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Drilling muds play an important role in drilling and production operations so that the degree of success in such operations is determined by the proper design of these fluids. To optimize drilling operations and avoid excessive expenditure, it is essential to prepare a drilling mud that is both cheap and efficient. Fluid additives are typically used in drilling systems to improve these fluids' capabilities in terms of hole cleaning capacity, filtration control, viscosity, yield point, heat transfer, etc. However, environmental concerns, cost of production, and availability are always considered challenging factors. This study introduces an eco-friendly herbal fiber in powder and regular forms as a potential alternative to other chemical additives. To do so, Alyssum homolocarpum seed mucilage was added with different concentrations to the water-based drilling muds, and its rheological behavior, filtration control, and the induced formation damage were examined and the optimum concentration was introduced. The results of this study revealed the advantages of the drilling muds formulated with Alyssum in terms of filtration control, rheology, formation damage, and greenness.

This work explains the production and synthesis of white paint pigment colour from waste titanium dioxide (TiO2). Pigments are widely employed in paper, plastic, and paint production. A white pigment called TiO2 is responsible for about seventy percent of pigments used today. Even though minerals that contain TiO2 within the earth's crust are relatively abundant, the production of virgin TiO2 for industrial application consumes enormous energy and can lead to an environmental problem. Hence, a need arises for the paint industry to seek an alternative to replacing virgin TiO2 pigment that is commonly utilised in formulating paints. This study was conducted to examine the probability of using secondary TiO2 pigments as an alternative to virgin pigments to formulate white paint from industrial waste. In this study, the prospect of using waste TiO2 to formulate white paint pigment in different ratios is compared with the paint industry. The paint industry and TiO2 pigments were characterised by utilising thermo quantitative analysis TGA, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The obtained result showed 20% TiO2 formulated paint provide the best result for the adhesion test that testify the optimum pH and viscosity for the paint with the classification of 3B which is comparable to paint industry performance.

Thermal energy storage system is one type of the system used to store the energy in different industrial applications. Thermal performance of the system is important to analyze when it has been operated with nanofluids. There is lot of energy is wasted from many process which can be utilized for the another process such as to preheat the water. In the present paper, the effect of water based nanofluids is studied to store the energy and results have been compared with base fluid. It was observed the nanofluid have more capacity to store the energy as compared to the base fluid because of it superior thermal transport properties. The pressure drop is also slightly higher than of base fluid. The thermal storage capacity of the system is significantly increased when it has been used with nanofluids as compared to base fluid under the same operating condition.

High-pressure injection injuries with paint have long been heralded as a condition requiring timely and aggressive debridement with relatively poor functional outcomes and a significant proportion of patients progressing to require amputation of the involved digit or limb. Catheter irrigation is regularly used in the treatment of common hand infections and wounds. However, this has not been described for the treatment of paint injection injuries. We describe a case of a young painter who sustained an accidental water-based paint injection injury and was successfully treated with minimally invasive surgical debridement augmented by the use of catheter irrigation, despite a delayed presentation. The patient had regained full function of his hand by four months from the index presentation and returned to work. We illustrate how not all high-pressure injection injuries require an extensive incision and that catheter irrigation can be a significant tool to augment a minimally invasive approach.

As an unconventional fluid medium, nanofluid has outstanding advantages in thermal conductivity and stability, which can not only be applied in the frontier field of engineering, but also bring technological innovation to the traditional manufacturing and construction industries. However, the water-based nanofluid has the problem of poor stability, leading to nanofluid failure and severely limiting the development of nanofluid. In this paper, the ‘Two-step method’ was used to prepare SiO2 nanofluid with mass fractions of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. The stability of the SiO2 nanofluid was determined by four characterization methods: visual observation, absorbance test, viscosity test andsurface tension test. Finally, the three-stage time-varying process on stability of the water-based SiO2 nanofluid was proposed. The results showed that the initial stability of the nanofluid was worse with increasing concentration. This conclusion was in good agreement with the theoretical derivation. Moreover, the stability of the nanofluid still exhibited this characteristic in the period of 0–8 days. This study can provide useful information for revealing the nanofluidic stability theory and support the further development of nanofluid technologies

