different perception. The result shows that the attractiveness of natural scenery, culture, and traditional buildings embed the distinctivenessprinciplewhile uniqueness and particular character require appropriate strategies in enhancing and supporting natural-based tourism.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the confusion on the definition of place attachment and its overlap with other related terms in landscape study. Besides a theoretical framework of place attachment was formed to help on the assessment of place attachment. This can help to underpin an understanding of the importance of place attachment in modern urban design processes and to protect such identities to form a better urban environment. Moreover, the paper propose a way to assess the place attachment via modern Virtual Reality technology, in searching for a better way to assess the term, hence helping practitioners to better identify and protect the elements that contribute to place attachment. Its guidance ability on finding place attachment elements in urban development process provides a strong practical value.

This cross-cultural study examines the role of social identities (ethnic, national and place) and acculturation strategies in the psychological well-being of young ethnic minorities in regions with different policies on minority integration - Russians in Latvia (N=109, age 16-24) and Crimean Tatars in Crimea (N=122, age 17-24). Results revealed the identities that promote psychological well-being of the young generation of these minorities. Ethnic identity predicts self-esteem in both groups and life satisfaction in Crimean Tatar youth. Place identity is positively related to life satisfaction of both groups. The national identity of ethnic minority youth predicts integration in both groups, while integration promotes self-esteem among Russian youth in Latvia only. The findings are discussed taking into account the historical, political and social context of Latvia and Crimea.

From 1943 to 1996, the small rural community of Schoonebeek in the eastern Netherlands hosted the largest onshore oilfield in western Europe. Some 250 million barrels of oil were produced, bringing prosperity to the municipality and local community. With generous compensation paid by NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, a partnership between Shell and ExxonMobil), local people greatly benefited from oil extraction. However, there were also negative social impacts, including: an influx of outsiders; changes to social structure, social fabric, social cohesion, and community identity; disruption to the peaceful rural setting; and industrialisation of the landscape. Nevertheless, the oil pumping installations (‘jaknikkers’ or nodding donkeys) ultimately became positive symbols of local place identity. Despite the negative social impacts, oil production came to be viewed positively by most local people, and a high level of trust developed between the host community and NAM because of the social performance strategies that were implemented: NAM employed many local people; minimised physical displacement; provided generous compensation for economic displacement; respected the social, cultural and religious wishes of the host community; and quickly addressed any social or environmental issues that developed. These actions meant that NAM gained a strong social licence to operate and grow.

The effects of destination resource evaluation and place identity, conceptualised as a dynamic process, on destination ambassadorship, expressed in intention to invite friends, relatives and acquaintances, from the resident perspective were examined in this study. The heterogeneity of residents, defined by length of residence, and its moderating effects on the aforementioned relationships were also investigated. Analyses of data from 545 respondents living in the post-industrial city of Newcastle, Australia revealed a partial mediation of place identity process on how resource evaluation affected resident intention to invite friends, relatives and acquaintances to their home city, which varied between residents with different lengths of residence in the city. These findings offer insights into the dynamic process of place identity and related effects on resident destination ambassadorship, as well as destination planning and management in the context of VFR (Visiting Friends and Relatives) tourism.