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In this study, we estimate the curing state of an entire carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic laminate by using data assimilation that combines observation values and simulation. We used curing simulation based on an estimated thermal conductivity distribution to perform multi-objective optimization of a localized heating method to minimize the cure degree inhomogeneity and curing time. We found from the values of objective functions that multi-objective optimization, using curing simulation based on data assimilation, is effective for minimizing the cure degree inhomogeneity and curing time. In addition, it was verified that the solution set obtained by data assimilation is superior to that without data assimilation by using the Hypervolume method. We also used self-organizing maps to visualize the multi-objective optimization results of the models that perform the internal estimation using data assimilation, in order to show that the relationships between the objective functions and the design variables can be clarified.

The freshwater sculpins, genus Cottus (Teleostei; Cottidae), comprise bottom-dwelling fishes that exhibit various life-history styles, having radiated throughout Northern Hemisphere freshwater habitats. The phylogenetic relationships among Cottus and related taxa were estimated from mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA and control region (CR) sequences, the freshwater sculpins examined falling into five lineages (A-E). Lineage A consisted of Trachidermus fasciatus and C. kazika, both having a catadromous life-history. The remaining species (lineages B-E) spawn in freshwater habitats regardless of life-history (amphidromous, lacustrine or fluvial), suggesting that the various life-history types post-dated a common ancestor of lineages B-E. Molecular clock estimates suggested a Pliocene-Pleistocene radiation (or Miocene-Pliocene from the alternative clock) of lineages B-E. In eastern Eurasia, speciation with life-history changes to amphidromous or fluvial styles has apparently occurred independently in some lineages, as a general pattern. Mitochondrial DNA CR phylogeny showed the monophyletic Baikalian cottoids (Cottoidei) to be nested within Cottus and Trachidermus, suggesting that the former ecologically and morphologically divergent cottoids may have originated from a single lineage which invaded the ancient lake.