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Resumen Introduccion y objetivos En la obtencion de imagenes de angiografia por cardiotomografia (ACT) es importante escoger una ubicacion adecuada para inyectar el medio de contraste (p. ej., el brazo o la pierna) a fin de evitar la formacion de artefactos que este provoca. En este estudio se comparan los valores de tomografia computarizada (TC) y las puntuaciones de visualizacion de las imagenes tridimensionales (3 D) de los lumenes de los vasos sanguineos del brazo y la pierna durante la ACT en pacientes neonatos y lactantes. Pacientes o materiales y metodos Entre los meses de enero de 2017 y enero de 2020 se evaluaron 253 pacientes de forma consecutiva para determinar su inclusion en el estudio. Se utilizaron las puntuaciones de propension estimadas en funcion de los datos demograficos, incluidos la edad, el peso corporal y la ubicacion de la inyeccion (lado derecho o izquierdo) en el brazo (n = 58) y la pierna (n = 58) de los pacientes neonatos y lactantes. A continuacion, se compararon los valores medios de TC de la arteria pulmonar, la aorta ascendente y la vena cava superior izquierda; las relaciones contraste-ruido (RCR); y las puntuaciones de visualizacion del brazo y la pierna como lugares de inyeccion. Resultados Los valores medios de TC durante la ACT para el brazo y la pierna fueron de 479,4 y 461,3 UH en la aorta ascendente, de 464,2 y 448,1 UH en la arteria pulmonar y de 232,8 y 220,1 UH en la vena cava superior izquierda, respectivamente. Los valores medios de ruido de la imagen (DE) y de RCR fueron, respectivamente, de 38,9 y 12,1 UH para el brazo y de 39,1 y 12,3 UH para la pierna. Las puntuaciones medias de visualizacion de la representacion del volumen de las imagenes 3 D fueron de 3,0 y 3,0 para los lugares de inyeccion del brazo y la pierna, respectivamente. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores medios de TC de la aorta ascendente, la arteria pulmonar y la vena cava superior izquierda; el valor de DE; la RCR; y las puntuaciones de visualizacion del brazo y la pierna. Conclusiones Los valores de TC del lumen de los vasos sanguineos y las puntuaciones de visualizacion de las imagenes 3 D observados durante la realizacion de una ACT en pacientes neonatos y lactantes con cardiopatias congenitas son los mismos, independientemente de si el lugar de inyeccion es el brazo o la pierna.

Obtaining CCTA images with optimal injection location such as the arm or leg is important to avoid the artifacts caused by the CM. This study compares the computed tomography (CT) numbers and visualization scores of the three-dimensional (3D) images of the lumens of the blood vessels in the arm or leg during cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in neonatal and infant patients.Between January 2017 and January 2020, 253 consecutive patients were considered for inclusion. We used the estimated propensity scores as a function of the demographic data, including age, body weight, and injection location (right or left side) in the arm (n = 58) and leg (n = 58) of neonatal and infant patients. We compared the mean CT numbers of the pulmonary artery, ascending aorta, and left superior vena cava; contrast-noise ratios (CNR); and visualization scores between the arm and leg as the injection locations.The mean CT numbers during CCTA for the arm and leg were 479.4 and 461.3 HU in the ascending aorta, 464.2 and 448.1 HU in the pulmonary artery, and 232.8 and 220.1 HU in the left superior vena cava, respectively. The mean image noise (SD) and CNR values, respectively, were 38.9 HU and 12.1 for the arm as the injection location and 39.1 HU and 12.3 for the leg as the injection location. The median visualization scores of volume rendering of the 3D images were 3.0 and 3.0 for the arm and leg injection sites, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean CT numbers of the ascending aorta, pulmonary artery, and left superior vena cava; SD value; CNR; and visualization scores between the arm and leg injection locations.The CT numbers of the lumen of the blood vessel and visualization scores of the 3D images of the arm and leg injection locations are equal during CCTA in neonatal and infant patients with congenital heart disease.

