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Vehicle mass reduction in the automotive industry has become an industry-wide objective. Increasing fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emission targets for engine-powered vehicles, and ambitions for extended range electric vehicles have motivated these reductions in vehicle mass. Mass reduction opportunities in structural automotive applications are increasingly realized through lightweight alloy castings, such as magnesium, primarily due to the ease of component substitution. The traditional benefits of magnesium die-castings including lightweighting and associated compounded mass savings, excellent strength-to-weight ratio, part consolidation, near net-shape forming, dimensional repeatability, and integration of additional components can be realized in closure applications. One recent example is the application of a magnesium die-casting for the structural inner of the liftgate in the 2017 Chrysler Pacifica, replacing nine parts in the previous generation and resulting in a liftgate assembly weight reduction of nearly 50%. The work presented here reviews past and current developments of magnesium die-castings in closure applications and discusses the benefits and challenges of magnesium alloys for these applications, including casting design, corrosion and fastening strategies, and the manufacturing design and assembly methodologies. Keywords: Die-casting, Automotive applications, Closures, Lightweighting

This paper explores the naval architectural design considerations involved in a new fleet of offshore accommodation semi-submersibles constructed by different owners in the period from 2008 to 2018. The principal design features are compared with data from the previous generation of floatels constructed in the 1970s/80s. All fourteen vessels are compared at a high level, and in some areas detailed data from six of the new vessels (three different design classes) is analysed. Information is provided on subjects such as weight estimation and weight control, motions and station-keeping behaviour, resistance and propulsion. Key arrangement considerations are discussed together with practical design data on internal volume and deck area.

Indonesian Abstract: Pemudaadalahpenerusperjuangangenerasiterdahuluuntukmewujudkancita-cita bangsa.Pemudamenjadiharapandalam setiapkemajuandidalam suatunegara ataubangsa,pemudahlahyangdapatmerubahpandanganorangterhadapsuatu bangsadanmenjaditumpuhanparagenerasiterdahuluuntukmengembangkan suatubangsaide-ideataupungagasanyangberilmu,wawasanyangluas,serta berdasarkankepadanilai-nilaidannormayangberlakudidalam masyarakat.Pada jamanduludansekarangpemudalahyangterusmenjaditonggakperubahanbangsa. Danpemudahlahyangdapatmembangunbangsakedepandengankarya-karyanya khususnyadieramilenialsekarang,pemudamilenialmempunyaiperanaktifdengan teknologiyangmerekataudengandemikianpemudamilenialbisamenjadiperan ataspembangunanbangsaindonesiayangsekarangdanuntukkedepannya. Kata Kunci: pengertian pembangunan bangsa indonesia,pokok-pokokpikiran pembangunan bangsa indonesia ,dan peran pemuda-pemudimilenialdalam pembangunanbangsaindonesia. EnglishAbstract Youth is the successor to the struggle of the previous generation to realize the ideals of the nation. Youth are the hope in every progress in a country or nation, it is the facilitator who can change people's views of a nation and become the foundation of previous generations to develop a nation of ideas or ideas that are knowledgeable, broad insight, and based on values and norms prevailing in society.In the past and present it is the youth who continue to be a milestone in national change. And facilitators who can build the nation going forward with their works, especially in the millennial era now, millennial youth have an active role in technology that they know.

We use an evolutionary model to determine what sorts of misperceptions are likely to persist. In our model, every period a new generation of agents uses their subjective models and the outcome distribution induced by the previous generation to update their beliefs about some underlying parameters. Different agents may employ different subjective models and subjective models that induce actions that perform better increase their relative prevalence. To test the stability of steady states, we introduce the possibility that a small fraction of agents enlarges their subjective model in a way that lets them better fit their observations. We characterize which equilibria are resistant to "local mutations'' to a nearby model, and which are resistant to mutations where agents drop one of the hypotheses they had been imposing on their beliefs, e.g. relaxing independence to positive correlation.

Russian Abstract: В работе приводятся результаты анализа показателей, поведение которых как кризисных предикторов активно обсуждается в настоящее время. Проанализированы причины неудачи кризисных предикторов предыдущего поколения, показавших свою несостоятельность в 2007 – 2008 гг. Детально рассмотрены индексы финансовых условий, спрэды доходности казначейских облигаций США, коэффициент Шиллера, показатели финансового цикла, VIX («индекс страха»), премии за риск и некоторые другие показатели из семейства «новых кризисных предикторов». Было показано, что все эти показатели нацелены на поиск ответа на вопрос о времени начала следующего кризиса, в то время как другие параметры возможного кризиса (где, в какой стране и в каком секторе экономики следует ожидать начала кризиса; что именно может случиться, какая из уязвимостей имеет наивысшие шансы реализоваться) привлекают намного меньше внимания. Более того, экономические риски отсутствуют в числе наиболее опасных рисков, с точки зрения международных финансовых организаций. Мы провели анализ поведения предлагаемых кризисных предикторов на ретроспективных данных, в результате чего сформировали их последовательность с точки зрения подачи сигнала до начала кризиса, а также влияние внешних предикторов на показатели российской экономической динамики и состояния финансового рынка. Был сделан вывод о том, что наряду с внешними шоками большое значение для начала российских рецессий имеют внутренние факторы, на основе анализа которых был предложен российский индекс финансовых условий, показавший хорошие предикторские свойства. Были также сформулированы гипотезы о причинах более позднего вхождения российской экономики в кризис 2007 – 2009 гг. и более высокой волатильности экономической динамики в России. English Abstract: The paper presents the results of the analysis of indicators whose behavior as crisis predictors is actively discussed at the present time. The paper analyzes reasons for the failure of the crisis predictors of the previous generation, which showed their failure in 2007 - 2008. Indices of financial conditions, yield spreads of US treasury bonds, Schiller's ratio, financial cycle indicators, VIX (“fear index”), risk premiums and some other indicators from the “new crisis predictor” family are examined in detail. It was shown that all these indicators are aimed at finding an answer to the question about the time of the beginning of the next crisis, while other parameters of a possible crisis (where, in which country and in which sector of the economy should the crisis begin to be expected; what exactly can happen, which of vulnerabilities have the highest chance of being realized) attract much less attention. Moreover, economic risks are not among the most dangerous risks from the point of view of international financial organizations. We conducted an analysis of the behavior of the proposed crisis predictors on retrospective data, as a result of which we formed their sequence in terms of signaling before the crisis, as well as the influence of external predictors on indicators of Russian economic dynamics and the state of the financial market. It was concluded that along with external shocks, internal factors are of great importance for the start of Russian recessions, on the basis of which the Russian financial conditions index was proposed, which showed good predictor properties. Hypotheses were also formulated about the reasons for the later entry of the Russian economy into the crisis of 2007-2009. and higher volatility of economic dynamics in Russia.

