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Although stress hyperglycemia after myocardial infarction (MI) is consistently associated with increased mortality, recent studies suggest that the addition of upstream markers of glucose metabolism may improve risk identification. Hence, our aim was to evaluate the association between insulin sensitivity changes during MI hospitalization and outcomes.A prospective cohort of 331 consecutive ST-Elevation MI (STEMI) patients without insulin provision therapy was used for the analyses. Blood samples were collected upon admission (D1) and after 5days (D5) of the inciting event. We measured blood glucose and insulin to estimate insulin sensitivity using the updated Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2S). Patients were assessed for intra-hospital death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during follow-up.HOMA2S was 62%±52% on D1 and 86%±57% on D5 (p0.001). Total follow-up was a median of 2 (0.9-2.8) years and found a U-shaped relation between the change in HOMA2S from D1 to D5 (ΔHOMA2S) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (p=0.017). Fully adjusted cox-regression models showed that patients from T1 and T3 were about 2.5 times more prone to suffer from MACE than those in T2. Net Reclassification Index adding ΔHOMA2S as a categorical variable dichotomized as T2 and T1 or T3 to a model of GRACE risk score with glucose D1 yielded a better predictive model (0.184 [95% CI 0.124-0.264]; p=0.032).A U-shaped curve describes the relation between insulin sensitivity change and MACE during acute phase STEMI and, thus indicating that acute dysglycemia must be appreciated in light of a time spectrum and insulin levels.

Aim In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) a progressive thinning in the central retinal thickness (CRT) is mainly related to neuroretinal degeneration and occurs before the decline in visual acuity or capillary density. We investigated the change in CRT by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in T2DM patients after 12 weeks of treatment with dapagliflozin or glibenclamide. Methods Ninety-seven patients (57 ± 7 years) with T2DM and clinical or subclinical atherosclerosis were randomized 1:1 to dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) or glibenclamide (5 mg/day) on top of metformin XR 1.5 g/day. OCT was obtained in all patients enrolled in the study, both at the time of randomization and at the end of the study. Results Baseline and post-treatment values of fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin were equivalent in the two arms. There was no difference in change in diabetic retinopathy status after therapy. The center subfield thickness changed by +2(6)μm in the dapagliflozin group and by -1(7) μm in the glibenclamide group (P = 0.001). Conclusion A short-term treatment with dapagliflozin may increase CRT as compared with equivalent glycemic control with glibenclamide.