To investigate how changing the injection duration at cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) affects contrast enhancement in newborns and infants.Included were 142 newborns and infants with confirmed congenital heart disease who underwent CCTA between January 2015 and December 2018. In group 1 (n = 71 patients), the injection duration was 8 s; in group 2 (n = 71) it was 16 s. Our findings were assessed by one-to-one matching analysis to estimate the propensity score of each patient. We compare the CT number for the pulmonary artery (PA), ascending aorta (AAO), left superior vena cava (SVC), AAO and PA enhancement ratio, and the scores for visualization between the two groups.In group 1, median CT number and ranges was 345 (211-591) HU in the AAO, 324 (213-567) HU in the PA, and 62 (1-70) HU in the SVC. These values were 465 (308-669) HU, 467 (295-638) HU, and 234 (67-443) HU, respectively, in group 2 (p 0.05). The median score for volume-rendering visualization on 3D images of the CCTA was 2 in group 1 and 3 in group 2; the score for visualization of the left SVC of the maximum intensity projection images was 2 in group 1 and 3 in group 2 (p 0.05). The CT number for the AAO and PA enhancement ratio was 15.2 in group 1 and 9.2 in group 2 (p 0.05).The 16-sec injection protocol yielded significantly higher CT numbers for the AAO, PA, and the SVC than the 8-sec injection protocol; the visualization scores were also significantly higher in group 2.In newborns and infants, the longer injection time for CCTA yields stable and higher contrast enhancement at identical CM concentrations.

To compare the computed tomography (CT) number for paediatric cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and visualisation score of the three-dimensional (3D) images using the conventional T-shaped extended tube (T-tube) and spiral flow-generating extended tube (spiral-tube) connected between the contrast injector and cannula.In total, 108 patients suspected to have congenital heart disease (CHD) were considered for inclusion. We utilised the T-tube for intravenous contrast and spiral-tube in 54 patients each. Observers individually inspected randomized volume rendering images of the internal thoracic artery, each acquired from the with or without spiral-tube groups, using a four-point scale. We compared the mean CT number of the ascending aorta (AAO) and pulmonary artery (PA), contrast noise ratio (CNR), CT number for the AAO and PA enhancement ratio, and the visualisation scores between the groups.There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the with or without spiral-tube groups (p 0.05). The mean CT number ±standard deviation for the AAO and PA, and the CNR without or with spiral-tube groups were 441.2 ± 89.2 and 489.8 ± 86.1 HU for the AAO, 436.3 ± 100.6 and 475.3 ± 85.2 HU for the PA, and 9.5 ± 2.2 and 10.8 ± 2.4 for the CNR, respectively (p 0.05). In the spiral-tube group, the CT number, CNR, and visualisations score of the 3D images were significantly higher for the AAO and PA than those in the T-tube group (p 0.05).The spiral-tube proved to be beneficial in improving the CT number for the AAO and PA, CNR, and visualisation score compared with the conventional T-tube during paediatric CCTA.The spiral-tube may allow the visualisation of smaller blood vessels than those visualised by the conventional T-tube for paediatric patients in CCTA.

Introduction With intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) considered as the gold standard, we compared the diagnostic value of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and computed tomography-digital subtraction angiography (CT-DSA in hemodialysis (HD) patients suspected of having lower limb peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods In this retrospective study, we enrolled 220 HD patients with suspected PAD. CT-DSA images were obtained by subtracting unenhanced images from enhanced images. The research team calculated the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV), and recorded the diagnostic accuracy between the CTA and CT-DSA images using the DSA as gold standard. Visual evaluation of calcifications in the peripheral arteries were also compared between CTA and CT-DSA images. Results At the above-knee level, the CTA AUC [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 0.68 (CI 0.64–0.72), sensitivity and specificity were 60 and 81%, PPV and NPV were 85 and 53%, and accuracy was 67%. Below the knee, these values were 0.66 (CI 0.62–0.70), 71 and 79%, 79 and 47%, and 66%. For CT-DSA, above-knee, the AUC [95% CI] was 0.88 (CI 0.85–0.91), sensitivity and specificity were 84 and 92%, PPV and NPV were 89 and 97%, and accuracy was 93%. Below the knee, these values were 0.95 (CI 0.93–0.97), 95 and 93%, 96 and 83%, and 93%. The scores for the visualization of calcification in the peripheral arteries was significantly higher for CT-DSA than CTA (p Conclusions CT-DSA helps to assess stenotic PAD with high calcification in the lower extremities of HD patients. Implications for practice On CT-DSA images, the severity of vascular calcification can be assessed for HD patients suspected of PAD of the lower extremities.