The changes in lifestyle and living conditions have affected not only humans but also microorganisms. As man invents new drugs and therapies, pathogens alter themselves to survive and thrive. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is the talk of the town for decades now. Many generations of medications have been termed useless as MDR rises among the infectious population. The surge in nanotechnology has brought a new hope in reducing this aspect of resistance in pathogens. It has been observed in several laboratory-based studies that the use of nanoparticles had a synergistic effect on the antibiotic being administered to the pathogen; several resistant strains scummed to the stress created by the nanoparticles and became susceptible to the drug. The major cause of resistance to date is the efflux system, which makes the latest generation of antibiotics ineffective without reaching the target site. If species-specific nanomaterials are used to control the activity of efflux pumps, it could revolutionize the field of medicine and make the previous generation resistant medications active once again. Therefore, the current study was devised to assess and review nanoparticles' role on efflux systems and discuss how specialized particles can be designed towards an infectious host's particular drug ejection systems.

We study the structural properties of a class of model social networks representing blood sibling and sibling-in-law relationships, in the case where the size of the married population varies between successive generations. These kinship networks are characterized by Poissonian degree distributions and the presence of a connected component encompassing a large part of the population, along with high values of clustering and assortativity. By means of numerical simulations and comparison with Erdős-Renyi networks of the same size and connectivity, we show that global clustering and assortativity remain high unless the size of the married population drops drastically. In contrast, the largest connected component collapses when the married population shrinks to just about two thirds of its size in the previous generation.

Beckman Coulter recently reformulated their commercial TSH assay with primary calibration to the World Health Organization 3rd TSH international standard. An extensive evaluation of the performance characteristics for this assay was completed.Intra-day and inter-day precision was evaluated using 3 concentrations of commercial quality control material. Linearity, reportable range, stability, sensitivity and susceptibility to common inferences were determined using pooled patient specimens. Inter-assay variability was assessed across 5 different platforms (n=47 patient specimens).Intra-day and inter-day CVs were10% at all concentrations evaluated. The LOQ, LOD and LOB were 0.0047μIU/ml (10% CV), 0.0012μIU/ml and 0.0005μIU/ml, respectively. Variable bias was observed for the TSH3 assay when evaluated against the previous generation assay and other platforms, but overall TSH3 gave comparable results.The TSH3 assay for UniCel DxI 800, is precise, highly sensitive and comparable to the previous generation assay. The assay is acceptable for clinical testing.

s Depth resolution in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is physically limited by the illumination angle. In recent notable progress on aberration correction technology, the illumination angle is significantly improved to be larger than 60 milliradians, which is 2 or 3 times larger than those in the previous generation. However, for three-dimensional depth sectioning with the large illumination angles, it is prerequisite to ultimately minimize lower orders of aberrations such as 2- and 3-fold astigmatisms and axial coma. Here, we demonstrate a live aberration correction using atomic-resolution STEM images rather than Ronchigram images. The present method could save the required time for aberration correction, and moreover, it is possible to build up a fully automated program. We demonstrate the method should be useful not only for axial depth sectioning but also phase imaging in STEM including differential phase-contrast imaging.

International audience; The AGATA (Advanced GAmma Tracking Array) tracking detector is being designed to far surpass the performance of the previous generation, Compton-suppressed arrays. In this paper, a characterization of AGATA is provided based on data from the second GSI campaign. Emphasis is placed on the proper corrections required to extract the absolute photopeak efficiency and peak-to-total ratio. The performance after tracking is extracted and GEANT4 simulations are used both to understand the results and to scale the measurements up to predicted values for the full 4π implementation of the device.

Background Urine albumin (uALB) is a useful marker in diagnosis and treatment of renal microvascular disease. Beckman Coulter recently re-formulated their uALB reagent for the AU series of instruments to increase the analytical measurement range (AMR). Methods Precision, linearity, reportable range, and analytical sensitivity for the reformulated reagent were determined using the AU680. In addition, the re-formulated AU reagent was compared to the previous generation AU reagent and to the Siemens Vista using residual urine specimens. The hook effect was evaluated on five instruments by spiking serum into albumin-free urine to generate a range of albumin concentrations. Results Precision and linearity within the AMR were confirmed, along with accuracy of dilutions to extend the reportable range. For patient sample correlation, the re-formulated reagent demonstrated a positive 11% bias relative to the original AU reagent and a negative 11% bias relative to the Vista. Concentrations of uALB > 3000 mg/dL produced falsely low results for both AU reagents. The DCA Vantage assay “hooked” at even lower uALB concentrations. Conclusions The re-formulated AU uALB reagent met the manufacturer claimed performance characteristics. The AU and DCA Vantage were the only instruments of those tested affected by the hook effect in the concentration range evaluated. uALB assays are clearly not standardized, yet clinical guidelines dictate result interpretation. The method-to-method biases we observed here have the potential to lead to clinically significant post-analytical errors in uALB interpretation.

