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Non-duplicate multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria ( n = 1329) isolated from southern China between January 2008 and December 2009 were investigated for the presence of IS CR1 as well as characterisation of IS CR1 -linked resistance genes. Of 433 IS CR1 -positive strains, 151 appeared to carry IS CR1 -linked resistance genes. Seven different IS CR1 -linked resistance gene arrays were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing analysis. Many of these arrays are reported in some species for the first time. A total of 12 genes, including a novel ABC transporter (GenBank accession no. GU944725 ), qnrA1 , qnrB2 , qnrB6 , bla DHA-1 , ampR , bla CTX-M-9 , bla PER-1 , insB , sapA -like peptide transport periplasmic protein, putative glutathione S-transferase and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, were detected. This study was the first to employ PCR-RFLP using Hin fI and Rsa I to analyse IS CR1 -linked genes. IS CR1 was widely disseminated among MDR Gram-negative bacteria and was in close association with quinolone resistance and β-lactamase genes (class A and class C) in southern China.

Aim This study was intended to cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the Chinese version of the Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) – the Chinese Normal Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (CN-ADDQoL) in Mainland, China. Methods The standard procedure for cross-culture adaptation was used to develop the Chinese version CN-ADDQoL. After the linguistic validation, the validity and reliability of CN-ADDQoL questionnaire were evaluated based on a sample of 697 Type 2 diabetes patients. The Cronbach's α coefficient, correlation analysis and the structural equation model (SEM) were applied, respectively. Results We developed 19 items for the CN-ADDQoL questionnaire. The estimated Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.941, indicating an excellent internal consistency of the scale. All items had high performance in the structural validity evaluation, with most factor loading values being larger than 0.40 (varied from 0.44 to 0.88). Conclusions The Chinese version CN-ADDQoL has maintained its original psychometric properties and achieved adequate reliability and validity. Therefore, it could be efficiently used to evaluate the current trend of diabetes self-management education programs and multinational clinical research trials.