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Purpose Cardiac allograft tolerance in non-human primates (NHPs) has been achieved by our group using a mixed chimerism model with allogeneic bone marrow transplant after non-myeloablative conditioning but not without kidney co-transplantation. B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) inhibition has allowed for durable mixed chimerism with reduced conditioning in the murine skin transplant model. We investigated whether the Bcl2 inhibitor ABT199 could enhance mixed chimerism and induce cardiac allograft tolerance in the absence of kidney cotransplantation. Methods Fifteen cynomolgus recipients underwent mixed chimerism conditioning (ATGAM, total body and thymic irradiation) then organ and bone marrow transplantation. Group 1 recipients received heart alone (n=5), Group 2 recipients received heart and kidney cotransplants (n=7), and in Group 3, heart recipients received ABT199 in lieu of kidney cotransplants (n=3).Group 1 and 2 received 3Gy total body irradiation (TBI) while Group 3 received 1.5Gy TBI. All recipients underwent a 28-day course of immunosuppression with a calcineurin inhibitor and anti-CD154 mAb after which all immunosuppression was stopped. Results All five Group 1 recipients demonstrated cellular rejection (ISHLT 3R) by 96 days post bone marrow transplant (pBMTx). In contrast, no Group 2 recipients showed early rejection and 6/7 survived >400 days pBMTx. The first two Group 3 recipients developed GvHD and succumbed by days 59 and 68 pBMTx without evidence of rejection. However, after reducing the size of the donor BMT, the third recipient is now 76 days pBMTx with excellent allograft contractility and no evidence of GVHD. Mean peak lymphoid chimerism was 10% on day 26 pBMTx for Group 1, 26% on day 33 pBMTx for Group 2, and 57% on day 54 pBMTx for Group 3. (Figure 1) Conclusion After further refinement of the conditioning regimen, ABT199 may allow for the induction of heart allograft tolerance without the need for kidney co-transplantation and with a reduction in TBI thereby improving safety.

Purpose Induction of tolerance in combined heart/kidney transplantation in non-human primates is possible by applying a mixed chimerism-based conditioning protocol which induces indefinite tolerance. However, donor brain death negatively impacts tolerance induction, leading to a higher incidence of humoral as well as cellular rejection. Here, we investigated whether delaying conditioning and donor bone marrow transplantation (DBMT) until four months after organ transplantation would diminish the detrimental effects of donor brain death and permit tolerance induction despite donor brain death. Methods Nine cynomolgus monkeys underwent combined heart/kidney transplantation using organs from donors rendered brain-dead 4 hours prior to organ procurement. Six recipients underwent nonmyeloablative conditioning that included total body irradiation, thymic irradiation, horse anti-thymocyte globulin, anti-CD154 mAb, CyA and DBMT on the day of solid organ transplantation, three animals were kept on triple immunosuppression for four months after combined heart/kidney transplantation before undergoing the identical conditioning protocol prior to DBMT. All drugs were stopped 29 days after DBMT. Results Three brain-dead donor animals rejected their allografts on day 127, 131 and 383, respectively. Two brain dead donor animals were euthanized without signs of rejection on day 30 and day 114 after transplantation due to sepsis and PTLD, respectively. One brain dead donor animal underwent elective euthanasia on day 400 after transplantation without signs of rejection. One animal in the delayed conditioning group developed no detectable donor chimerism and rejected its allografts on day 135, another delayed animal was euthanized for sepsis without signs of graft rejection on day 59 after DBMT. A third animal in the same group is still ongoing without histological signs of cellular or humoral allograft rejection on day 420 after DBMT. Conclusion Donor brain death negatively impacts tolerance induction after mixed chimerism conditioning leading to a higher incidence of allograft rejection. Delaying recipient conditioning and DBMT might eliminate the detrimental effects of donor brain death and its associated pro-inflammatory side-effects, thus increasing the chance of long-term tolerance.