Fluctuations in population size are in many cases undesirable, as they can induce outbreaks and extinctions or impede the optimal management of populations. We propose the strategy of adaptive threshold harvesting (ATH) to control fluctuations in population size. In this strategy, the population is harvested whenever population size has grown beyond a certain proportion in comparison to the previous generation. Taking such population increases into account, ATH intervenes also at smaller population sizes than the strategy of threshold harvesting. Moreover, ATH is the harvesting version of adaptive limiter control (ALC) that has recently been shown to stabilize population oscillations in both experiments and theoretical studies. We find that ATH has similar stabilization properties as ALC and thus offers itself as a harvesting alternative for the control of pests, exploitation of biological resources, or when restocking interventions required from ALC are unfeasible. We present numerical simulations of ATH to illustrate its performance in the presence of noise, lattice effect, and Allee effect. In addition, we propose an adjustment to both ATH and ALC that restricts interventions when control seems unnecessary, i.e. when population size is too small or too large, respectively. This adjustment cancels prolonged transients.

Objective: To analyze and compare dental knowledge between two generations of pregnant women attending the same antenatal clinic in Al-Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross sectional self administered questionnaire was conducted among 252 pregnant women in three different antenatal clinics. Data were analyzed using SPSS (v. 21), p value

The StarCS RNMPC was recently updated by adding a real-time optimizer (RTO) to it. The enhanced controller was demonstrated on an industrial plant and the performance compared to the previous generation, which was already present. The results show that the RTO improved performance and stability of the process, as well as increased run-time, by eliminating short switch offs by the operators for manual intervention.

This paper presents a study in investigating the generational gaps between Millennials and Generation X in terms of their mobility attitudes. A comprehensive analytical framework was proposed in this study and applied to data obtained from an SP survey in the U.S. Four modeling steps were involved, to measure the attitudes, identify generational gaps, recognize potential contributors to the attitudes, and decompose the contributions into Endowment, Coefficient, and Interaction effects. The Endowment effects measure how much of the generational differences can be attributed to socioeconomic and demographic variables, while the Coefficient effects reflect the gap that is due to actual behavioral changes or attitudinal shifts between the generations. The findings of this study confirmed the existence of generational gaps in mobility attitudes and revealed that a dominant portion of the gaps stemmed from the different perspectives between the generational cohorts. This indicates that these attitudinal disparities are likely to persist and remain at significant magnitudes, reflecting the unique views and values of the Millennials. Particularly, the preferences for transit and alternative modes and less reliance on private vehicles among Millennials were more of a reflection of their preferences in lifestyle choices and not so much constrained by their socioeconomic status as the previous generation. This study provides empirical evidence of the generational gaps between Millennials and the previous generation in terms of their mobility preferences. The findings provide valuable inputs for policy development in promoting sustainable transportation and community design.

In 2016, a new interferon-gamma release assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus, was introduced. We conducted a cross-sectional multicenter study, involving 158 children and adolescents with tuberculosis disease. The overall sensitivity of the assay was 82.9% (IQR 77.0%-88.8%), indicating that in children this test does not have higher sensitivity than previous generation interferon-gamma release assays.

Given that people's behavioral patterns are so diverse, there is an unconscious tendency on the part of many to reject such behaviors. To avoid such situations, we need to know the importance of the social dimension of communication that is based on two fundamental factors: One factor is that each person is born in a particular culture with its perspective, its way of thinking and action. The second factor is that each person is born in a particular society, a community that has certain expectations of its members, certain modes of interaction, etc. Consequently, in order to understand the behavioral patterns of a community and to integrate within the community, particular attention must be paid to both culture and communication. At the same time, it must be established that socialization requires understanding and acceptance of changes that need to be made, recognizing that this requires time. Those who share a common culture are a society, a community. Each generation of a particular society receives the culture of society, the community of the previous generation, enriches it, and transmits it to the next generation. Therefore, one can say that a culture is not static but constantly changing. Thus, to communicate effectively and to integrate into a society, communities must have an adequate knowledge of culture. KEYWORDS: Culture, communication, socialization, behavioral patterns, society

By most measures, gender progress in the U.S. labor market has stagnated since the 1990s. Yet, this paper reveals that skilled U.S. mothers' full-time employment rate rose by 12 percentage points between 1999 and 2016. After ruling out several standard explanations for such a change, I hypothesize that the surge of skilled mothers entering the full-time workforce in the previous generation has induced a recent shift in household gender norms. I develop a model in which a new mother's ex ante valuation of the disutility of pursuing a career is conditioned by her own mother's prior career behavior, and find empirical support for the model in two-generation datasets constructed from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. An accounting exercise attributes roughly 30 percent of the recent change to the model's inter-generational mechanism. Shifting norms appear to be promoting gender equality in household labor supply in the 21st century.

The oxidation of ZrB2 toughened with SiC short fibers has been evaluated in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer from 1200 to 1500 °C for 10 h and in a bottom-up loading furnace up to 1650 °C for 5–30 min. The microstructure has been investigated by SEM and TEM. The oxidation kinetics, after a transient stage, follows a linear behavior, indicating that the outer oxide layer is not protective above 1400 °C. Fibers notably oxidize above 1500 °C with formation of silica glass and a carbon-rich phase. Mechanisms of SiC fiber oxidation and formation of the various scales are proposed for the various temperature ranges. Comparisons with the oxidation of ZrB2 containing SiC in form of particles, whiskers and previous generation fibers are also discussed.

New microzonation maps for the city of Banja Luka in the Republic of Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina are presented based on the uniform-hazard-spectrum (UHS) methodology. The results are compared with the previous generation of microzonation maps published in the early 1970s, which were determined for the largest expected levels of shaking and for the spatial variations based on the soil site properties and the observed damage during the 1969 earthquake. The old and new methods are compared with emphasis on their role in the long-term criteria for regional earthquake-resistant design guidelines and the associated consequences.