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a critical role in transduction of IL-1R/TLR signaling which is responsible for innate immune response. From HTS campaign, bicyclic-pyrimidine compounds have been identified as potent IRAK4 inhibitors, exhibiting good potency in both IRAK4 biochemical and LPS induced IL-23 inhibition cell-based assays. The SAR efforts were focused on further improving on-target potency, reducing PAD activities of HTS hit molecule and improving in vivo PK profiles of early lead compounds. When different aromatic rings were fused to the pyrimidine core, and with various substituents at 2- or 4-position of the pyrimidine, the impact on potency and PK properties were observed and are discussed. Selected compounds were further evaluated in IL-1β induced IL-6 inhibition acute animal model and rodent arthritis disease model, of which compounds 33 and 39 showed good efficacy in both studies.

Iridium (Ir) exhibits a good efficiency for reduction of NO under excess O2 coexisting conditions at temperatures higher than 250 °C. On the other hand, the advantage is lost at lower temperatures below 250 °C under O2 existence, compared to any other platinum group metals. In this study, adsorption behavior of NO on Ir(111) single-crystal surfaces under excess O2 coexisting conditions at the temperatures from room temperature to 250 °C has been studied by in-situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). It is revealed that the coexisting O2 induces formation of a high-density chemisorbed atomic oxygen (O) phase and the atomic O phase suppresses adsorption of NO at on-top sites significantly, which suggests that the suppression of NO adsorption causes a decrease in the ability of NO reduction at the lower temperatures.

Background Medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT) results in joint overloading and degenerative changes in the knee. Favorable clinical outcomes have been reported after transtibial pullout repair of MMPRT. To date, however, in vivo tibial rotational changes before and after root repair remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate postoperative changes in tibial rotation following MMPRT pullout repair. Hypothesis Pathological external rotation in the knee-flexed position is caused by MMPRT and is reduced after transtibial pullout repair. Patients and methods Fifteen patients who underwent MMPRT pullout repair and 7 healthy volunteers were included. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations were performed in the 10° and 90° knee-flexed positions. The angles between the surgical epicondylar axis and a line between the medial border of the patellar tendon and the apex of the medial tibial spine were measured. Baseline was defined as a line lying at a right angle to the other, and a value was positive and negative when the tibia rotated internally and externally, respectively. Results In the volunteer's normal knees, tibial internal rotation was +1.00° ± 3.27° at 10° flexion and +4.14° ± 3.46° at 90° flexion. In the MMPRT preoperative knees, tibial internal rotation was +1.07° ± 3.01° at 10° flexion and +1.27° ± 2.96° at 90° flexion. In the postoperative knees, tibial internal rotation was +1.60° ± 2.85° at 10° flexion and +4.33° ± 2.89° at 90° flexion. Discussion This study demonstrates discontinuity of the MM posterior root may induce a pathological external rotation of the tibia during knee flexion and that MMPRT pullout repair reduces the pathological external rotation of the tibia in the knee-flexed position. Level of evidence III, comparative retrospective study.

The operator's response to alarms is crucial in preventing a process upset from escalating into a more serious event in continuous processing in petrochemical plants. In evaluation of man/machine interaction during plant operation, EEMUA (Engineering Equipment and Material User Association) guidelines are best known as a standard based on the experience of many plant engineers. This paper employs a queuing system model for the alarm/operator process, and proposes an evaluation criterion calculated from the occupation rate using the queuing model. It is verified that the derived model substantiates the number of standing alarms in EEMUA guidelines. The method has the advantage that it can provide an operation margin to existing plants. Additionally, it is expected to be used in operation design when integrating control rooms.

Multi-fractal analysis under the self-organized criticality (SOC) hypothesis is performed for the VHF electromagnetic noises observed before an earthquake. A rather strong (M=7.2) earthquake took place in the off-sea of Sendai, and we have utilized the corresponding VHF noise (at 49.5 MHz) data at several stations in the Tohoku area. Among the three observing stations used for analysis, the VHF data only at one station (Kunimi) have exhibited significant precursors; that is, a significant increase in multi-fractal complexity at the last stage of the rupture. The use of fractal analysis enables to sort out the lithospheric effect following the SOC, among the few possible noise sources at VHF. The change observed only at this station might be related with the geological structure around this station because there are fault regions around the station.