Purpose Induction of durable allograft acceptance in combined heart/kidney transplantation in non-human primates is possible by applying a mixed chimerism-based conditioning protocol. However, the impact of donor brain death on tolerance induction is unclear. To gain insight on these clinically relevant donor characteristics, we investigated whether donor brain death impacts allograft acceptance in combined heart/kidney transplantation. Methods Six cynomolgus monkey underwent combined heart/kidney transplantation using organs from donors rendered brain death 4 hours prior to organ procurement. As a control group, six animals underwent the same protocol using non-brain-dead donors. Recipients underwent nonmyeloablative conditioning that including total body irradiation, thymic irradiation, horse anti-thymocyte globulin, anti-CD154 mAb, CyA and donor bone marrow transplantation (DBMT). All drugs were stopped 29 days after DBMT. Results Brain dead donor animals showed significantly elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10 as well as IL-1 receptor antagonist as compared to non-brain-dead animals. In the control cohort using non-brain-dead donors, all but one recipient developed long-term allograft acceptance. In the experimental group, two animals rejected their allografts due to severe cellular rejection by day 127 and 131, respectively. A third animal showed signs of antibody mediated as well as cellular rejection 24 weeks after transplantation and the allo-heart finally stopped beating on day 383 after transplantation. Two animals were euthanized without signs of rejection on day 30 and day 114 after transplantation due to sepsis and PTLD, respectively. One animal underwent elective euthanization on day 400 after transplantation without signs of rejection. Animals receiving organs from brain dead donors developed earlier and higher levels of donor-specific antibodies as compared to control animals. Donor brain death had no impact on donor chimerism but animals receiving organs from brain dead donors showed elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines for a prolonged period after transplantation. Conclusion Donor brain death negatively impacts tolerance induction in a mixed chimerism model, leading to higher incidence of humoral as well as cellular rejection.

The Compact Pulsed Hadron Source (CPHS) at Tsinghua University will produce neutrons by bombarding a 13-MeV proton beam from a LINAC system on a beryllium target. One of the purposes of this neutron source is to provide the neutron facilities for characterization of advanced materials with an emphasis on soft matter and biological systems, for which high cold-neutron fluxes are essential. The design and optimization of the solid-methane moderator system aim at the enhancement of cold neutron production. This paper describes the moderator configuration, the associated gas-handling and cryogenic apparatus, and the operation procedure.

Surface damage of carbon fiber composite (CFC) and tungsten (W) due to repetitive ELM-like pulsed plasma irradiation has been investigated by using a magnetized coaxial plasma gun. CX2002U CFC and stress-relieved W samples were exposed to repetitive pulsed deuterium plasmas with duration of ∼0.5 ms, incident ion energy of ∼30 eV, and surface absorbed energy density of ∼0.3–0.7 MJ/m 2 . Bright spots on a CFC surface during pulsed plasma exposures were clearly observed with a high-speed camera, indicating a local surface heating. No melting of a W surface was observed under a single plasma pulse exposure at energy density of ∼0.7 MJ/m 2 , although cracks were formed. Cracking of the W surface grew with repetitive pulsed plasma exposures. Subsequently, the surface melted due to localized heat absorption.

We have developed a growth procedure for realizing a low defect density GaP layer on an Si substrate. The growth procedure consists of two parts. One is the post-growth annealing for the annihilation of stacking faults (SFs). We have investigated an annihilation mechanism with molecular beam epitaxy grown GaP layers. 1-monolayer-thick SFs typically generate from the GaP/Si interface in a non-annealed GaP layer. In a 700 °C annealed GaP layer, generation points of these SFs tend to shift toward the GaP surface. In a 730 °C annealed GaP layer, SFs density is effectively decreased. These results suggest that SFs are annihilated through the climb motion of two partial dislocations during the post-growth annealing. Another one is the optimized shutter sequence for migration enhanced epitaxy. We have revealed that it is effective for the suppression of both three-dimensional growth and melt-back etching to increase in a stepwise manner the number of supplied Ga atoms per cycle. As a result, the generation of threading dislocations and pits is remarkably suppressed. A root mean square surface roughness of 0.13 nm is obtained within the critical thickness. We have estimated etch pit density (EPD) to be ∼7×10 5 cm −2 with a GaPN/GaP/Si structure. To the best of our knowledge, this value is same as that of commercially available GaP substrates and is the lowest one in the EPD of GaP/Si heteroepitaxy.

