Search

The utility of basic intensive care unit (ICU) training comprising a "1-day course" has been scientifically evaluated and reported in very few studies, with almost no such study from resource-limited settings.The study assessed the utility of basic ICU training comprising of a "1-day course" in increasing the knowledge of nonintensivist doctors.This is an observational study conducted at a medical university in North India in 2020. The participants were nonintensivist doctors attending the course. The course was designed by intensivists, and it had four domains. The participants were categorised on the basis of their duration of ICU experience and broad speciality. Pretest and posttest was administered, which was analysed to ascertain the gain in the knowledge score.A total of 252 participants were included, of which the majority were from the clinical medicine speciality (85.3%) and had ICU experience of 1-6 months (47.6%). There was a significant improvement in the mean total score of the participants after training from 14/25 to 19/25, with a mean difference (MD) of 5.02 (p 0.001). Based on ICU experience, in groups I (1 month), II (1-6 months), and III (6 months), there was a significant improvement in the total score of the participants after training with MD with 95% confidence interval (CI) limits of 5.27 (4.65-5.90), 4.70 (4.38-5.02), and 5.33 (4.89-5.78), respectively. In the clinical surgery specialty (n = 37), there was a significant improvement in the total score after training from 11/25 to 16.4/25 with an MD (95% CI limits) of 5.38 (4.4-6.3). Similarly, in the clinical medicine group (n = 215), the MD (95% CI limits) score after training was 4.95 (4.71-5.20), from 14.5/25 to 19.5/25. In feedback, more than half of the participants showed interest in joining ICU after training.Training nonintensivist doctors for 1 day can be useful in improving their knowledge, regardless of their prior ICU experience and speciality.

One of the major limitations in understanding the geochemical evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, is the scarcity of whole rock trace element data of the granitoid and other rocks compared to the vastness of this cratonic block. Here we present new XRF major oxide and ICP-MS trace element analyses of the White Mfolozi Granitoid (WMG) pluton, SE Kaapvaal Craton, which suggest that the ~ 3.25 Ga (U–Pb zircon age) old WMG pluton is a peraluminous A-type granite and could be equivalent to the intrusive potassic granite phase of the Anhalt Granitoid suite, occurring to the North of the WMG pluton. The pluton was generated by batch partial melting of a pre-existing TTG source in two major phases under relatively anhydrous conditions, and the heat of partial melting could have been provided by a voluminous mantle-derived mafic magma, which intruded into mid-crustal levels (c. 17 km), perhaps during a period of crustal extension. The estimated pressure and temperature of generation of the WMG parent magma with average molar [or/(or + ab)] ~ 0.48 could be ~ 500 MPa and close to 1000 °C, respectively, when compared with the results of experimental petrology. Interstitial occurrence of relatively iron-rich biotite [Mg/(Mg + Fe) ~ 0.41–0.45] suggests that the final temperature of crystallization of the pluton was close to 800 °C. An important magmatic event following the main phase of partial melting was limited mixing between the intrusive mafic magma and co-existing newly generated granitic melt. This magma mixing resulted in distinct variations in SiO2 and a low initial Sr isotopic ratio (0.7013) of the WMG pluton. Although both the models of partial melting of quartzo-feldspathic sources and fractional crystallization of basaltic magmas with or without crustal assimilation have been proposed for the origin of A-type granites, the model of magmatic evolution of the WMG pluton presented here can also be an alternative model for the generation of A-type granites. In this model, post-partial melting magma mixing is perhaps critical in explaining the Daly gap in composition and extreme variations in chemical (e.g., SiO2) and isotopic compositions observed in many bimodal A-type granite suites. The emplacement of the oldest known A-type granitoid suite in the Kaapvaal Craton, the WMG pluton, marks a period of stabilization of the craton before erosion and deposition of the overlying volcano-sedimentary succession of the Pongola Supergroup.

A comparison of geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions for Deccan Continental Flood Basalts (CFBs) and Central Indian Ridge (CIR) basalts is presented: these data permit assessment of possible parental linkages between the two regions, and comparison of their respective magmatic evolutionary trends in relation to rift-related tectonic events during Gondwana break-up. The present study reveals that Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) from the northern CIR and basalts of Deccan CFB are geochemically dissimilar because of: (1) the Deccan CFB basalts typically show a greater iron-enrichment as compared to the northern CIR MORB, (2) a multi-element spiderdiagram reveals that the Deccan CFBs reveal a more fractionated slope (Ba/YbN>1), as compared to relatively flat northern CIR MORB (Ba/YbN