This paper presents a review of windows filled of water-based liquids which absorbs solar radiation and will be referred to herein as water-based windows (WBWs). These liquids have spectrally-selective and high thermal capacity properties for optical and thermal performance improvement. A WBW relates to windows that features transparent, semi-transparent, colorless or colored visual performance. Its profile consists of liquid layers inside clear or solar control multilayer glazing or tubular structures. A detailed analysis of WBW design differences and performance is carried out and studies were classified according to common characteristics regarding two main categories: WBW without and with fluid exchange. Optical and thermal methodologies are evaluated, highlighting the limitations and accomplishments for future researches. A water-filled WBW can transmit more light compared to the same glazing when empty. It can also perform substantially better than many commercially available glazing products, in terms of either promoting solar heat gain or reducing cooling demand. There was a predominance of cases with better heating performance for WBWs without fluid exchange. On the other hand, most cases of WBWs with fluid exchange where better for cooling performance if the circulating fluid was not preheated. Also, water heated in WBWs can be applied in the building facilities.

Al2O3 and TiO2 water based nanofluids were used in heat exchangers to enhance the nusselt number. Tests were performed at different flow rates ranging between 2 LPM and 4 LPM. Concentrations of nanoparticles were taken from 0.1% to 0.3% by volume. Shell & tube heat exchangers having 14 tubes and Double pipe heat exchanger were used. The enhancement in Nusselt number and Reynolds number for Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids and heat exchangers were determined and compared. It was found that the increment of Nusselt number was more for Al2O3 nanofluid as compared to TiO2 nanofluid for both heat exchangers.

While drilling a well, drilling fluids incurs 15–18 per cent of the overall cost. While preparing a drilling fluid, there are three fundamental considerations. It should be simple to use, not too expensive, and it should be environmentally sustainable. The formulation of a mud system begins with the selection of a mud family that, according to the rock formations and drilling fluid properties, will be sufficient for drilling a well. In order to develop a drilling fluid, we experimented and used tamarind seed powder with bentonite and barite. With approximately 8 to 10 seeds in each pod, tamarind seeds contained in kernels or pods are around 3 to 6 in. long. The average weight of pod is around 0.064 g. In general, a complete grown tamarind tree produces around 175 to 250 kg of seed/kernel. The density of different samples with a mixture of bentonite, barite and tamarind seed powder ranging from 5 to 20 g was found using mud balance. Results show that average mud density received after five test runs of the experiment was 8.662 ppg which is good to be considered as a good drilling fluid.

Water-based manufacturing processes are under development for greener manufacturing of lithium ion batteries but their environmental impacts are unclear with new introduced materials and a large consumption of deionized water. We report a life cycle assessment (LCA) study on the water-based manufacturing of the most popular NMC-graphite battery pack configured with 57 kWh capacity. A life cycle model has been developed based on experimental and mathematical studies of the water-based manufacturing processes. Per kg battery pack produced, the water-based manufacturing can reduce the manufacturing energy by 43% and lower the cradle-to-gate life cycle impacts by 0.6%∼88% over conventional battery manufacturing.

This investigation is based on the fabrication and characterization of nano-biocomposites made from natural resources like jute and soy seeds along with glutaraldehyde as curing agent. Water based soy resin was modified with different weight percentages of natural and organically modified nanoclay and applied as matrix along with jute to prepare the nanocomposites. Composites were degraded under soil burial condition and lost 60–75% of their original weight after 60 days. These composites were characterized from various aspects like thermal stability, mechanical testing and fire retardancy to ensure them to be used for end application like furniture, and automobile interiors.

International audience; This study reports an optimization of the extraction of sinapine from industrial mustard bran using an ethanol/water mixture as a green solvent. Response Surface Methodology was used to determine the optimal operating conditions for the extraction process. The results show that to obtain a maximum yield of sinapine, the extraction process must be carried out at 75 °C with 70% ethanol and a ratio of 10 mL/gBDM. Under these conditions, the extraction kinetics have shown that equilibrium is reached for a concentration of 8.8 ± 0.1 mg/gBDM in 30 min. The mustard bran is exhausted to 95% sinapine after two successive extractions. The selectivity of the extraction process for sinapine could be increased by 20% using an ethanol concentration of 83%, the yield of sinapine is then 8.0 ± 0.1 mg/gBDM.