The Neoproterozoic–Cambrian Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland contains three glaciogenic sedimentary units, the Port Askaig Formation, the Stralinchy-Reelan Formation, and the Loch na Cille Boulder Bed, in ascending order. Although the idea, that relatively cold climates occurred during the latest Proterozoic, is widely accepted, the cause of the onset of glaciation is still controversial; we use new carbonate 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data to better constrain this environmental change. Some Dalradian limestones have high strontium contents (>1000 ppm), low manganese contents and Mn/Sr ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of paleoseawater in the Neoproterozoic. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of limestones of the Islay Formation ( ca. 0.7067), sampled on the island of Islay, are similar to the values of previous studies. However, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of limestones just below the Port Askaig Formation ( ca. 0.7064), collected on the island of Garbh Eileach, have the lowest values recorded in the Dalradian Supergroup. Comparing these 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values with coeval 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of other regions in the world, such low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ( i87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio from the Tonian through the Cryogenian and Ediacaran to the earliest Cambrian. The results show that the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of seawater decreased just before the older Cryogenian glaciation, that it increased by two steps in the early and middle Ediacaran, and that there were at least two abrupt positive excursions in the middle Ediacaran and at the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary. The decline of the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of seawater just before the older Cryogenian Sturtian glaciation suggests that enhancement of weathering, related to break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent and continental flood basalt volcanism, was a likely driver for generating global cooling for the Snowball Earth conditions ( Godderis et al., 2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004 ).

Tufas, which are freshwater carbonates, are potential archives of terrestrial paleoclimate. Time series of stable isotopic compositions commonly show regular seasonal patterns controlled by temperature-dependent processes, and some perturbation intrinsic to the locality. We examined three tufa-depositing sites in southwestern Japan with similar temperate climates, to understand the origin of local characteristics in the isotopic records. Seasonal change in the oxygen isotope is principally reflected by temperature-dependent fractionation between water and calcite but was perturbed after heavy rainfalls overwhelming the stability of the δ18O value of the groundwater at one site. Isotopic mass balance indicates an undersaturated and relatively small aquifer at this locality. Water δ18O values at the other two sites were stable, reflecting a regular seasonal change in the δ18O value of tufa. Perturbation of the δ13C values in tufa is largely due to CO2 degassing from the stream, which significantly increases the δ13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). At a site with remarkably high pCO2 in springwater and a sensitive response of flow rate to rainfall, the amount of CO2 degassing changed distinctly with flow rate. In contrast, the other two sites having low pCO2 springwater reflect a regular seasonal pattern of δ13C in DIC and tufa specimens.

We report the first occurrence of ice-rafted dropstones in mid-oceanic sediments belonging to an ocean plate stratigraphy within a Neoproterozoic accretionary complex on Llanddwyn Island, Wales, UK. Dropstones of sandstone, chert, and basalt occur as matrix-supported exotic clasts in a 1 m-thick, hemi-pelagic mafic mudstone; the largest clast is 20 × 25 cm across. These dropstones occur specifically in hemi-pelagic mafic mudstone that is located at the structural top of ocean plate stratigraphy that records a ridge-trench transition; they are supplementary to dropstones associated with extensive tillites reported in shallow marine sequences of continental shelf facies and in back-arc basins.

The Ballantrae ophiolite in southern Scotland includes a NEE–SWW-trending serpentinite melange that contains blocks of mafic blueschist and high-pressure, granulite facies, metapyroxenite (Sm–Nd metamorphic age: 576 ± 32 and 505 ± 11 Ma). Tectonic blocks of mafic schist are less than 3 × 3 m in size, and have greenschist, blueschist or epidote amphibolite facies assemblages corresponding to the high-pressure intermediate-type metamorphic facies series. Adjacent rocks of the serpentinite melange are hydrothermally-altered MORB-like ophiolitic basalt (prehnite–pumpellyite facies), dolerite (actinolite–oligoclase sub-facies) and gabbro (amphibolite facies), all with assemblages that are diagnostic of the low-pressure metamorphic facies series. The difference in metamorphic facies series and parageneses of minerals between the high-pressure mafic blocks and the adjacent, low-pressure ophiolitic meta-basic rocks suggests that the former were exhumed from > 25 km depth within a cold subducted slab, and were juxtaposed with the latter, the bottom of a MORB-like ophiolite in the hanging wall of a trench. An ENE–WSW-trending, 501 ± 12 Ma volcanic arc belt extends for 3 km south of the serpentinite melange. We suggest that ridge subduction associated with a slab window created arc-related gabbro (483 ± 4 Ma) at Byne Hill and within-plate gabbro (487 ± 8 Ma) at Millenderdale. Final continental collision created the duplex structure of the Ballantrae complex that includes the HP blocks and serpentinite melange. These relations define diapiric exhumation in the Caledonian orogen of SW Scotland.