Using a cluster jet containing Ar clusters, collimated relativistic electrons up to 58 MeV with an electron charge of 2.1 nC were generated by a laser–cluster interaction. The resulting spectrum does not fit a Maxwellian distribution, but is well described by a two-temperature Maxwellian. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate an important role of clusters that the higher energy electrons are injected by the laser pulse interaction with the clusters and then they gain their energy during the direct acceleration by the laser pulse, while the lower energy electrons are accelerated by the wakefield being injected during the plasma wave breaking.

We model colloid-dispersed fluids using the real-coded lattice gas, in which colloidal particles are treated as hard spheres interacting with solvents of the lattice gas particles. We simulate the Brownian motion of a colloidal particle and compare its velocity distribution with that from the theoretical prediction. Both agree well showing that thermal fluctuation is naturally incorporated. We also measured the drag force acting on a colloidal particle and compare the drag coefficient with existing data. It is found that higher space and time resolutions are required in order to model the correct colloidal fluids interactions.

Resonant photoionization of OCS at the sulfur 2p3/2→4π* resonance is observed. The spectra show three satellite structures between B ( 2 Σ ) and C ( 2 Σ ) valence-ionized states. Based on ab initio theoretical calculations, these satellites are assigned to 4 Π , 2 Π , and 2 Φ shake-up-like satellites with three open shells, where the shake-up electron occupies the 4π* orbital. The transition to the spin-forbidden 4 Π state arises from strong singlet–triplet mixing via the spin–orbit coupling in the intermediate sulfur 2p-4π* excited state. In order to understand the observed satellite intensities, matrix elements for the Auger-like two-electron process from the intermediate sulfur 2p→4π* excited states to the final valence-ionized states are analytically derived.

We have observed a vibrational progression of C2H22+ with double charge transfer (DCT) spectroscopy. From an exploratory calculation, the progression is assigned to the symmetric C–C stretching mode of the lowest singlet 1 Δ g state with linear geometry. The observed structure is well reproduced with the theoretical Franck–Condon (FC) factors obtained from the potential curves of the 1 Δ g and first-excited 1 Σ g + states along the normal C–C stretching coordinate. Multi-reference CI calculations reveal a predominant contribution of the 1 Δ g state. These results suggest that the DCT process can probe dicationic states of polyatomic molecules like acetylene with resort to the FC principle.

Doubly charged molecular ions (dications) of N 2 and CO have been studied using a double charge transfer (DCT) spectrometer capable of resolving vibrational levels. The vibrational structures of low-lying singlet states are observed in the translational energy spectra of H − ions produced by double electron capture collisions of H + projectiles. The observed spectra are well reproduced using the theoretical Franck–Condon (FC) profiles calculated from the best available ab initio potential curves. This suggests that the DCT process obeys the FC principle, i.e., the vertical transition from a neutral molecule to the corresponding dication.

This paper reports on the results of the use of resolution enhancement techniques in combination with an advanced deep ultraviolet (DUV) photoresist on an ASML PAS5500/300 stepper (maximum numerical aperture (NA) = 0.63. The performance of 0.15 and 0.13 @mm features will be evaluated using optical proximity correction (OPC) and an alternating phase-shifting mask (PSM) and these results will be compared with exposures with a binary mask. Two different resist thicknesses will be compared: 450 and 600 nm.

Inverse Compton scattering has been gaining attention as a process for the generation of X/γ-ray, since it produces tunable X/γ-ray pulses with a small cone angle of radiation. A table-top tunable Compton X/γ-ray source would be realized by replacing a radio frequency (rf) linac with a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA), which is one of the advanced accelerators. An empirical scaling law for the LWFA in the self-injection mode showed that the energy gain was inversely proportional to the plasma density. In order to effectively employ the LWFA as a Compton X/γ-ray source, its stability must be improved. For this purpose, we are developing techniques for the injection of initial electrons by a localized wavebreaking at the density ramp of a plasma. The pointing stability and acceleration efficiency of the electron beam were significantly improved by applying an axial magnetic field to the plasma channel.

The proposed plasma lens experiment at the Final focus Test Beam (FFTB) facility of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (Chen et al. SLAC, 1997) [1] has been approved by the adminstration. The experiment would allow the examination of plasma focusing devices for particle beams in the parameter regime of interest to future high-energy colliders. It is expected to lead to compact plasma lens designs capable of focusing the beam to unprecedented small spot sizes.

