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The present paper investigates the effects of different nanoparticles blended with biodiesel on performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. However, inherent drawbacks like lower heating value, higher density, and viscosity while increased fuel consumption and NOx emissions limit the biodiesel application in engines. In this way, the additives in the form of nanoparticles of different materials play a prominent role to mitigate the drawbacks of biodiesel. The higher calorific value, thermal conductivity, and surface to volume ratio properties of nanoparticles enhanced the engine performance, combustion and emissions compared to neat biodiesel and biodiesel-diesel blends. This study uses five different Diesel, B20, B20CO, B20TO and B20COTO test fuels to be prepared at a different volume mixing ratio. It was concluded that by B20COTO nanoparticle additive fuel showed high BTE and reduced BSFC, HC and NOx emissions on a diesel engine as correlated to other fuels. B20CO fuel showed lower CO emissions as compared other fuels.

Today in India, modern technology or many chemical companies need different chemicals as a raw material or as a finished product according to customer requirement. However, at first, most chemical industry problems are the introduction of own hazards during the production of respective chemicals. The Main aim of the work to mitigate the Environmental Hazards encountered in the Sewage treatment plant applying the Fault tree analysis methods minimize the chances of risk involved in the Treatment plants. This work was done in a company located in Mumbai, India. The considered company is administrated by Government, and it produces many chemicals for various purposes. At second, the problem of sewage water is high in all over Mumbai. The Risk assessment is carried out in sewage treatment plant by categorize the factors influenced on each work activity and adopting the Fault tree analysis methodology to reduce the hazards and risks Industry has its sewage treatment plant. The prime issue is that the sewage treatment plant is a failure in reverse osmosis and releases liquid chlorine in the field area. This study aims to find out what are the root causes of above two failure parameter.

This study investigates the spatio-temporal changes in maize yield under projected climate and identified the potential adaptation measures to reduce the negative impact. Future climate data derived from 30 general circulation models were used to assess the impact of future climate on yield in 16 major maize growing districts of India. DSSAT model was used to simulate maize yield and evaluate adaptation strategies during mid (2040-69) and end-centuries (2070-99) under RCP 4.5 and 8.5. Genetic coefficients were calibrated and validated for each of the study locations. The projected climate indicated a substantial increase in mean seasonal maximum (0.9-6.0 °C) and minimum temperatures (1.1-6.1 °C) in the future (the range denotes the lowest and highest change during all the four future scenarios). Without adaptation strategies, climate change could reduce maize yield in the range of 16% (Tumkur) to 46% (Jalandhar) under RCP 4.5 and 21% (Tumkur) to 80% (Jalandhar) under RCP 8.5. Only at Dharwad, the yield could remain slightly higher or the same compared to the baseline period (1980-2009). Six adaptation strategies were evaluated (delayed sowing, increase in fertilizer dose, supplemental irrigation, and their combinations) in which a combination of those was found to be effective in majority of the districts. District-specific adaptation strategies were identified for each of the future scenarios. The findings of this study will enable in planning adaptation strategies to minimize the negative impact of projected climate in major maize growing districts of India.

In recent years, AI emerging as a technology capable of solving problems related to agriculture, health care, business, and soon. To reduce the risk to human life we can adopt machine learning algorithms in the health care domain and can predict the deadliest skin diseases such as malignant melanoma in early stages. The aim of the paper is to provide insights about different categories of skin lesions and methodologies implemented to classify and predict skin cancers, and the role of dermatologists while developing the models, finally provides an overall summary of existing work. The work here presents a systematic comparative study on various algorithms with their advantages and limitations leading to effective conclusions on further directions of research in this area.

The Most challenging issue in the world is to live a life without pair of eye sight and depend on others for everything. The Blind supporter has been developed to support the blind society by converting the visual data by video & image processing into an alternate methodology that will be convenient for blind users. Using the Image Processing engine & AI algorithm the objects have been verified through the scanner. In worldwide there are about 280 million people are visually impaired and most difficult task for them is identifying the people & objects. The Blind supporter has an earphone, camera glass & emergency button to share the location. If the user prefers the reading mode, the blind supporter uses OCR (Optical Character Recognition) algorithm to read the book. During this mode, camera capture the image of the book page & translates into the text. And finally the audio delivered through the headphones from the text covey. This blind supporter helps users to read the text documents without any one support. By using face detection and recognition system the blind supporter was designed with very low hardware requirement. So, the objective of the project is to create the cost-efficient equipment’s for blinds to survive in this world, with lot of confidence.