Compliant polishing (e.g. bonnet polishing) is widely used to finish freeform surfaces. However, direct pad/surface contact often causes scratches or embedding of abrasives, especially on metal moulds. Here, the use of non-Newtonian fluid (polymer and starch) to enable contactless polishing without need for a polishing pad is reported. Modelling and analysis are conducted to reveal the influence of fluid rheology on the material removal mechanism. Using #6000 grit alumina, Gaussian shaped removal footprints can be obtained, with a completely scratch-free roughness of 3.9 nm Ra on Nickel, in contrast with 70.3 nm Ra obtained by general water based bonnet polishing.

As a new type of carbon material, carbon dots (CDs) with exceptional properties are regarded as a type of potential water-based lubricant additive. In this study, it is first demonstrated that CDs perform excellently when used as lubricant additives for water-lubricated amorphous carbon (a-C) contacts. The results show that the introduction of CDs into water at a concentration of 0.1 wt% could reduce friction and wear in a-C contacts by 33% and 80%, respectively. Additionally, the lubricating performance of CDs is highly sensitive to its adding concentration. The excellent tribological performance of CDs results from the minimized CDs sediment particles (deposited in situ on worn a-C surfaces) and the reduced friction and wear via nano-bearing and nano-filling mechanisms. With high CDs concentrations, however, micron and submicron-sized sediment particles form when friction occurs and cause undesirable abrasive wear. For water-lubricated a-C contacts, therefore, the CDs concentration is the crucial determinant of lubrication performance that has to be appropriately controlled.

To reduce the environmental impact and improve the manufacturing productivity, many manufacturers are replacing the oil-based grinding fluids in their grinding processes with water-based ones. However, wholly oil-based grinding fluids are still used in superfinishing processes, in which the replacement is highly desired. To investigate the feasibility of the desired replacement, superfinishing experiments were conducted on hardened steels supplied with oil-based and water-based grinding fluids, and the superfinishing characteristics were investigated. Based on the findings, new water-based grinding fluids introducing ultrafine bubbles were developed. In superfinishing experiments, the machining performances of the developed fluids matched those of oil-based fluids.

In present work, five different nanoparticles of three different shapes are used to study the enhancement in thermal conductivity, viscosity and stability of nanofluids. The main objective of present work is to analyze the effect of shape on thermo-physical properties of nanofluids. For this study, spherical, cubic and rod shaped nanoparticles are used. CuO, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 water based nanofluids are prepared by two step method using probe sonication technique. The effect of shape on thermal conductivity of nanofluids is analyzed experimentally by using hot-wire method set up. Results of this study reveal that the cubic shaped Al2O3 nanofluid (concentration 2.5 wt%) shows highest thermal conductivity over base fluid by 3.13 times. Effect of nanoparticle shape on the viscocity is also studied in the presnt work. Al2O3 nanofluid also has good stability amongst all nanofluids. Also, it is observed that in all five cases of nanofluid cubic shape nanoparticles enhance thermal conductivity at the highest rate than spherical and rod shape. Pumping power study shows that cubic shaped nanoparticles require higher pumping power than spherical and rod shaped nanoparticles.

In many aspects the past decade has proved the rapid development of water based and oil based nanofluids science. Number of research is conducted to estimate the behavior of these fluids in the different thermal equipments. However, nanofluid viscosity deserves much attention during the application of nanofluids. The existing experimental result about the viscosity of nanofluids shows clearly that the viscosity augmented accordingly with an increase of additive concentration and decreased with the temperature rise. In this paper, different characteristics of viscosity of nanofluids are compiled and the viscosities of Al2O3-water nanofluids are estimated by Matlab approximation.

A simple and low-cost bottom-up method for the preparation of water-soluble Carbon dots (CDs) by tuning the carbonization degree of ammonium citrate. The structure and morphology of CDs were characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). And the investigation on the lubricating property and inhibition effect of CDs as nanoadditives of water-based lubricants is discussed in this work. The results show that the CDs as eco-friendly nanoadditives exhibit low friction coefficient, outstanding wear-resistance and excellent inhibition effect.