Due to the well-documented problems surrounding metal-on-metal bearings, the use of hip resurfacing has declined. Since the potential benefits of hip resurfacing remain desirable, it may be beneficial to investigate the long-term outcome of hip resurfacings using metal-on-polyethylene in the 1980's. We report the long-term survivorship and modes of failure of a cementless metal-on-polyethylene resurfacing (n = 178) with different porous ingrowth surfaces. While acetabular loosening was absent, a high incidence of femoral failures (femoral loosening = 18.1%, osteolytic neck fracture = 21%) occurred despite using the same ingrowth surface for both components. Ongoing developments using the lessons learned from these previous generation components and utilizing modern low wear materials, e.g., cross-linked polyethylene, may lead to improved implants for future hip resurfacings.

This paper examines the multi-recycling of transuranic (TRU) elements (Pu-Np-Am-Cm) in standard Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) assemblies. The original feed of TRU comes from legacy spent UOX fuel. For all subsequent recycling passes, TRU elements from the previous generation are employed, supplemented by TRU from legacy UOX fuel, as needed. The design criteria include: 235 U enrichment requirements to remain below 5 w/o, TRU loading limits to avoid return to criticality under voided conditions, and assembly power peaking factors. In order to carry out multiple recycling passes within the design envelope, additional neutron moderation is required and achieved by reducing the fuel pellet diameter by about 13%, thus keeping the assembly design compatible with current PWR core internals. TRU transmutation rates and long-term ingestion radiotoxicity results are presented for 15 recycling passes and compared to standard UOX and MOX once-through cycles. The results also show that TRU fuel isotopics and radiotoxicity tend towards an equilibrium, enabling further additional recycling passes.

The findings of the last years in the Central Kazakhstan which were received during the excavation works on such monuments as Taldy-2, Birlik, Nurken-2, Karashoky, Akbeit, Tegiszhol enlarge the available data on art culture of the ancient population of this region and make a great contribution to the treasury of knowledge. By now owing to archeologists’ researches of both previous generation and works of present expeditions the unique collection of the subjects illustrating esthetic tastes of tribes of the early Iron Age is received.

Nitrogen supplement by adding N-fertilizer and/or growing of N-fixing trees are considered as important stimulus for the development of early vegetation. We performed pot experiments to determine the responses of legumes (N-fixing) and grasses (non-N fixing) in respect to their biomass to N fertilization, legacy of N, and combination of these two in various ages of post mining soils. N legacy was achieved either by long-term mineral N fertilization (legacy of inorganic N) (experiment 1) or growing of N2 fixing plant (legacy of N-fixing) (experiment 2). The first pot experiment was conducted to test N fertilization and legacy of inorganic N and these two on growth of Festuca rubra and Lotus corniculatus when grown separately. Following this, plant-soil feedback was defined as positive or negative by comparing the second generation of plant biomass in soils with and without plants in the previous generation. In the second pot experiment, we compared the performance of P. compressa and L. corniculatus in the presence of legacy of N-fixing and N fertiliaztion when grown together, and at the same time, plant-soil feedback was determined. N fertilization increased the growth of grasses, but only increased biomass of legumes in young soils. N-legacy induced variable plant growth, in particular often decreased the biomass of legumes. Legacy of inorganic N was only beneficial for grasses rather than legumes in medium soils. When growing in the same pot, legacy of N-fixing showed positive effects on grasses, depending on soil age and N fertilization. Repeated growing of plants in the same soil mostly resulted in negative plant-soil feedback. Negative plant-soil feedback was not alleviated by N fertilization and legacy of inorganic N for both grasses and legumes when grown separately. However, growing grasses and legumes together can induce positive plant-soil feedback with no legacy of N-fixing. In conclusion, N addition often stimulates plant growth more than long-term N effect. Legacy of N tends to be only beneficial for non-N fixing plants in medium aged soils. While negative plant-soil feedback occurs for grasses and legumes both grown separately or together, legumes can induce positive plant-soil feedback when grown with grasses in no legacy of N-fixing soils.

An effective diffusion model characterized by the technology-induced function diversification and cost reductions can be developed to reflect whether competition exists among multiple generations of technology and to interpret how price reductions stimulate consumption. New technology can enhance the production skill levels of LCD TV manufacturing, enabling successive generation of LCD TV to become larger-sized than the previous generation, reducing the overall cost in manufacturing process and resulting in the price reduction of LCD TVs. However, previous diffusive predictions of LCD TVs using conventional multi-generational models ignore the price effect on market potentials and generational substitutions, so a novel generation-specific multi-generational model for the first time incorporating heterogeneous price elasticity and consumer behaviors across various LCD TV sizes is constructed in this work. This study applies nonlinear least square method to simulate the parameters of our modified model and further compares the accuracy between our modified model and the existing models. Analytical results indicate that price reduction strongly correlates with LCD TV sales, implying that price reductions increase the market potential of each LCD TV generation. Our modified model performs superior to the conventional multi-generational model in terms of predicting future shipment orbits of 26-, 42-, and 46-in. LCD TVs.

We study the evolutionary Prisoner’s Dilemma game among individuals endowed with adaptively interaction intensity. Individuals adjust their interaction intensity according to the rules “payoff increase-high intensity, payoff decrease-low intensity”: if an individual’s payoff increases compared with that in the previous generation, he raises his interaction intensity; otherwise, he reduces the probability of interaction. We find that if individuals can adjust their interaction intensity with a proper scale, cooperation can be promoted. Interestingly, individuals with low interaction intensity usually hold the boundary of cooperator cluster. Such spatial distribution can alleviate the exploitation from defectors to cooperators since the interaction between cooperators and defectors is weakened. We hope our work can yield some insight into investigation of the evolution of cooperation in structured population.