A 560–550 Ma, 5 km × 25 km Blueschist Unit extends NE–SW on the island of Anglesey, Wales, UK, and continues to the southwest for more than 70 km along the northern coast of the Lleyn Peninsula. It has the shape of a shallow-dipping slab or sheet up to a few kilometres thick that was exhumed from the subduction zone and emplaced into the accretionary complex to the northwest. Today the top boundary of the slab is commonly a thrust that was originally a low-angle normal fault at its top in the subduction zone; above it is an accretionary complex and a unit of high-grade gneisses. The bottom boundary is today a thrust (that was originally a thrust), below which is a unit of low-grade or unmetamorphosed rocks belonging to an olistostrome-type accretionary complex. This thrust was originally at the bottom of the slab when it was exhumed in the subduction zone. The sandwiched assemblage was created by the tectonic insertion of the blueschist between the other units. Folding, particularly during late doming of the tectonic sandwich, rotated the top normal-fault boundary into a thrust. Later, high-angle, NE–SW-trending normal faults displaced the tectonic stratigraphy in horst and graben. A 200 km long and 200 km wide, 680–450 Ma calc-alkaline volcano-plutonic belt extends southeastwards from the blueschist belt via northern Wales to central England, suggesting that the subduction of oceanic lithosphere was to the southeast, and this is consistent with the extrusion of the thin high-pressure slab into the accretionary complex to the northwest. This took place on the western accretionary margin of Avalonia. Finally, we outline the key steps involved in unravelling the structure of a Pacific-type accretionary complex.

Results obtained for different samples of s-polypropylene and poly (ethylene- co -octene) demonstrated the usefulness of light attenuation measurements in investigations of polymer crystallization. The earlier stages with separated growing spherulites fall in the range of Rayleigh–Debye–Gans scattering. Known relationships describing the dependence of the linear attenuation coefficient on the radius and the index of refraction of the spherulite can be applied in evaluations. The sensitivity of attenuation measurements is higher than that of conventional tools.

Air bearings are often used in ultraprecision machine tools requiring high accuracy. With increasing the high accuracy for machine tools, it is required to pay attention to microvibration with nanometer order. The fluctuation in compressed air applied to air bearings causes the air turbulence, which results in the microvibration. The study presents the laminarization by the optimal design of piping and air bearing surfaces as well as mirror surface finishing, so that the laminarization can be realized to suppress the microvibration. From experimental results, it is found that the surface roughness of workpieces can be drastically improved by using a revised ultraprecision machining center.

Ultra-cold neutrons (UCN), neutrons with energies low enough to be confined by the Fermi potential in material bottles, are playing an increasing role in measurements of fundamental properties of the neutron. The ability to manipulate UCN with material guides and bottles, magnetic fields, and gravity can lead to experiments with lower systematic errors than have been obtained in experiments with cold neutron beams. The UCN densities provided by existing reactor sources limit these experiments. The promise of much higher densities from solid deuterium sources has led to proposed facilities coupled to both reactor and spallation neutron sources. In this Letter we report on the performance of a prototype spallation neutron-driven solid deuterium source. This source produced bottled UCN densities of 145±7 UCN/cm 3 , about three times greater than the largest bottled UCN densities previously reported. These results indicate that a production UCN source with substantially higher densities should be possible.