In order to apply the excellent properties of carbon nanotubes to the field of biomedicine, water-based high concentration carbon nanotubes(CNTs) slurry with high dispersibility and stability was prepared by adjusting illumination conditions and pH values. The infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, TEM and digital camera were used to investigate the effect of illumination conditions and pH values on the dispersibility and stability of the CNTs slurry. The results show that the CNTs slurry has more functional groups and can be sufficiently oxidized in the absence of light than in the natural and intense light conditions. And the higher light intensity used for oxidation treatment caused a decrease of the functional groups and the surface activity of the CNTs in the slurry. The increase of the pH value can promote electrostatic repulsion, and the enhancement of light intensity can decrease the electrostatic repulsion. So, the CNTs individuals oxidized in the absence of light possessed high dispersibility and stability as varying pH value from 11.5 to 4, which slurry concentration is 10 wt% and no CNTs settlement was observed for nearly one year. However, the CNTs in the water-based carbon nanotube slurry prepared under other illumination conditions re-agglomerated and settled after several days, especially when the pH value is below 4.

To fabricate highly complex structures, sacrificial support material is usually needed. However, traditional petroleum-based support materials are un-sustainable, non-recyclable, and difficult to be completely removed from the target structure after 3D processing. Instead, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) gel could serves as an interesting 3D printing support material due to its sustainability, renewability, and potential recyclability. Since CNCs are highly dispersible in water as nanoparticles and are also not UV sensitive, it has less absorption or bondability with other UV curable polymer matrices. This allows them to be completely washed out by water, which offers a green and efficient method to remove the CNC support material during post processing. In addition, with increasing needs for more intricate structures, combining different 3D printing strategies into a hybrid 3D printing platform can be highly beneficial. In this work, a multi-materials-multi-methods (M4) printer with dual direct-ink-write (DIW) and DIW-inkjet printing capability was used to fabricate various complex structures while using CNC as support material. After 3D printing, water was used to remove the CNC support structure. Even in a highly confined environment, such as the inside of a balloon structure, CNC support material was still easily removed. The potential of using sustainable CNC support material and M4 hybrid 3D printing strategies to fabricate different complex structures was demonstrated. Since CNC gel is derived from forestry products and is entirely water based, the 3D printing process was also made more environmentally friendly, sustainable, and potentially recyclable.

Micro/nanomotors that could convert chemical energy into autonomous motion to perform various tasks are the most active research areas in chemical engineering. Up to now, the majority of micromotors require complex procedures and expensive Pt as catalyst for propulsion, which hinder seriously their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate a facile biotemplate route to synthesize a novel Pt-free temperature-responsive micromachine with fascinating recognition, capture and release capacities for erythromycin in water based on the integration of surface imprinted technology, the temperature-response of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels, and the autonomous motion ability of micromotor. The resulting Janus micromotor not only exhibited high temperature-controlled recognition and adsorption capacities than most reported erythromycin-imprinted materials, but also revealed high trajectory control ability and easy recovery by an external magnetic field, showing great potential for biomedical and water purification applications.

The natural water has frequency dispersion and its permittivity is also related to temperature, which are important factors to design temperature insensitive absorber at microwave frequency. Here, a water-based metamaterial absorber which is fabricated by 3D-printing is proposed. The absorber can perform stably at different temperatures and it also shows 90% absorption in the frequency range of 7.9–21.7 GHz. The experiment proves that the absorber can work at a wide incident angle and is polarization insensitive. Based on these features, the water-based absorber could be applied to various electromagnetic scenarios such as stealth technology and electromagnetic compatibility in temperature-variable environment.

Background The morphological alterations during pregnancy may affect the biomechanical loads during exercise practice. Aquatic exercises may suit pregnant women, who are recommended to exercise with low vertical ground reaction force loads. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the apparent weight reduction during immersion and the vertical ground reaction force of three specific water-based exercises in pregnant women at the third trimester. Methods Eleven pregnant women volunteered to take part in the study [32.0 (SD 1.3) weeks, 28.1 (SD 5.7) years, 72.5 (SD 10.1) kg]. The protocol started with the participants immersed to the xiphoid process depth for the apparent weight assessment. Then, three water-based exercises (stationary running, frontal kick and butt kick) were randomly performed at a pre-selected cadence, with 5-min interval. The vertical ground reaction force was measured in each exercise and peak, impulse, contact time and swing time were determined. Repeated measures ANOVA was used (α = 0.05). Findings The apparent weight reduction resulted a mean of 82.9 (SD 6.5)% of body weight. Peak, impulse, contact time and swing time revealed no significant difference between exercises (P > 0.05). Values of peak of vertical ground reaction force ranged from 0.67 to 0.72 units of body weight. Interpretation Pregnant women at the third trimester can benefit from the apparent weight reduction during immersion for exercising. The three water-based exercises presented similar vertical ground reaction force values, which are considered as low odds for musculoskeletal injuries. Therefore, these findings highlight the safety of the water-based exercise program during pregnancy.