A simplified method for the determination of 25-hydroxy and 1alpha,25-dihydroxy metabolites of vitamins D2 and D3 in human plasma was developed. Plasma samples were deproteinizated and applied to a Bond Elut C18OH cartridge to separate 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] fractions. The 25-OH-D fraction was purified by a Bond Elut C18 cartridge and 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 were assayed by HPLC using a Zorbax SIL column. The 1,25(OH)2D fraction obtained above was subsequently applied to HPLC using a Zorbax SIL column to separate 1,25(OH)2D2 and 1,25(OH)2D3 fractions which were determined by a radioreceptor assay (RRA) using calf thymus receptor. The method was applied to nutritional studies.

In this paper, a design method of multivariable MRACS (Model Reference Adaptive Control System) with unknown interactor matrix based on coprimc factorization approach over proper stable rational functions is proposed. The interactor matrix is a priori information in the standard multivariable MRACS problem. But since the interactor matrix is difficult to obtain in advance it is strongly required to construct multivariable MRACS with unknown interactor matrix. In this paper, it is shown that the problem can be solved by including fixed compensator, and designing it properly. The proposed system is considered to be the multivariable MRAPP(Modrl Reference Pole Placement), but the extension to the multivariable case can be achieved by using fixed compensator.

Electron emission spectra resulting from thermal collisions of He∗ (23S, 1s2s) metastable atoms with Xe layers formed on a graphite were measured. The metastable atoms deexcite to the ground state on the surface predominantly via Penning ionization and yield the Xe 5 p 3 2 and 5 p 1 2 - derivedz bands as in the case of photoemission. It is found that the angular distribution of Penning electrons is strongly modified from the gas-phase angular profile owing to limitation of the impact parameter.

The structure of ultra-thin films (0.5–5 monolayers) of chloroalminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) on an MoS 2 substrate was studied by Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (PIES), angle resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The change in the molecular orientation was sensitively detected during the variation of the thickness and temperature of the film.

The 1,000 ppm VOCs (volatile organic compounds) decomposition performance of SPCP (Surfaced Discharge Induced Plasma Chemical Processing) was studied relating to various carrier gas effects, plasma exposing methods and others in order to understand the decomposition mechanisms. In any carrier gas, a direct SPCP can decompose every VOC tested. The efficient decomposing carrier gases are oxygen, air and nitrogen in that order. However, when the SPCP treated gasses (air, nitrogen or oxygen) are mixed with contaminated gasses, oxygen seems be necessary to decompose VOCs. Four new halogenated (chloro-)organic materials are also tested as contaminants. The maximum decomposition for every contaminants is found to be more than 90% and the energy efficiency for each contaminant is roughly in the same order.

The pulse corona induced plasma chemical process (PPCP) and the surface discharge induced plasma chemical process (SPCP) represent novel technologies for generating copious active radicals under ordinary temperature and pressure for control of gaseous pollutants ( NO x , SO x VOCs ) and air toxics (Hg and other readily vaporized metals, trechloroethane, trichloroethylene, freons, toluene, dioxines, etc.) as well as odors. PPCP and SPCP are completely dry processes having a simple construction, and their overall cost (both initial and running) is one of the lowest among the processes for control of gaseous pollutants They can he combined with a wet ESP, a bag-filter with absorbent powder coat, a catalyst bed, or an active charcoal bed for the final removal of the reaction products.

An autopsy case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) in a 56 yr-old woman is reported. Histopathologic abnormalities are shown widely in the heart, liver, kidney, pancreas and thyroid gland, other than the central nervous system and skeletal muscles that had been so far emphasized in the cases of MELAS. Particularly in the myocardium, focal fibrosis and a disarray of myofibrils were demonstrated, which closely resembled that seen in idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition, unique mitochondrial abnormality exhibiting a central glycogen aggregation with surrounding multiple radiating cristae was noted in some cardiomyocytes, which has never been reported in previous cases of MELAS. Thus, in MELAS, various histopathological abnormalities including the mitochondrial abnormalities may involve tissues other than those of the neuromuscular system.

The ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating experiment with two half-turn antennae in the compact helical system (CHS) demonstrated the possibility of ICRF heating in a low-aspect-ratio helical system. Significant heating effects were observed during ICRF heating with two half-turn antennae. During ICRF heating the radiation power also increased, and finally the plasma collapsed. Five new antennae were designed to reduce the release of impurities and were installed for high power ICRF heating in the CHS. Four antennae have almost the same design as the previous antennae and are installed in slant ports. The other antenna is a new type, of large width (about 24 cm), installed in a vertically elongated position (U-port). A pre-stub tuner and double twin stub tuners were adopted to the transmitting lines and the matching systems to reduce transmitting loss and to facilitate impedance matching. The total absorption power is expected to be more than 1.5 MW.

We report results of folded waveguide antenna experiments with high power, up to 1 MW, which include the dependence of plasma loading resistance on the plasma density and how much r.f. power can be delivered. We propose its application to the large helical device, which is a heliotron-torsatron device scheduled to produce its first plasma in 1998. The folded waveguide antenna launches an ion Bernstein wave to heat electrons via the Landau damping process. Preliminary experiments show a sharply defined wavenumber spectrum along the magnetic field line, which suggests core plasma electron heating. Direct electron heating is superior to fast wave minority heating because it avoids the orbit losses of deeply trapped high energy ions.

An ion cyclotron resonant frequency heating system for steady-state operation of the large helical device (LHD) was developed and tested. A research and development test set-up which consists of a transmitter, transmission lines, matching stubs, a vacuum feedthrough, a vacuum chamber and a test antenna has been constructed. To remove the resistive heat load generated by the r.f. current, all the components are cooled with water which circulates inside them. The structure of the water inlet-outlet of the coaxial transmission lines was newly designed and tested. The coaxial line has a large diameter, 240 mm, in order to ensure a high r.f. stand-off voltage. The steady-state operation test was carried out at 30 kW (which is equivalent to 500 kW in the heating experiment) for 30 min. Temperature increments of the test antenna and the outer conductors of the transmission line are measured and it was confirmed that they stay within the acceptable level. The 30 min test run shows that the newly designed integral components have a high cooling capability and stand-off voltage for the steady-state heating experiment in the LHD.

The extra-thin evaporated films of long chain alkyl derivatives were characterized by Penning ionization electron and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. Two types of molecular aggregation were found in films prepared under different conditions. In particular, films made up of lying chains were studied in detail, the number of layers being controlled from 1 (4 A in thickness) to several, and the first stage of film growth was observed layer by layer. Based on these results, a monolayer composed of sash-like and flat-lying macromolecules was prepared by the photopolymerization of dialkyldiacetylene taking place in the outermost surface layer.

The mixing process of turbulent shear layer developing in a plane two-dimensional channel has been numerically investigated. Under the condition of various initial shear rates as accomplished by varying the mass flow rate of the two oncoming parallel channel flows, the performance of a second-moment closure model and the k - ϵ model has been examined in terms of representing the overall streamwise flow development as well as the profiles of individual variables. It is shown that the difference between the two models is largely attributable to the evaluation of the production rate of turbulent kinetic energy, the second-moment closure model ensuring a slightly more realistic simulation of the flows out of the equilibrium state of turbulent kinetic energy.

The metastable atom electron spectra (MAES) obtained by thermal collisions between He * (1s2s) atoms and semiconductor MoS 2 and LaCoO 3 surfaces were compared to the corresponding He I ultraviolet photoemission spectra. The metastable atoms are deexcited on the MoS 2 surface predominantly via resonance ionization followed by Auger neutralization and on the LaCoO 3 surface via Penning ionization. The deexcitation channel and the relative bandintensity of the MAES are found to depend strongly on the spatial distributions of the occupied and unoccupied wavefunctions at the outermost surface layer.

He * (2 3 S) Penning ionization electron spectra (PIES) of some nitroalkanes, nitropropenes and nitrobenzene have been recorded and compared with their respective He(I) photoelectron spectra (UPS). The spatial electron density distributions of the out-of-plane π orbitals of the nitro group are more extended than the in-plane n 0 orbitals, resulting in relatively strong π bands in the PIES. Similarly, the π CC bands of nitropropenes and the π ring bands of nitrobenzene are enhanced in the PIES owing to the more extended nature of these orbitals. This has enabled the unequivocal assignment of the first three ionic states of nitromethane. The assignment is also supported by multi-deference determinant configuration interaction (MRD-CI) calculations. Variations of the intensity enhancement among these compounds are discussed in terms of local steric shielding effects.