The formation of nanostructures with doughnut polypyrrole (Ppy) shapes by direct electrochemical oxidation is described. Nanostructure doughnut Ppy shapes with approximately 150 nm height and 250 nm width according to controlled electropolymerization were observed by AFM imaging. In addition, we discovered a lot of well-ordered Ppy doughnuts shapes exist on surfaces. Amperometric current–time reaction controlled the formation of nanostructure doughnut shapes. These doughnuts shapes fabricated by this simple method can be applied with efficient alignment and will be useful in the biotechnology and proteomic fields. Keywords: Nanostructures, Doughnut polypyrrole, Electrochemical oxidation, AFM, SEM

A hybrid-emulsion experiment has been carried out at KEK-PS to study S = −2 nuclei. With the analysis of about 35% of total emulsion, we have successfully found three events of sequential weak decay of a double-hypernucleus. The results of these E373 events are summarized together with those of past experiments. The first experimental study of the branching ratios of weak decay modes of double-hypernuclei has been performed.

We present a review of the CIP method, which is a kind of semi-Lagrangian scheme and has been extended to treat incompressible flow in the framework of compressible fluid. Since it uses primitive Euler representation, it is suitable for multi-phase analysis. The recent version of this method guarantees the exact mass conservation even in the framework of semi-Lagrangian scheme. Comprehensive review is given for the strategy of the CIP method that has a compact support and subcell resolution including front capturing algorithm with functional transformation.

We have fabricated ramp-edge type junctions with different high- T c superconductor electrodes; YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− y (YBCO) and Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ y (BSCCO). Thin films were prepared on SrTiO 3 (1 0 0) substrates by a pulsed laser deposition method. YBCO was selected as a base electrode and BSCCO as a counter electrode, by considering the growth conditions for these thin films. The samples were etched by Ar ion-beam milling to pattern the shape of the ramp-edge type junction. We have prepared several junctions with and without a PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− y barrier. In case of the junction without a barrier material, T c 's of YBCO and BSCCO electrodes were about 90 and 60–70 K, respectively, and it was found that the maximum supercurrent between the ab planes of YBCO (RE123 superconductor) and BSCCO (Bi-based superconductor) was about 1 mA at 4.2 K. Shapiro steps were also observable.

An anion-exchange-group-containing porous membrane in a hollow-fiber form was prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and subsequent conversion of the produced epoxy group into a diethylamino group. Ascorbic acid oxydase (AsOM) was bound to the ionizable polymer chains grafted onto the pore surface during the permeation of ascorbic acid (AsA) solution through the pores. After crosslinking of the enzymes with glutaraldehyde, AsOM was immobilized at a resulting density of 130 mg per gram of the fiber, which amounted to the degree of enzyme multilayer binding of 12. The substrate solution was forced to permeate across the AsOM-multilayered porous hollow-fiber membrane of 1 mm thickness at a constant permeation rate ranging from 30 to 150 ml/h. Irrespective of the permeation rate experimented, quantitative conversion of AsA into dehydroascorbic acid was observed because the substrate was transported to the enzyme of high activity immobilized in multilayers by convective flow through the pores.

An experiment to search for double-strangeness nuclei in nuclear emulsion is now being carried on as KEK-PS E373. Preliminary results of the data analysis for the K + spectrometer and the scintillating fiber detectors are presented. Status of the automatic track finding method for the emulsion is reported.

A hybrid emulsion experiment was carried out to study double-strangeness nuclei produced via Ξ− hyperon capture at rest with the expectation of ten times larger statistics than previous experiments. We have analyzed 5% of the total emulsion and found one “twin-hypernuclei” event involving the emission of two single-Λ hypernuclei and a nuclear fragment from a Ξ− hyperon stopping point. The event is interpreted as the decay of a Ξ − + 14 N atomic system to 5 Λ He + 5 Λ He + 4 He + neutron . The species of the Ξ−-atom and the fragmentation products are uniquely identified for the first time for twin-hypernuclei events. Combined with the results from a past hybrid-emulsion experiment, one double-Λ hypernucleus and three twin-hypernuclei events have been found from Ξ− captures on light emulsion nuclei. The ratio of the detected rate of double-Λ hypernuclei to that of twin-hypernuclei is compared with theoretical estimates.