The purposes of the work are to fabricate novel environment-friendly water-based polyamide-imide (PAI)-graphite-LaF3 bonded solid-lubricating coatings (BSLCs), and investigate the corresponding tribological properties and mechanisms. The experimental results reveal that the preparation of the water-based PAI-graphite-LaF3 BSLCs has significantly reduced the usage of organic solvent. When the mass percent of nano-LaF3 is 5 wt%, the water-based PAI-graphite-LaF3 BSLCs exhibit superior mechanical and tribological properties, which are comparable to those of the reported organic-solvent-based BSLCs. The tribological mechanisms were systematically investigated concerning the failure mechanism, the tribological reactions and structural fluctuations of graphite.

Attractive tribological performance made graphene(G)-based material great potential to be used as an effective nanoadditive in water-based lubricant. Herein, this paper put forward a facile, simple and environment-friendly method to modify the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) by β-lactoglobulin (BLG) noncovalently, accompanied with an in-depth investigation on the lubricating properties of BLG-RGO in water solution. The results indicated that the RGO decorated with BLG could stably disperse in water for a long time (>8 months) and exhibit excellent friction-reducing (∼37%) and anti-wear (∼45%) property. The outcome of this research implying that the BLG-RGO as potential green nanoadditives in water-based lubricant and thus may help in practical application by industry.

A novel water-stable coordination polymer, {[Zn(L)(dpa)]·(ClO4)} (CP 1) (L = 3-carboxy-1-(3-carboxybenzyl)pyridin-1-ium, dpa = 1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethane), was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by a zwitterionic organic ligand and fully characterized. This is the first water-stable coordination polymer based on the zwitterionic type of organic ligand that can selective, sensitive, and recyclable detect ascorbic acid in aqueous phase.

In this article, the unsteady free convection flow and heat transfer of nanofluid past over an infinite vertical plate is considered. The fractional generalized Fourier's law with Caputo time derivatives with power-law model to describe the influence of memory on the nanofluid behavior. The analytical solutions for dimensionless temperature and velocity fields and dimensionless thermal flux are obtained by means of Laplace transformation. The fluid is water based nanofluid containing nanoparticles of CuO or Ag. The effects of fractional and physical parameters are discussed graphically.

Inadequate hole cleaning often leads to challenges in drilling and well completion operations such as low rates of penetration, pipe sticking, losing tools, difficulties in liner/casing placements, etc. Designing a drilling fluid with improved rheological properties would be a solution to increase cuttings transportation efficiency. This study investigates the performance of nanosilica water-based drilling fluids for the hole cleaning process in directional drilling operations. Different inclination angles have been considered in a flow loop system with different rotational speeds (0 and 150 rpm) to simulate the drilling conditions in a wellbore. The performance of nano-enhanced drilling fluids in the cuttings removal process was compared with conventional water-based drilling fluids, and it was found that silica nanoparticles increased the cuttings transport efficiency in all experiments. The results indicated that the presence of nanosilica in the mud increased the colloidal interactions with cuttings and contributed to the improvements in cuttings transportation efficiency by 30.8–44% for different nano-enhanced water-based drilling fluids used in this study. The implementation of nanosilica in water-based drilling fluids showed promising results in the hole cleaning process which demonstrates the feasibility of using them in extended reach drilling operations.

The effect of electrolyzed water in controlling the setting behavior of cement paste was investigated in this study. The distilled, as well as the 30 min electrolyzed water, was used to prepare the cement paste. Analyzing the results, the final setting time of control cement (CC) paste, as well as the 30 min electrolyzed water based cement (EC) paste, was measured to be 172 ± 5 min and 108 ± 4 min, respectively. The reduction of setting time is due to the quick hydration of cement clinkers. Based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the early setting and hydration performance of cement has been justified.