The article deals with a stochastic inventory model, considering two types of markets: one for good quality and another for average quality of products. Recovery rates of used products from customers of two different markets are random variables and recovery items are stored in two store warehouses. Warehouse 1 stores the products collected from the customers of market 1 and warehouse 2 keeps the products collected from the customers of market 2. At the end of each generation (cycle period), recovery items of store houses are screened and then they are separated into three types of items. Partly deteriorated items, components of raw material from some of the recoverable products and the disposal items are stored in warehouse 1. Another two types of items, components of raw material from some of the recoverable products and totally disposable items, are stored in warehouse 2. In next generation, components of production lot are combination of recovery and new components. The partly damaged products are re-manufactured along with the defective items during regular production and these are sold in market 2. The philosophy of our model is that, at the beginning of one cycle, production lot-size is combination of new and recovered components and also defective products are re-manufactured with the recovery of partly damaged products from previous generation. The problem is to coordinate optimal production lot size so that the total expected profit in the m th generation of the model is maximized.

Independent variable, admittedly stipulated separate differences in measured values of self-evaluation level of contemporary Kazakh adolescents is the time factor itself, which divided two generations, taking into account important events in the country life and receiving of the state independence. Research of private structure of contemporary Kazakh adolescents self-evaluation. Contemporary adolescent's self-evaluation peculiarities are in 1) in higher level in comparison with adolescents of older generation; 2) in structural similarity with previous generation that is evidence of succession and difference on self-evaluation between two adolescents generation.

Diffusion of 3G cellular technology varies widely across countries and regions. Past studies have shown that lower levels of diffusion of previous technologies and higher levels of income are significant factors in accelerating the take up of 1st and 2nd generation of mobile telephony. In addition, spectrum management policy plays a significant role in shaping 3G diffusion. Regulatory policies regarding spectrum management include mandating band and technology and decisions to hold spectrum auctions. An econometric analysis over a multi-country panel dataset shows that these spectrum management policies do have significant influence on the take-up of 3G. Findings suggest that the presence of multiple technologies for the previous generation is associated with rollout delay. The estimations indicate that countries that mandated a specific frequency band for 3G saw faster roll out, but in the long run those countries experienced a slower growth rate. Also estimations find that 3G diffusion is not significantly affected by the choice of auctions vs. alternative license award processes. Insights gained from this study of the 2G to 3G transition can provide guidance to regulators now contemplating the transition to newer generations.

SummaryBackgroundA new generation of balloon-expandable valves (e.g. Edwards SAPIEN XT) enables the use of a decreased sheath size using the NovaFlex™ delivery system for transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). However, there are few data analysing the efficacy and safety of this new prosthesis.AimsTo evaluate periprocedural and 30-day clinical outcomes using the Edwards SAPIEN XT compared with the first-generation Edwards SAPIEN prosthesis.MethodsBetween May 2006 and October 2011, consecutive high-risk or non-operable patients with severe aortic stenosis had TAVI using an Edwards SAPIEN or SAPIEN XT prosthesis. Valve Academic Research Consortium endpoints were used.ResultsOf 250 patients who underwent TAVI, 190 were performed transfemorally (78 SAPIEN and 112 SAPIEN XT). Transfemoral access was possible more often using SAPIEN XT (112/123 [91.1%] vs 78/127 [61.4%]; P

This article examines in a broad perspective entropy and some examples of its relationship to evolution, genetic instructions and how we view diseases. Living organisms are programmed by functional genetic instructions (FGI), through cellular communication pathways, to grow and reproduce by maintaining a variety of hemistable, ordered structures (low entropy). Living organisms are far from equilibrium with their surrounding environmental systems, which tends towards increasing disorder (increasing entropy). Organisms free themselves from high entropy (high disorder) to maintain their cellular structures for a period of time sufficient to allow reproduction and the resultant offspring to reach reproductive ages. This time interval varies for different species. Bacteria, for example need no sexual parents; dividing cells are nearly identical to the previous generation of cells, and can begin a new cell cycle without delay under appropriate conditions. By contrast, human infants require years of care before they can reproduce. Living organisms maintain order in spite of their changing surrounding environment that decreases order according to the second law of thermodynamics. These events actually work together since living organisms create ordered biological structures by increasing local entropy. From a disease perspective, viruses and other disease agents interrupt the normal functioning of cells. The pressure for survival may result in mechanisms that allow organisms to resist attacks by viruses, other pathogens, destructive chemicals and physical agents such as radiation. However, when the attack is successful, the organism can be damaged until the cell, tissue, organ or entire organism is no longer functional and entropy increases.

There is a perfect storm brewing in healthcare. The recent economic downturn has created considerable stress for healthcare systems and their employees. That stress will be exacerbated by the pending changes that healthcare reform measures are likely to bring. In addition, healthcare executives must contend with the looming shortage of nurses who will be needed to take care of the aging baby boomers. To fill those vacancies, leaders need to recruit and retain young people, who tend to have different expectations of how they will be treated in the workplace than the previous generation of nurses.

After the Great War of 1914–18 social memories were created to assist people to grieve for, honor and remember the dead. Through processes of selection, articulation and rehearsal of information about the war’s events, thousands of memorials were created. Increasing numbers of tourists are showing interest in the Great War but may find difficulty in interpreting the memories articulated through the memorials by a previous generation. To accommodate these needs, new memorials have been built which focus on education and new forms of commemoration. This paper uses social memory theory to describe the processes through which tourism can engage in creating and perpetuating the memory of the Great War, and suggests how research can help to better understand tourists’ experiences.

Inter-generational equity is essential for environmental sustainability. The current gen- eration inherits an environment with a certain quality from the previous generation. The impact on the environment gradually exacerbates and accumulates over a period of time between two generations. However, currently there is no index available to assess inter- generational equity. Generally a typical environmental index is established to represent the environmental status in a specific year. This kind of index, although it presents the annual environmental variation, does not reflect the degree of change in environmental sustain- ability between two generations. Therefore, an inter-generational equity index (IGEI) and an endowment equation to examine the temporal trend of the changing environment are proposed for assessing inter-generational equity. To demonstrate the applicability of the endowment equation, an IGEI was established to assess the inter-generational equity of global warming. The global warming IGEI evaluates the status between two generations based on three sub-indexes; CO2 emission, loss due to climate disasters, and the size of the existing forest area. The pressure-state-response (PSR) framework was adopted to explain the causal relationship between these three sub-indexes. According to the endowment rate determined by the proposed equation for each sub-index, the increase in CO2 emission from 1980 to 2000 shows an obviously inequitable pattern between generations. Subsequently, the loss due to climate disasters between generations was also more serious. The size of the forest area, an important factor for reducing the impact of global warming, is unfortunately also decreasing significantly between generations. Using the endowment rate determined by the proposed endowment equation, the evaluation of the inter-generational equity is made possible and is demonstrated by the IGEI established for global warming.

