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An accurate and sensitive method for determining 14 lipophilic compounds, including tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols and policosanols from rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain was developed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). The method is fast, requiring only 13 min for the GC–TOFMS run. During the validation procedure, the method proved to be sufficiently precise and accurate with respect to the degree of endogenous biological variability found in rice samples. The profiles of the 14 lipophilic compounds of pigmented rice, as well as genetically modified (GM) rice to improve β-carotene, were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differences among cultivars. PCA could fully distinguish pigmented rice from non-pigmented rice. However, GM rice could not be separated from its non-transgenic counterpart (Nakdongbyeo). This protocol provides a rapid and feasible method for monitoring the bioactive compounds of rice.

A gene encoding a putative guanosine 5′-diphosphate (or 5′-triphosphate) 3′-diphosphate ((p)ppGpp) synthetase, designated PepRSH ( Pep per RelA / SpoT homologue), was isolated from hot peppers. PepRSH was found to contain five introns and six exons and a 2166-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 721 amino acids; this protein displayed significant homology with other plant (p)ppGpp synthetases. A genomic DNA gel blot analysis revealed that the pepper genome has at least a single copy of PepRSH . PepRSH transcripts were highly accumulated in non-host resistance response-induced leaves and in leaves following induction with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, wounding, hydrogen peroxide, and ultraviolet-B. The expression of PepRSH was also influenced by abiotic stresses, such as flooding and high salinity. The deduced PepRSH protein has a putative chloroplast-targeting transit peptide at its N-terminus, and immunolocalization studies verified the translocation of PepRSH to the chloroplast. The predicted PepRSH protein is markedly similar to known plant and bacterial RSH proteins. Expression of a putative (p)ppGpp synthetase domain in an Escherichia coli single mutant ( RelA − SpoT + ) complemented growth of the mutant but not of an E. coli double mutant ( RelA − SpoT − ), demonstrating that PepRSH has (p)ppGpp synthetase activity only in the (p)ppGpp synthetase domain. Site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved histidine and aspartic acid (HD) site in the putative HD domain of PepRSH revealed that the histidine and aspartic acid dual sites were critical residues for the (p)ppGpp synthetase activity of PepRSH protein. Mutation of the HD site limited the tolerance of bacteria to both salt and osmotic stress. Our results indicate that pepper plants have a (p)ppGpp regulatory system that is similar to that of bacteria and which may transduce stress-related signals through the regulation of (p)ppGpp by PepRSH localized in chloroplasts.

Using an F 2:3 population with 200 lines derived from a cross between the japonica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) varieties Gaochan 106 and Changbai 9, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root number, root length, seedling height, and their relative alkaline damage rates at early seedling stage were identified under 0.15% Na 2 CO 3 alkaline stress. A total of 26 QTLs associated with these traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11, consisting of 4 QTLs for root number, 5 QTLs for relative alkaline damage rate of root number, 6 QTLs for root length, 2 QTLs for relative alkaline damage rate of root length, 5 QTLs for seedling height, and 4 QTLs for relative alkaline damage rate of seedling height. QTLs qRN6-1 , qRN11 , qRRN11-2 , qRRL11-2 , qSH1 , qSH11-2 , qRSH5 , and qRSH6-2 accounted for 29.91, 13.42, 23.86, 21.06, 15.81, 16.53, 29.89, and 34.63% of the phenotypic variations, respectively. These QTLs, except for qRN6-1 with the marker flanking distance of 19.0 cM, were located with relatively large marker flanking distances over 26.3 cM. The positive alleles at 13 loci originated from the tolerant parent Changbai 9, and the positive alleles at other loci were from the sensitive parent Gaochan 106. Partial dominance and over dominance were the main effects at these loci.