Supramolecular membranes are considered a promising platform for the development of separation strategies with higher efficacy. Overall, the need for efficient and cost-effective separation tools are becoming increasingly urgent because the clean water is turning into a scarcity rather than a commodity. Therefore, advanced separation methods are required on priority to meet the water resources demand of the growing world population. Herein, supramolecular membrane-based separation methods offer a unique solution to this problematic issue. The proposed applications include water desalination, wastewater treatment, and separation and purification of high-value compounds and emerging pollutants, which can alleviate the global problem of freshwater scarcity. Ideally, supramolecular membranes combine a high flux with a high selectivity requiring thin defect-free membranes. Owing to the unique physiochemical and structural properties in combination with reversible and highly selective nature, supramolecular materials are gaining high research interests to engineer multifunctional separation membranes. These materials provide excellent features to the separating membranes when used with commercial crosslinked polyamide network membranes and are cost-effective from the operational viewpoint. However, despite many advantages of supramolecular membrane-based separation methods, several shortcomings remain, including potential contamination and interference of potential contaminants during analytical stages. In this review we discussed self-assembled supramolecular materials in general, supramolecular block copolymers, water-based self-assembled materials and self-assembled polyelectrolyte materials in particular, considering their development approaches and nonporous water-based membrane applications. The present review also evaluates technologies identifying the recent progress and their commercial aspects in ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) applications.

The pore-scale mechanism of diluted bitumen displacement using microchips and a high magnification imaging system is reported. The influence of the injected chemical solutions on the heavy oil mobilization and the oil film detachment from solid surfaces is investigated. The injected aqueous phase fingers through the viscous oil leaving a considerable oil behind which is detached and emulsified as the injection continues. The thickness of remaining oil and the intensity of emulsification depend upon the properties of the injected chemicals. The incremental oil mobilization is directly related to the thickness of the remaining oil films and the efficiency of chemicals to carry the detached oil blobs. Surfactants are effective in facilitating the oil film de-wetting and reducing the interfacial tension that promotes emulsification.

The authentication of the documents by experts mainly depends on determines the chronological order of strokes intersection. The samples consist of two types of intersections of a toner laser printer and water-based ink. Two nondestructive methods; digital microscope and Raman spectroscopy were used in the samples investigated. The effect of variations in the brands and models of laser printers, the influence of changes in brands of water-based ink, the nature of the paper surface and a time gap between the first and the second strokes on the determination of the sequence of intersecting strokes were studied. The four physical characteristics investigated under the digital microscope; the specular reflection, the ink glosses, gap and spreading determine the sequence of intersecting strokes except in case some colors of some pen brands. The results of Raman spectroscopy detect the sequence of intersecting strokes regardless of the colors or pen brands. The combination of a digital microscope and Raman spectroscopy can be considered as a scientific forensic base to determine the sequence of intersecting strokes of water-based ink and toner.

A novel experimental method was developed through a ball-on-disk tribometer to study the friction and wear behaviour of a chrome steel at temperatures of 25, 200 and 500 °C. Water-based nanolubricants containing different concentrations of nano-TiO2 from 0.4 to 8.0 wt% were used to investigate their effects on friction-reduction and anti-wear mechanisms, in comparison to the benchmarks under dry and water conditions. The results show that the water-based nanolubricants can significantly reduce coefficient of friction (COF) and improve wear resistance of the chrome steel at both ambient and elevated temperatures. In particular, the use of nanolubricant containing an optimal concentration (4.0 wt%) of nano-TiO2 leads to the lowest COF and the smallest ball wear among all the lubrication conditions. The friction-reduction and anti-wear mechanisms are ascribed to the rolling & polishing effects, semisolid film and solid layer contributed by the nano-TiO2 at temperatures of 25, 200 and 500 °C, respectively.

This work aims to investigate the solidification behavior of de-ionized (DI) water as the base phase change material (PCM) dispersed with various mass fractions of sodium chloride and D-sorbitol in a spherical encapsulation. The DSC analysis of water illustrated that subcooling of DI water increases with respect to cooling rate due to inadequate time to complete the crystallization. The solidification experiments were carried out at a bath temperature of −7 °C and DI water undergoes a subcooling of −5.4 °C. However, the subcooling substantially reduced to −2.8 °C for DI water with 0.5 wt. % sodium chloride and 1 wt. % of D-sorbitol. Accelerated mode of charging prevails in all the PCM samples and the innermost 6% of volume got solidified in decelerated mode. The cooling rate is found to decrease with respect to increase in concentration of the dispersants in subcooling region, but at a particular concentration both dispersants provide the enhanced cooling rate for a given driving potential than DI water. It is concluded that reduction of subcooling and partial charging of water based PCMs would be helpful to enhance the energy efficiency of the cool thermal energy storage (CTES) system.