The overall dimensions of the ITER Tokamak and the particular assembly sequence preclude the use of conventional optical metrology such as mechanical jigs and traditional dimensional control equipment used for the assembly of smaller, previous generation, fusion devices. This paper describes the state of the art of the capabilities of available metrology systems, with reference to the previous experience in fusion engineering and in other industries. Two complementary procedures of transferring datums from the primary datum network on the bioshield to the secondary datums inside the VV with the desired accuracy of about 0.1 mm is described, one method using the access directly through the ports and the other using transfer techniques, developed during the co-operation with ITER/EFDA. Another important task described is the development of a method for the rapid and easy measurement of the gaps between sectors, required for the production of the customised splice plates between them. The results from a practical, full-scale demonstration of the methodologies used, using the proposed equipment, is described. This work has demonstrated the feasibility of achieving the necessary accuracies for the successful construction of ITER.

In the past decade we have witnessed the emergence of a completely new class of cancer drugs: the targeted therapeutics. Such drugs are potentially far more powerful than the conventional broadly-acting chemotherapeutic agents as they target cancer-specific lesions. However, in spite of their often superior efficacy and limited toxicity, some of the old problems associated with the use of the previous generation of cancer drugs persist; most notably development of therapy resistance. Since these new drugs inhibit cancer-relevant signalling pathways in a highly specific fashion, only a limited number of genetic events may enable cancer cells to bypass such a specific block in proliferation. It is therefore likely that the molecular pathways that can cause resistance to such targeted therapies are similar in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, it should be possible to uncover mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in suitable pre-clinical models. In particular, unbiased genetic approaches in drug-sensitive cancer cell lines may be useful to identify candidate biomarkers of therapy resistance. Here I discuss the new genetic tools that have become available to perform such studies with an emphasis on the applications of these technologies to identify biomarkers of resistance to targeted therapies.

Purpose To compare the ability of the Heidelberg retina tomograph version 3 (HRT 3) and HRT version 2 (HRT 2) to discriminate between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants Seventy-one eyes of 71 healthy volunteers and 50 eyes of 50 glaucoma patients were studied. The average visual field mean deviation of the glaucoma group was −6.03±5.78 dB. Intervention All participants had comprehensive ocular examinations, perimetry, and HRT scanning within 6 months. HRT 2 data were analyzed using HRT 3 software without modifying the disc margin. Main Outcome Measures Discrimination capabilities between healthy and glaucomatous eyes were determined by areas under the receiver operating characteristics (AROCs) curves. Comparisons between corresponding AROCs obtained by HRT 2 and HRT 3 analyses were performed using the nonparametric DeLong method. Agreement between classifications as defined by the different analysis methods was quantified by κ analysis. Results The individual stereometric parameters with the best discrimination were linear cup/disc ratio (AROC = 0.897; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.836–0.958) for standard HRT 3 analysis and horizontal retinal nerve fiber layer curvature (0.905) for HRT 3 glaucoma probability score (GPS) analysis. Areas under the receiver operating characteristics for discrimination between glaucomatous and healthy eyes of the overall classification by HRT 2 Moorfields regression analysis (MRA), HRT 3 MRA, and GPS were 0.927 (95% CI, 0.877–0.977), 0.934 (0.888–0.980), and 0.880 (0.812–0.948), respectively. The difference between the 3 AROCs was not significant ( P = 0.44). The agreement between HRT 2 and HRT 3 overall MRA classification was good (κ = 0.70; CI, 0.59–0.80) with HRT 3 tending to report more abnormalities than HRT 2 analysis. The agreement between overall HRT 3 MRA and overall GPS was κ = 0.58 (CI, 0.45–0.70). Conclusions The glaucoma discriminating ability of the new HRT 3 software is similar to that of the previous generation HRT 2. The GPS analysis showed promising results in differentiating between healthy and glaucomatous eyes without the need for subjective operator input.

Platform providers in two-sided markets compete over time by introducing new generations of their platforms. New generations are often backward compatible through some form of cloud storage so that consumers' content, preferences, apps, software, and games from the previous generation can still be used on the current generation. When platform providers compete over time, consumers that switch platforms are unable to use their previous content. With two-sidedness, the incumbent platform provider is able to use its price to the other side of the market, the price to content providers, to endogenously determine the strength of the consumer carryover utility that its consumers face when considering switching platforms. Thus, two-sidedness with cloud storage results in endogenously determined switching costs. I find that cloud storage is not used to foreclose platform entry but instead is used to soften competition between platform providers. Furthermore, the resulting equilibria comport with anecdotal evidence of attempted entry across several platform industries, such as smartphones, video game consoles, personal computers, eReaders, and online streaming subscriptions.

VASER is a fat pretreatment device based on the emission of pulsed or continuous ultrasound energy to emulsify fat before its aspiration by means of suction-assisted lipoplasty or power-assisted lipoplasty. If compared with previous generation UAL machines, it carries important technologic advances that focus on the safety and efficiency of the process. VASER is the result of improvements in surgical instrumentation and technique, proper use of wetting solutions, and knowledge about the best use of ultrasound for fat fragmentation. With its thinner cannulas and decreased use of ultrasonic energy, it allows greater emulsification of fat, creates more tunnels, diminishes the operative time, preserves vessels and nerves, and causes less pain and hematomas.