The study presents the first experimental evidence of the effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) deposition on two basmati (scented) rice varieties [Pusa Basmati-1509 (PB-1509) and Pusa Sugandh-5 (PS-5)] grown in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India. Atmospheric PM load at the experimental site during rice crop growth period (August–November) was in the range of 162–660 μgm−3. The rice varieties growth, biochemical, physiological and yield attributes were monitored under three levels of PM deposition namely - low levels of PM deposition (LPM), ambient levels of PM deposition (APM) and elevated levels of PM deposition (EPM). PM deposition and PM flux on the canopy of rice varieties were 400–574 μgcm−2 and 24–58 μgcm−2day−1, respectively. PM deposition was 4.5% higher on the PS-5 than PB-1509 and among growth stages; it was the highest during the reproductive growth stage. Significant reduction in chlorophyll, leaf water and carotenoid content were observed in both varieties under EPM compared to APM. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) also declined significantly. PM deposition enhanced leaf temperature (1–6%) of rice varieties under EPM compared to APM. The reduction in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration of rice varieties under EPM were in the range of 9–52%; 6–40% and 8–46%, respectively compared to APM. PM deposition effects on plant height, the number of tillers and recoverable root biomass were found non-significant. PS-5 and PB-1509 exhibited 4–7% enhancement and 7.5–14% reduction in grain yield under LPM and EPM compared to APM, respectively. The results of the study indicate that increasing atmospheric PM pollution in IGP may adversely affect productivity and economic gains from scented basmati varieties of rice.

Solar UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface is known to have various effects on human health and on the ecosystem. Ground-based measurements of surface UV radiation are spatially sparse and in many cases do not provide long time series. Higher spatial coverage can be provided by measurements from satellite based instruments, but these measurements need to be compared to ground-based measurements of sufficient quality before they can be used in health and ecosystem applications. Here, we compare the measurements of surface solar UV radiation in UVA (315–400 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) bands with the satellite retrievals (CERES) and validate the latter at an urban location, Delhi, India. We have also used MODIS-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud optical depth (COD) data to see the effect of atmospheric opacity on UV radiation. Ground-based measurements of UVA and UVB were performed from 01 October, 2012 to 30 September, 2015. Correlations between daily surface measurements and CERES-derived surface UV fluxes showed very good agreement (r ∼ 0.92–0.93) over Delhi. We found a negative correlation between UV fluxes and AOD over Delhi during all seasons. A unit increase in AOD leads to a decrease of ∼4–5 Wm-2 in UVA and ∼0.09–0.14 Wm-2 in UVB over Delhi. The trend analysis from monthly mean CERES-derived UV fluxes for 17 years data reveals that UVA and UVB are decreasing ∼0.07 Wm-2 yr−1 and 0.003 Wm-2 yr−1, respectively with AOD increase (∼0.005 yr−1) over Delhi. The simultaneous increase in aerosol loading with decrease in UV fluxes at the surface may be explained as a masking effect of ever increasing pollution on surface UV radiation over Delhi. Our results show ∼10% and ∼20% decrease (with respect to mean) in UVA and UVB surface fluxes, respectively during last 17 years.

The presence of curved centroidal axis in tapered monosymmetric I-beams results in coupling between the axial and flexural behaviours. In this paper, an extended Timoshenko beam formulation that incorporates the axial–flexure coupling in the governing differential equations is presented. The proposed formulation is applicable to generic 3D tapered I-beam, with monosymmetric/ bisymmetric cross-section, under in-plane loading. The governing equations are solved analytically and the results are validated with 3D finite element model for a range of tapered I-beams under distributed axial and transverse loadings. Further, the analytical solutions are used to develop an exact 1D tapered beam element (TBE) that can be used within the finite element framework. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it allows tapered I-beam with monosymmetric section to be modelled as a straight-line segment along its web-centreline. The analytical solutions are also used to develop the exact shape functions for interpolating nodal variables and stress resultants within the element. The proposed beam element is validated by considering a statically indeterminate beam subjected to distributed axial and transverse loads. The displacements, rotations, stress resultants, normal and shear stresses obtained from the proposed beam element show good agreement with 3D FE model.

A boost dc-ac inverter is one which is capable of generating in a single stage ac voltage whose peak value can be higher or lower than the given input dc voltage. The major problem with this system is that the closed loop gain parameters kp and ki have to be optimized because these parameters help us to get desired result with better system response by lowering the rise time, settling time, peak overshoot and steady state error. Moreover when they are not optimized load line disturbances arise because of which the stability of output voltage decreases and THD value increases. So to overcome these difficulties bacterial foraging algorithm is being used.

Shear stress distribution in tapered I-beams is remarkably different from that of prismatic beams as it is largely influenced by the vertical components of the inclined flange forces. Tapered I-beams can have a linear (or nonlinear) variation of web depths or flange widths or a combination of both, with monosymmetric or bisymmetric cross-sections. Evaluation of shear stress distribution at a section in tapered I-beams is a challenging task, and also closed form expressions have not been reported in literature. Hence, this paper presents a mechanics-based approach to arrive at a closed-form analytical expression for evaluating the shear stress distribution in generic 3D tapered I-beams. The major highlight of the proposed approach is that it accurately predicts the shear stress distribution in I-beams with simultaneously tapering web and flanges. The proposed approach was validated with 3D finite element models for a range of problems, and it was observed that the errors are always less than 4% at sections with L/D ratio greater than 3 and with flange inclination less than 10°. In particular, for the case of bisymmetric web-tapered beams and flange-tapered beams, the errors were less than 1%. Finally, the proposed approach lends itself to an explicit algebraic expression that will be useful for design engineers.