In an attempt to determine the crystal and molecular structure of previously reported [TeCl2(dmit)4] (1) [dmit=1,3-dimethyl-2(3H)-imidazolethione], recrystallization in hot acetonitrile yielded two new complexes, [TeCl2(dmit)2] (2) and [TeCl4(dmit)2] (3) as determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure of 2 consists of a cis-substituted square planar geometry with the thione rings both oriented on the same side of the TeS2Cl2 plane. The complex undergoes very slow decomposition in air. The structure of 3 is a near-octahedral arrangement with the thione ligands trans to each other

An international joint research program called HLSST is proceeding. HLSST is large-scale seismic test (LSST) to investigate soil-structure interaction (SSI) during large earthquake in the field in Hualien, a high seismic region in Taiwan. A 1 4 - scale model building was constructed on the gravelly soil in this site, and the backfill material of crushed stone was placed around the model plant after excavation for the construction. Also the model building and the foundation ground were extensively instrumental to monitor structure and ground response. To accurately evaluate SSI during earthquakes, geotechnical investigation and forced vibration test were performed during construction process namely before/after base excavation, after structure construction and after backfilling. And the distribution of the mechanical properties of the gravelly soil and the backfill are measured after the completion of the construction by penetration test and PS-logging etc. This paper describes the distribution and the change of the shear wave velocity Vs measured by the field test. Discussion is made on the effect of overburden pressure during the construction process on Vs in the neighbouring soil and, further on the numerical soil model for SSI analysis.

Polarization studies were carried out on the corrosion of iron in electrolytic N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions of carboxylic acids. The cathodic, proton reduction was mainly associated with the concentration of proton solvated with contaminant water in the DMF solutions. Since the rate of anodic, iron dissolution was related to the concentration of the contaminant, it is proposed that there is an OH− catalysed process of anodic dissolution in the DMF solutions of carboxylic acid. By the addition of halide ions Cl−, Br− and I− to the DMF solutions, the anodic process of iron corrosion was stimulated, differing from that in aqueous and methanol solutions. The cathodic and anodic processes were discussed on the basis of the donor and acceptor numbers of DMF.

By using angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we have investigated the electronic properties of monolayer films of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) formed on Ni(111), Pd(111) and Pt(111). Because of the weakness of the interfacial bonding, the electronic structure of monolayer BN is almost independent of the substrate and the energy bands and core-levels in the BN film are aligned to the vacuum level, not to the Fermi level. In accordance with these results, the EELS spectra observed for the BN-metal systems change from one substrate to the other depending on the work function.

Inhibition mechanisms of anionic and cationic inhibitors for corrosion of iron in an anhydrous methanol solution of 0.1M LiClO4 and 0.01M FeCl3 (H2O < 80 ppm) were investigated by polarization and impedance measurements of an iron electrode, the surface of which was prepared under an argon atmosphere in a dry box. Because of specific adsorption on the surface, Br− mostly suppressed the anodic Cl−catalyzed iron dissolution. The cathodic process, reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+, was mainly inhibited by adsorption of alkyltrimethylammonium ion CnTMA+ via an electrostatic interaction between the cation and the negatively charged surface. Joint adsorption of Br− and CnTMA+ on the surface results in synergistic inhibition of both processes. Iodide ion was less effective for iron corrosion in the FeCl3 methanol solution than Br−because of I−oxidation with Fe3+ to form I3−. Thiocyanate ion stimulated the anodic iron dissolution process through a SCN−-catalyzed path.

Summary form only given. Optical properties of conducting polymers such as absorption spectrum, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, photo-magnetic effect, photoconductivity and their dynamics change drastically upon doping of small amount of fullerene. Electrical and optical characteristics of junctions based on conducting polymers and fullerene are also anomalous. It should be mentioned that these unique photophysical properties and their dynamics are dependent on the molecular structure of conducting polymer (non-degenerated polymers such as polythiophene derivatives or degenerated polymers such as polyacetylene derivatives) and also on fullerenes (C60,C70,C76). These novel results are discussed in terms of photoexcitation in both conducting polymers and fullerene, photoinduced excitons, solitons, polarons and also their transfer between conducting polymers and fullerene by taking into account the electronic energy states of conducting polymers and fullerene.

The effects of acidic complexing agents, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (H2dmp) and catechol (H2cat) on the corrosion of an iron electrode in an anhydrous methanol solution of 0.1 M LiClO4 (