We present new major and ICP-MS trace element data of the Carlsberg Ridge MORBs from two different locations (i.e., 3°35 / N/64°05 / E and 3°41 / N/64°09 / E) and reassess the intra-ridge geochemical variations of Carlsberg Ridge- Central Indian Ridge MORBs in the present work. Geochemically, the trace element contents of the Carlsberg Ridge MORBs are similar to the Rodriguez Triple Junction MORBs [e.g., LIL and REE spidergrams and (La/Sm)N ratio etc.] and both are closely resembling to the average N-MORB in composition. The MORBs from the northern- and southern Central Indian Ridge, however, significantly vary in composition between average N- and E-MORBs. The Carlsberg Ridge- Central Indian Ridge MORBs, in general, show much less fractionation in FeOt in MgO-CaO-FeOt diagram compared to those of the Mid Atlanticand East Pacific Rise MORBs. Further, the depleted LREE and nearly flat HREE patterns of the Carlsberg Ridge- Central Indian Ridge MORBs, along with their least variability of compatible trace element (Ni, Cr, Sr) contents against increasing incompatible trace element (Y, Zr) contents in the log-log plots and their increasing incompatible trace element ratios in the process identification plots favor partial melting dominated process for their petrogenetic evolution. Our review on isotope data (Sr, Nd, Pb) shows that the Carlsberg Ridge-Central Indian Ridge MORBs were derived from a depleted mantle source that was variously contaminated by continental crust perhaps during the third stage of Gondwana break up between 155-135 Ma or later due to the strike slip movement along a mega fracture, a member of the Davie Transform Faults in the Somali Basin, that broke the Gondwanaland into the East and West Gondwanas and during subsequent movement of these two blocks away from each other. The 208 Pb/ 204 Pb versus 206 Pb/ 204 Pb plot of above mentioned MORBs suggests that the depleted mantle source of the Rodriguez Triple Junction MORBs was contaminated by ~21% lower continental crust, whereas the mantle source of the Central Indian Ridge MORBs was contaminated by upper continental crust, which are ~19% for the Carlsberg Ridge and Northern Central Indian Ridge MORBs and ~32% for the Southern Central Indian Ridge MORBs. The contaminated mantle sources were compositionally similar to the Al-depleted Komatiite basalt in composition and significantly enriched in Rb, Ba, La and Ce over the depleted mantle.

The Singhbhum Mobile Belt (SMB) of the eastern Indian shield represents a roughly east-west-trending arcuate belt of folded supracrustals overlying the granite-greenstone basement of the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton along its northern, eastern and western margins and is bounded by the Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex to further north. The radiometric ages of the basement Singhbhum and equivalent granites and the intrusive anorogenic Mayurbhanj granite pluton constrain the time of evolution of this mobile belt between ∼3.12 and 3.09 Ga. Hence, the SMB supracrustals also known as Singhbhum Group, is late Mesoarchaean in age and not Proterozoic as thought earlier. The evolution of the SMB was followed by emplacement of some major basic igneous rocks within or adjacent to the supracrustals. These include Simlipal volcanics at ∼>3.09 Ga on the SMB, Mayurbhanj gabbro along with Mayurbhanj granite at ∼3.09 Ga along the marginal part of the craton near the SMB, and the Dalma volcanics on the SMB along with the Dhanjori volcanics adjacent to SMB at ∼2.80 Ga. The ∼ 2.80 Ga old basic volcanics is also associated with emplacement of some small granite plutons occurring along the marginal part of the craton, one of them, the Tamperkola granite intrudes the SMB. The ∼>3.09 Ga onward igneous activities along the marginal part of Singhbhum-Orissa Craton took place essentially under anorogenic tectonic setting before being affected by a major metamorphism at ∼2.50 Ga, which is recorded on the Dalma volcanics and on some small granite pluton occurs along the marginal part of the craton. The Jagannathpur and stratigraphically equivalent Malangtoli volcanics, occurring within the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton at the west, were erupted at ∼2.25 Ga. The boundary between the SMB supracrustals and the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton is demarked by a prominent shear zone known as the Singhbhum Shear Zone, which shows multiple reactivation, the oldest being at ∼3.09 Ga, followed by subsequent reactivation during Palaeo- and Mesoproterozoic periods at ∼2.2, 1.8, 1.6-1.5, 1.4 and 1.0 Ga respectively. The Singhbhum Group and the adjacent Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex appear to have evolved from a near shore syn-rift and a distal post-rift stable shelf sedimentary assemblages respectively, which were deposited without any stratigraphic break in a marine basin existed in the present north of the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton. Both of these assemblages were deformed and metamorphosed together during Proterozoic at ∼2.5 to >2.3 Ga, ∼1.6 Ga and ∼1.0 Ga.