The incidence of natural infection of Heterobasidion annosum was recorded in two genetic trials at different sites. • Site 1: In a 15-year-old clone trial with Norway spruce (Picea abies) planted on a second-generation spruce site the presence of H. annosum at stump height was investigated in two steps. Step 1: The incidence of H. annosum was detected on the stump surface of 48 clones (8–9 ramets of each, totally 394 trees) on disks collected after felling the trees. Step 2: Sixty-four clones and 70 trees propagated from seeds were investigated using an increment-borer. Data from the two investigations were analysed jointly. Totally 112 clones, 6–10 ramets for each clone, and 70 trees propagated from seeds were examined.Step1: H. annosum was found on 29.5% of the trees. No significant difference in infection frequency was found among clones, but for 12% of the clones more than 50% of the ramets were attacked by H. annosum and for 21% of the clones less than 15% of the ramets were attacked. Step 2: H. annosum was found on 16.5% of the trees. There was no significant difference in infection frequency between cuttings and plants propagated from seeds or among clones. In 16% of the clones more than 33% of the ramets were attacked and in 20% of the clones there were no signs of decay. There was a significant difference in incidence of infection between the two investigations. The difference was supposed to be caused by the different assessment methods. No correlations were found between size of the trees and incidence of infection. Fruit bodies of H. annosum were found on stumps formed when the previous generation spruce was clear-cut. • Site 2: A 44-year-old Norway spruce progeny trial with 72 full sib families from 37 parents was clear-cut and the frequency of visual decay on stump surfaces was estimated. In addition, the area of decayed wood was estimated for each stump. At age 41, the diameter and resin flow on stems had been measured. After clear-cut, 66% of the stumps were showing visual decay and on average, 67% of the stump surface was decayed. No significant genetic variation in frequency of decay was found. Decayed trees showed more resin flow than healthy ones.

The performance of four species of earthworm––Eudrilus eugeniae, Kinberg, Drawida willsi Michaelsen, Lampito mauritii, Kinberg and Perionyx excavatus, Perrier––born and grown in vermireactors fed with paper waste was studied over six months, in terms of vermicast output per unit feed, production of offspring, and increase in worm zoomass. These were compared with the performance of the previous generation which had been raised to adulthood on cowdung as principal feed before shifting them to vermireactors operating on cowdung-spiked paper waste. The results indicated that except with D. willsi of which the second generation performed only a shade better than the first, there was significant improvement in vermicast output, animal growth, and reproduction in the second generation compared to the first. The results indicated that cowdung-spiked paper waste can be an adequate food for successive generations of earthworms and that reactors can be operated indefinitely on this feed. The results also indicated that the earthworm generations born and raised in vermireactors operated on this feed become better vermiconverters of this feed than the parent earthworms.

Objective To evaluate the following: (1) the intramethod variability of impedance cardiography (ICG) cardiac output (CO) measurements via the latest generation monitor and thermodilution CO measurements (CO-TDs); (2) the intermethod comparison of ICG CO and CO-TD; and (3) comparisons of the intergeneration ICG CO equation to CO-TD, using the latest ICG CO equation, the ZMARC (CO-ICG), and the predecessor equations for measuring the ICG CO of Kubicek (CO-K), Sramek (CO-S), and Sramek-Bernstein (CO-SB). Design Prospective study. Setting A cardiovascular-thoracic surgery ICU in a community university-affiliated hospital. Patients Post-coronary artery bypass graft patients (n = 53) in whom 210 pairs of CO measurements were made. Interventions None. Measurements and main results The CO-ICG was determined simultaneously while the nurse was performing the CO-TD. Variability within the monitoring method was better for CO-ICG compared to CO-TD (6.3% vs 24.7%, respectively). The correlation, bias, and precision of the CO-ICG was good compared to CO-TD ( r 2 = 0.658; r = 0.811; bias, −0.17 L/min; precision, 1.09 L/min; CO-ICG = 1.00 × CO-TD − 0.17; p r 2 = 0.309; r = 0.556; bias, −1.71 L/min; precision, 1.81 L/min; CO-K = 0.78 × CO-TD − 0.45; p r 2 = 0.361; r = 0.601; bias, −1.46 L/min; precision, 1.63 L/min; CO-S = 0.80 × CO-TD − 0.36; p r 2 = 0.469; r = 0.685; bias, −0.77 L/min; precision, 1.69 L/min; CO-SB = 1.03 × CO-TD − 0.95; p Conclusion The latest ICG technology for determining CO (CO-ICG) is less variable and more reproducible in an intrapatient sense than is CO-TD, it is equivalent to the average accepted CO-TD in post-coronary artery bypass graft patients, and showed marked improvement in agreement with CO-TD compared to measurements made using previous generation ICG CO equations.

This paper examines the growth effects of wage and interest income taxation in an endogenous growth model, which is characterized by diminishing point-in-time returns in human-capital producing technology and overlapping generations of two-period-lived individuals. We show that the greater the long-term learning time of individuals the more individuals inherit human capital from the previous generation. We demonstrate that a flat-rate wage tax stimulates economic growth, while interest income taxation does not necessarily foster such growth. Intergenerational redistribution induces individuals to change both physical and human capital accumulation, affecting the growth rate through changes in factor prices.

Increasing life expectancy has made working longer both more necessary and more possible, but the relationship between an individual’s survival expectations and his planned retirement age is unclear in the existing literature. This study uses the Health and Retirement Study and an instrumental variables (IV) approach to examine how subjective life expectancy influences planned retirement ages and expectations of working at older ages, and how individuals update those expectations when they receive new information. The estimates in this paper suggest a large and statistically significant relationship between subjective life expectancy and retirement expectations: a one-standard-deviation increase in optimism about living to ages 75 or 85 is associated with an 8-percent to 24-percent increase over the mean probability of working at these ages. Actual retirement behavior also increases with subjective life expectancy, but the relationship is somewhat weaker. Our IV estimates using parents’ longevity as instruments are largely consistent with our reduced form estimates, strengthening the conclusion that subjective life expectancy impacts both retirement planning and actual retirement behaviors. Finally, we find that increases over time in subjective life expectancy are associated with increases in the probability of planning to work at ages 62 and 65. The results further our understanding of how survival and retirement expectations are “anchored” to the previous generation’s experience and suggest how targeted efforts at increasing knowledge about rising life expectancy may increase the proportion of younger cohorts who decide to work longer.

