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Non-human primates (NHP) are widely used for the pre-clinical assessment of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV treatment and prevention. However, the utility of these models is questionable given the differences in ARV pharmacology between humans and macaques. Here, we report a model based on ex vivo ARV exposure and the challenge of mucosal tissue explants to define pharmacological differences between NHPs and humans. For colorectal and cervicovaginal explants in both species, high concentrations of tenofovir (TFV) and maraviroc were predictive of anti-viral efficacy. However, their combinations resulted in increased inhibitory potency in NHP when compared to human explants. In NHPs, higher TFV concentrations were measured in colorectal versus cervicovaginal explants (p = 0.042). In humans, this relationship was inverted with lower levels in colorectal tissue (p = 0.027). TFV-resistance caused greater loss of viral fitness for HIV-1 than SIV. This, tissue explants provide an important bridge to refine and appropriately interpret NHP studies. This work was supported by an NIH R21 award AI094515 and by the European Commission’s seventh Framework "Combined Highly Active Retroviral Microbicides" (CHAARM) (242135). This work was partially supported by project PI19CIII/00004 and the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by European Development Fund (ERDF) "A way to build Europe" (project RD16CIII/0002/0001). Sí

The purpose of this study was to present the alcohol environment as perceived by its residents in two districts of Madrid using the Photovoice participatory methodology. Secondly, we compared the results according to the socio-economic status of the districts. The study was conducted in the city of Madrid, Spain, in two districts with different socio-economic status. A total of 26 people participated, who took and discussed photographs about their alcohol environment. They grouped them into 33 final categories, such as the socialising role of alcohol or the alcohol advertising. Co-authors further grouped participants final categories into seven general areas. The participants in the Photovoice project have helped to deepen the understanding of the alcohol urban environment. These results may help to design more effective policies to prevent hazardous alcohol consumption. This work was supported by the Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, Spain [grant numbers 2016I047]; The HeartHealthy Hoods project was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme, European Union [FP7/2007–2013/ERC Starting Grant Heart Healthy Hoods Agreement no. 623 336893]; and IM received a research fellowship from the University of Alcala, Spain that enables her to develop this study. Ethics approval We conducted this study in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and received ethical approval by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad de Alcala (CEI/HU/2017/09). Sí