The A-type Mayurbhanj Granite Pluton (∼3.09 Ga), occurring along the eastern margin of the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India, represents the final phase of acid plutonism in this crustal block of Archean age. The granite shows a bimodal association with a voluminous gabbroid body, exposed mainly along its western margin, and is associated with the Singhbhum Shear zone. The granite pluton is composed mainly of a coarse ferrohastingsite–biotite granite phase, with an early fine-grained granophyric microgranitic phase and a late biotite aplogranitic phase. Petrogenetic models of partial melting, fractional crystallisation and magma mixing have been advocated for the evolution of this pluton. New data, combined with earlier information, suggest that two igneous processes were responsible for the evolution of the Mayurbhanj Granite Pluton: partial melting of the Singhbhum Granite; followed by limited amount of mixing of acid and basic magmas in an anorogenic extensional setting. The necessary heat for partial melting was provided by the voluminous basaltic magma, now represented by the gabbroid body, emplaced at a shallow crustal level and showing a bimodal association with the Mayurbhanj Granite Pluton. The Singhbhum Shear Zone provided a possible channel way for the emplacement of the basic magma during crustal extension. It is concluded that all three phases of the Mayurbhanj Granite Pluton were derived from the same parent magma, generated by batch partial melting of the Singhbhum Granite at relatively high temperatures (∼980 °C) and low pressures (4 to

The Tamperkola granite-acid volcanics association occurring at the western margin of the Archaean Singhbhum-Orissa Iron Ore Craton (SOC), eastern India, is intrusive into the Darjing Group which represents a sequence of mobile belt metasediments in this part of the SOC. The Darjing Group rests unconformably on the Bonai Granite (∼3.2 Ga old). Absence of any deformational imprints of the country rock metasediments on the Tamperkola granite acid volcanics together with its undeformed and unmetamorphosed nature, its alkali feldspar dominant mineralogy, and its high SiO 2 and Na 2 O + K 2 O and low MgO and CaO contents suggest that this granite-acid volcanics association is anorogenic in nature. Two representative samples-one each from the granite and the acid volcanics have been dated by in situ 207 Pb/ 206 Pb zircon dating method using a small ion-microprobe. Minimum age of crystallisation of the acid volcanics is found to be 2.8 Ga. Strong peak in the 207 Pb/ 206 Pb frequency diagram and equality of the observed and expected errors in radiogenic 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ratios suggest that this age probably represents the true age of formation of the volcanics. The age data place the deposition and metamorphism of the mobile belt metasediments of the Darjing Group in between 3.2 and 2.8 Ga. Occurrence of 2.9–2.8 Ga old small granitoid plutons, alkali-feldspar granite to syenogranite in composition, is also known from the southern margin of the SOC. Therefore, it appears that around 2.9–2.8 Ga small alkali granite bodies formed at the marginal part of this cratonic block after its stabilisation at ∼3.1 Ga.

The small granite plutons occurring at the contact of the Singhbhum-Orissa Iron Ore craton (IOC) to the north and the Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt (EGGB) to the south in eastern Indian shield are characterised by the presence of enclaves of the granulites of EGGB and the greenschist facies rocks of IOC. These granites also bear the imprints of later cataclastic deformation which is present at the contact of the IOC and the EGGB. In situ Pb-Pb zircon dating of these granites gives minimum age of their formation ∼2.80 Ga. A whole-rock three point Rb-Sr isochron age of this rock is found to be ∼2.90 Ga. Therefore, the true age of formation of these granites will be around 2.90–2.80 Ga. These granitic rocks also contain xenocrystic zircon components of ∼3.50 Ga and show a later metasomatic or metamorphic effect ∼ 2.48 Ga obtained from the analyses on overgrowths developed on 2.80 Ga old zircon cores. The presence of granulitic enclaves within these contact zone granite indicates that the granulite facies metamorphism of the EGGB is ∼2.80 Ga or still older in age. The cataclastic deformations observed at the contact zone of the two adjacent cratons is definitely younger than 2.80 Ga and possibly related to 2.48 Ga event observed from the overgrowths. As 2.80 Ga granite plutons of small dimensions are also observed at the western margin of the IOC; it can be concluded that a geologic event occurred ∼2.80 Ga over the IOC when small granite bodies evolved at the marginal part of this craton after its stabilisation at ∼ 3.09 Ga.