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Although current evidence suggests that artemisinin and its derivatives play a multitarget therapeutic role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), their efficacy and safety remain under debate. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects and safety of artemisinin and its derivatives in T2DM animal models. Preclinical studies that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, OpenGrey, Google Scholar, Psyclnfo, British Library Ethos, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, China National Knowledge Internet, VIP Information Chinese Periodical Service Platform, Chinese Biomedicine Literature Database, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. Twenty-two studies involving 526 animals were included in the meta-analysis. The RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.0, were used to perform the statistical analyses. The overall results showed that artemisinin or its derivatives could significantly reduce fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), 2hPG in the intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT), glycated hemoglobin A1c, under the curve in the IPGTT/IPITT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free fatty acid, and urine volume. Although increase in body weight was observed due to administration of the compounds, no significant effect was observed regarding serum insulin. In terms of adverse reactions, only two of the included studies reported that high-dose artemether may cause digestive inhibition in mice. Our results suggest that artemisinins could improve several parameters related to glycolipid metabolism in T2DM animal models. However, to evaluate the antidiabetic effects and safety of artemisinins in a more accurate manner, additional preclinical studies are necessary.

In this paper, the acoustic field with the presence of poro-elastic materials is simulated by the eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM). Problems involving interfaces between different media are our main focus. The proposed method allows interfaces to be embedded in the finite elements, easing significantly the discretization, especially when the geometry of the interface is complex. The gradient discontinuity at the interface is handled through the ridge enrichment function. The strategies of spatial discretization for two different types of coupling interface are provided. A high-order approximation is used to improve the rate of convergence for the Biot mixed formulation ( u s , p ) and to eliminate the pollution effect at high frequencies. The verification of the method is performed with two benchmarks. Convergences of the solutions exhibit the capability and the accuracy of the present method under different conditions: coupling types, geometric complexity and a wide range of frequency. The applicability and advantage of the method in practical situations are demonstrated by a car cavity problem where part of the geometry is modified without re-meshing. This paper demonstrates that high-order X-FEM is an efficient computational approach for analysing sound-absorbing poro-elastic materials involving complex geometries.