Implant removal comprises 5% of all orthopaedic surgery procedures performed annually. Surgical indications range from implant failure, infection, non-union, and symptomatic hardware. Intra-operatively, surgeons need to prepare for complications including bony overgrowth, cold-welding, broken screws, and stripped screw heads. Large anatomic dissections required for complete hardware removal place the patient at increased risk of complications due to increased operating time and larger dissections. The authors present a safe and effective technique for the partial removal of surgical implants. The technique utilizes a high-speed burr to cut surgical plates, minimizing the total dissection and operative time. Sterile surgical laps covered in water-based lubricant capture metal debris to reduce tissue contamination as well as surgeon exposure to metal particles.

Superamphiphobic fabrics with multiple functionalities have great potentials in intelligent textiles field to extend their applications and satisfy the needs of current industry. Herein, we report a simple water-based method to prepare superamphiphobic fabric with excellent anti-fouling and flame-retardancy. The β-FeOOH nanoparticles which in-situ grow from the fibers not only endow the hierarchical structures with both high robustness factor (A*) and spacing factor (D*), but also could capture the produced free radicals to lower the decomposition rate when the fabric is heated. The relationships among the apparent contact angle (θ*), A* and D* are simulated based on the parameters of prepared structures. We also design a series of experiments to ascertain the growth mechanism of urchin-like nanoparticles and the optimal reaction conditions. The as-prepared fabric could maintain its superamphiphobicity towards extreme conditions, such as strong acid/alkali/salt corrosion, continuous impact of common fluids and longtime high-rate washing. This prepared material exhibits huge potentials in applications of multifunctional advanced textiles.

Spray dust reduction is widely used in dust pollution control. The spray effect directly affects dust reduction efficiency, hence it is important to understand spray atomization and differential characteristics for typical water-based dust reduction media: tap water, magnetized water, surfactant solution, and magnetized surfactant solution. This study selected five measuring points 10, 15, 20, 25, and 40 cm from the nozzle to measure spray velocity and droplet size using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 MPa. The results shown that the spray velocity of the other three media was generally larger than that of tap water. From 20 cm to 25 cm, the spray velocity of magnetized water and surfactant solution water decreased rapidly, with 35.53% and 49.78% reduction, respectively. The droplet size of tap water spray at 40 cm increased, whereas the sprays of other water-based media continuously decreased. The change amplitude of Sauter mean diameter (D32) was lower trend with pressure. Magnetized surfactant solution maintained the largest ratio of particles

The topsoil of sandy slope suffers from serious erosion due to its weak internal cohesion. Most of the efforts have been made to improve the stability of topsoil by recovering the inter-particle cohesion without due concern to environmental and ecological aspects. Thus, water-based polyurethane (PU) soil stabilizer is introduced to reinforce the topsoil of sandy slope for erosion control purpose. This study aims at understanding its reinforcement effect and proving the feasibility of polyurethane treatment in practice. A series of laboratory tests were performed on treated specimens with different PU concentrations and also compared to a fallow one by which the effect of this stabilizer on soil mechanical and hydrological properties, vegetation growth and erosion resistance were investigated. The results indicated that PU treatment can significantly increase the shear strength, unconfined compressive and tensile strength of natural sand. An increasing amount of PU resulted in marked improvements in cohesion, but slight changes in internal friction angle. On the other hand, the presence of PU conferred low permeability and good water stability to the natural sand. Even with a relatively small amount of PU treatment, a positive potential is observed in promoting the anti-erodibility of topsoil by enhancing its inter-particle cohesion due to the unique network membrane structure. Moreover, PU treatment also improved soil water retention characteristics and can provide a suitable environment for vegetation growth. Under the synergistic action of vegetation and polymer treatment, stronger erosion resistance of topsoil was observed. Thus, PU treatment can be used as an ecological and effective alternative method with regard to topsoil stabilization on sandy slope.

In this paper, EG of different concentration was added in water to form PCM with different freezing point. Then, 0.0625%, 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% MCNT was dispersed in to each EG-water basefluids respectively. The latent heat are 160.0, 141.0, 102.0 and 85.5 J/g and melting point are -12.2, -15.7, -22.1 and -25.4 oC for 15%~30% EG-water basefluids. We found that adding MCNT has very little influence on the latent heat and melting point because the total amount of MCNT is very small. Also, we noticed that thermal conductivity will increase with increasing amount of MCNT concentration in EG-water basefluids. An interesting observation is that the enhancement of thermal conductivity was much greater in solid state samples than liquid state samples. For example, in 0.5% MCNT sample, the enhancement of thermal conductivity in solid state was observed over twice higher than that in liquid state.