The assessment of impact of climate change on coconut, a plantation crop, is challenging. However, the development of a simulation model (InfoCrop-COCONUT) has enabled the process. We present the first simulation analysis of the potential impacts of climate change on coconut productivity in India following two approaches, namely: (i) ‘fixed increase in temperature and CO2, and (ii) scenarios as per PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies) – a regional climate model. Impact of changed management on coconut productivity in current as well as in future climates is also assessed. Climate change is projected to increase coconut productivity in western coastal region, Kerala, parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra (provided current level of water and management is made available in future climates as well) and also in North-Eastern states, islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep while negative impacts are projected for Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Gujarat and parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. On all India basis, even with current management, climate change is projected to increase coconut productivity by 4.3% in A1B 2030, 1.9% in A1B 2080, 6.8% in A2 2080 and 5.7% in B2 2080 scenarios of PRECIS over mean productivity of 2000–2005 period. Agronomic adaptations like soil moisture conservation, summer irrigation, drip irrigation, and fertilizer application cannot only minimize losses in majority of coconut growing regions, but also improve productivity substantially. Further, genetic adaptation measures like growing improved local Tall cultivars and hybrids under improved crop management is needed for long-term adaptation of plantation to climate change, particularly in regions that are projected to be negatively impacted by climate change. Such strategy can increase the productivity by about 33% in 2030, and by 25–32% in 2080 climate scenarios. In fact, productivity can be improved by 20% to almost double if all plantations in India are provided with above mentioned management even in current climates. In places where positive impacts are projected, current poor management may become a limiting factor in reaping the benefits of CO 2 fertilization, while in negatively affected regions adaptation strategies can reduce the impacts. Thus, intensive genetic and agronomic adaptation to climate change can substantially benefit the coconut production in India.

It is important to analyse the impacts of climate change on target production system. However, it is more important to deduce possible adaptation strategies so that the research and developmental policies can be guided to meet the challenges of climate change. Impacts of climate change on the sorghum production system in India are analysed using InfoCrop-SORGHUM simulation model. In general, impact of climate change is projected to be more on winter crop in central (CZ) and south-central zones (SCZ), while in south-west zone (SWZ) the impacts are likely to be higher on monsoon crop. Climate change is projected to reduce monsoon sorghum grain yield to the tune of 14% in CZ and SWZ and by 2% in SCZ by 2020. Yields are likely to be affected even more in 2050 and 2080 scenarios. Climate change impacts on winter crop are projected to reduce yields up to 7% by 2020, up to 11% by 2050 and up to 32% by 2080. Impacts are projected to be more in SWZ region than in SCZ and CZ. But, the yield loss due to rise in temperature is likely to be offset by projected increase in rainfall. However, complete amelioration of yield loss beyond 2 °C rise may not be attained even after doubling of rainfall in south-central zone (SCZ) and in central zone (CZ). Results indicate that adaptation strategies like changing variety and sowing date can reduce the vulnerability of monsoon sorghum to about 10%, 2% and 3% in CZ, SCZ and SWZ regions in 2020 scenario. Adaptation strategies reduced the climate change impacts and vulnerability of winter crop to 1–2% in 2020, 3–8% in 2050 and 4–9% in 2080. This indicates that more low-cost adaptation strategies should be explored to further reduce the net vulnerability of sorghum production system in India.

Bubble point temperatures at 94.83 kPa, over the entire composition range, are measured for the binary mixtures of acetonitrile with: n-, iso-, sec- and tert-butanols – using a Swietoslawski type ebulliometer. The liquid phase composition versus bubble point temperature measurements are found to be well represented by the Wilson model. Measured values of the liquid phase mole fraction versus bubble point temperature data are presented along with the computed values of the vapor phase mole fractions, activity coefficients and excess Gibbs free energies and discussed.

Considering the proximity of the major vascular structures to the back of the knee, vascular complications of total knee arthroplasty are relatively rare. A patient who developed acute vascular insufficiency immediately following a total knee arthroplasty is reported. This stimulated a survey of arterial complications encountered by members of the British Association for the Surgery of the Knee. The majority of surgeons still use a tourniquet but will modify their practice if there is anxiety about vascular status. The mechanism of injury to the vascular system is either direct trauma or thrombosis. The outcome following treatment after direct injury is extremely good. The outcome after thrombosis is extremely poor. There is no recorded case of thrombosis occurring when a tourniquet was not used. Whether all knee arthroplasties should be done without a tourniquet is discussed. Early intervention is vital if a vascular injury is suspected.