Wear and the biological response to wear debris of arti"cial joints remain major concerns in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The long}term e!ects of UHMWPE wear debris are well documented and these have led to interest in alternate bearing materials for THA. Alumina ceramic}ceramic hip joints have been successfully used for more than 30 years with low wear and little incidence of osteolysis. The most common wear pattern observed on retrieved components is an elliptical wear &stripe' on the heads and a corresponding worn area on the cup with an approximated wear rate of 1} 5m m pa. More severe wear has also occasionally occurred, usually in association with an abnormal clinical history. Modern alumina}alumina THAs use an improved HIPed (hot isostatically pressed) alumina ceramic-bearing material which may be more resistant to severe wear. Previous in vitro simulator studies have not replicated in vivo wear rates or mechanisms. The aim of this study was to compare previous generation non-HIPed alumina and modern HIPed alumina in a hip joint simulator under &normal' and &harsh' testing conditions. HIPed alumina was found to have a lower wear rate than non-HIPed alumina, although the di!erence was not statistically signi"cant at the 95% con"dence level. Testing in Gelofusine and water lubricants did not elevate the wear rates of either material. Elevated swing phase load testing also had no signi"cant e!ect on the wear rates of either material. Testing in the absence of any lubricant produced very severe wear of the non-HIPed material in one specimen only. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Resolution of the silicone breast implant crisis has been followed by resurgence in the popularity of augmentation mammaplasty. Past concerns over breast implant safety have created a patient population that is more sophisticated, and has access to a greater number of information resources, than the previous generation. These well-informed patients are seeking augmentation that minimizes potential scarring, while delivering a more aesthetic breast contour. Many arrive for consultation aware of their options, and frequently fresh from consultation with other plastic surgeons. They expect to be presented with expertise and experience in all facets of augmentation mammaplasty—including the surgical approach. In this setting, transaxillary subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty, using endoscopic assistance, has emerged as a frontline choice for many patients. It provides a safe and effective route to aesthetic breast augmentation with minimal complications, and a highly acceptable scar location. Mastery of the approach is no longer optional for surgeons who want to offer a full spectrum of services to their patients. The operation, its evolution, and technical details are discussed in detail.

The former chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Rochester, Charles Rob, once told me that if you don't know what to study, just look up the papers of the previous generation of surgeons. Ideas that seemed impossible 3 decades ago often yield to new technologies. The 3 papers reviewed here demonstrate that Dr. Rob was right. Who would have dreamed that preserved aortic allografts would come back and, indeed, prove to be a far better approach to the treatment of arterial and graft infections? Furthermore, who would have thought that the radial artery, previously discarded as an alternative conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting, would serve so well? All of the papers can be criticized for the lack of controls and for the failure to conduct prospective randomized studies. However, these reports represent major contributions because they provide surgeons with strong alternatives for vascular infections and the lack of suitable vascular conduits. The final figures are not in, but until the definitive studies are done, these reports offer strong support for alternatives previously thought impossible.

The economic character of Amish communities shows signs of considerable change. Amish traditionally have depended on farming, and until recently, nonagricultural work was cause for excommunication from the church. The traditional farming base, however, is increasingly unable to provide the jobs and income necessary for the growing population. In response, there has been a rapid growth in nonagricultural micro-enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of this phenomenon in the Lancaster Settlement in Pennsylvania, the largest Amish settlement in Pennsylvania, and the earliest and still second largest in North America. The paper analyzes the characteristics of the Amish entrepreneurs, their businesses and markets, with comparisons with the standard entrepreneurial literature. The Amish entrepreneurs are found to be quite similar in many ways to entrepreneurs in general, but differ considerably in other aspects. Also, they often differ from popular perception, especially the newer Amish entrepreneurs. Results indicate that the newer Amish entrepreneurs are more dynamic and outward looking than the previous generation; perhaps more in the mold of nonAmish entrepreneurs. The success of the Amish entrepreneurs holds potential lessons for general rural business development strategies.

This talk reports the latest CLEO observation of D production in b decays, which provides new insite of the QCD interactions in heavy quark systems. The observed B semileptonic branching fraction has been significantly lower than QCD expectations, as was confirmed by recent lepton-lepton correclation studies at various experiments that removed most of the model dependence in previous generation measurements. One possible explanation to accommodate this lepton shortage or a wider hadronic width of B mesons is that the process b → cc¯s contributes at a higher rate than expected. That explanation, however, predicts more charm production in than is observed. Using lepton tags in B events this analysis measures the fraction of b → DX in addition to b → DX . The first observation of B → DDX has profound implications to both experiment and theory.

Lipid emulsions can be used as a parenteral source of essential fatty acids (FA), fat-soluble vitamins and energy. The evolution of parenteral lipid emulsions may be divided into three generations of products and concepts. The first generation is represented by conventional lipid emulsions based on soybean and/or safflower oil, very rich in o-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These pioneering lipid emulsions were developed by a group of scientists under the guidance of Dr. Arvid Wretlind who managed to demonstrate a good correlation between the outcomes in both experimental studies and clinical trials. The second generation of parenteral lipid emulsions was developed in response to indications of the potential disadvantageous effects of the high levels of PUFA present in the previous generation of lipid emulsions. Critical evaluation indicated that an excessive intake of o-6 PUFA in parenteral nutrition was associated with an unbalanced FA pattern in cell membranes, which may lead to a modification of the production of lipid mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and a promotion of immunosuppression and systemic inflammatory reactions (trauma, surgery and sepsis). At the experimental level we could show a decreased phagocytosis by liver and lung resident macrophages of rats treated with total parenteral nutrition containing o-6-PUFA-rich lipid emulsions. We also found a decreased bacterial killing function