The He∗(23S) metastable atoms incident on the Si(111)-7×7 surface deexcite via the resonance ionization followed by Auger neutralization. In the electron emission spectrum, we found for the first time fine structures assigned to the Auger transitions involving two electrons of the dangling bond surface states. The hole-hole interaction and Auger intensity across the surface states are discussed.

Metastable atom electron spectra (MAES) resulting from thermal collisions of He ∗ atoms with a K-adsorbed Si(0 0 1)-2 × 1 surface were measured. The results clearly show the presence of three chemisorbed phases depending on the K coverage. It was also found that the singlet-triplet conversion scarcely takes place at the K-monolayer on Si(0 0 1), in contrast to the cases of alkali-monolayers on transition-metal surfaces and alkali-metal surfaces. This finding together with the feature of MAES suggest that the Si(0 0 1)-2 × 1/K surface is semiconducting in character rather than metallic.

Pure anions of tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane ([TFTCNQ] − ) without counter ions were prepared by heating a monolayer film of TFTCNQ deposited on a graphite substrate held at −150°C. During the preparation, the change in the electronic state of the film was monitored by Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy. On the basis of ab initio MO calculations, the first two bands in the Penning spectrum of [TFTCNQ] − were assigned to the ground and lowest triplet states of TFTCNQ arising from the electron emission from [TFTCNQ] − .

Using Penning ionization electron spectroscopy, which provides information on the local distribution of individual orbitals exposed outside the outermost surface layer, ultra-thin films (one to several monolayers) of tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (TFTCNQ) and tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) were characterized during layer-by-layer vacuum deposition onto a graphite substrate. The changes in the molecular orientation and electronic state were sensitively detected. Further, a monolayer of TFTCNQ was vacuum-deposited alternately with that of TMTSF. The charge-transfer reactions between them and also between TFTCNQ and the substrate were confirmed on the basis of the change in the electronic state.

The He∗(23S) metastable atoms were shown to de-excite on the Si(111)−7 × 7 and Si(100)−2 × 1 surfaces through resonance ionization followed by Auger neutralization, producing two holes in the valence states of the outermost surface layer. A comparison between the electron emission spectra of the 7 × 7 and 2 × 1 surfaces exhibits different features which can be interpreted in terms of the surface effect, although such a difference has not been observed in ordinary L2,3 VV Auger spectra or ion neutralization spectra.

The electron emission spectra resulting from thermal collisions of He∗(23S) metastable atoms with a Si(111)-7 × 7 surface were measured. Upon the oxidation of the surface, the deexcitation process of the metastable atom is found to change from resonance ionization followed by Auger neutralization to Penning ionization owing to the semiconductor-insulator transition of the surface. From comparison with the photoemission spectra, the electronic states of the outermost oxide layer are discussed.

Neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) were used as a model system to characterize neuronal-glial type angiotensin (ANG) receptors by covalent crosslinking analysis. After differentiation with 1.5% DMSO and 0.5% fetal bovine serum for four to five days, saturation analysis revealed a single high affinity site with a Kd = 1.35 +/- 0.42 nM and a Bmax = 468 +/- 106 fmol/mg protein. Using the homobifunctional crosslinking reagent bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3), a site with an estimated Mr of 78 kDa was specifically labeled with 125I-ANG II as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both ANG II and ANG III (10(-6) M) inhibited specific labeling. The Ki for ANG III binding was similar by both pharmacologic (Ki = 3.33 +/- 0.98 nM) and gel densitometric (Ki = 2.65 +/- 0.32 nM) analyses. We conclude that the 78 kDa protein represents a high affinity ANG binding site with similar affinities for both ANG II and ANG III.

Electron emission spectra resulting from thermal collision of He * (2 3 S) metastable atoms with a Si(111)-(7x7) surface was measured together with the ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS). The He * atom was found to deexcite on the surface via resonance ionization followed by Auger neutralization. The deconvoluted spectrum exhibits three distinct bands corresponding to those in the UPS. The relative intensity of these bands can be interpreted in terms of the spatial electronic distribution of the surface states originating from the dangling and back bonds. Other surface states hidden in the UPS owing to the strong bulk emission were also found in the deconvoluted spectrum.