Water based lubricant with superb features of low cost and good environmental compatibility, is considered to be a promising lubricating material. However, the poor lubrication properties of it greatly limit the practical application in a wide area. Two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets with special structural features and outstanding lubricating properties may be used as lubricant additives to enhance the tribological performance of water based lubricant. In this work, functional MoS2 nanosheets modified with thiol molecules were obtained via a combined method of liquid exfoliation and thiol chemistry. The dispersion stability of the functional MoS2 nanosheets in water were studied and the results showed that the nanosheets exfoliated by long sonication time could keep a stable dispersion over long periods of time. The results of tribological tests showed that the friction and antiwear properties of the water could be improved greatly with the addition of MoS2, and the water lubricant added with functional MoS2 nanosheets had the best tribolgical properties. The low friction and improved antiwear of water could be attributed to the MoS2 nanosheets which can be incessantly trapped between the contact junctions and then protect sliding surfaces. The enhanced tribological properties of the water lubricant with good dispersion stability of functional MoS2 nanosheets may be useful for design of water lubricant with special surface characteristics of additives in the practical lubrication applications.

Water-based drilling fluids are widely used in the petroleum exploration and production stage. After this stage, the residue contains several potentially polluting compounds, especially hydrocarbons. This waste is disposed of in industrial landfills for treatment, thus raising industrial operational costs. A combination developed of the residual oil from water-based drilling fluid waste. Relevant parameters were temperature, centrifugal force and the use of synthetic and natural polymers. Results showed that an increase in centrifugal force and temperature are essential for separation of the oil phase. The use of polymers improved efficiency by completely removing the oil from the residue, around 20% v/v. The characterization of the recovered oil classified it as light oil with density at 20 °C of 0.7997 g·cm−3 and API gravity of 44.4, low sulfur content (0.0667 wt%), total acid number of 0.812 mg of KOH g−1, water content of 0.58% v/v and saturated, aromatic and polar contents of 64.11, 5.19 and 30.70 wt%, respectively. These results show that is possible to recover a viable oil that can be incorporated at the midstream stage, thus avoiding disposal and reducing operational costs and environmental impact.

Operating fixed water-based firefighting systems (FFFS) might affect the performance of other parts of an integrated tunnel safety system, particularly the longitudinal ventilation system. The interaction of the water spray discharged from two FFFS (with and without foam), with the longitudinal ventilation system in a new city tunnel under construction was studied by full-scale burning tests. Results of the study under large fires up to 20 MW in diesel pool fires or wood pallet fires are reported in this paper. The impact of longitudinal ventilation, the activation sequences of the ventilation system and the fixed fire-fighting system, and the performance of the two FFFS in suppressing vehicular fires with and without shields to fire sources were evaluated. Results are expected to be useful for drafting appropriate fire codes on fire suppression systems for controlling urban tunnel fires.

Recently nanofluids are gaining attention in the heat transfer domain due to some of their unique properties. Nanofluids are found to have improved heat transfer ability when compared to traditional heat transfer fluids. In the present study we have examined the thermophysical properties of SiO2/water based nanofluids such as particle size, viscosity and heat transfer behaviours. The study was carried out using instruments like Brookfield viscometer and KD2Pro Thermal Analyzer

In the present experimental work thermal conductivity f-MWCNT-Fe2O3 hybrid nanofluids was measured by varying individual components ratio of Fe2O3 and f-MWCNT as 4:1,3:2,1:1,2:3and 1:4 for the total weight concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02%and 0.03% in the range of temperatures from 30°C to 60°C ,which were prepared by two step method and D.I water was used as base fluid. The experimental results disclosed that as weight ratio of MWCNTs in total weight concentration increases the thermal conductivity enhanced up to 2:3 beyond get decreased for all total concentrations, due to MWCNT aggregations of negative effect. As the temperature and total weight concentration increases it fallows the same trend. The maximum enhancement of thermal conductivity was 13.53% at 0.02% of total weight concentration at 60°C as compared with 30°C.Eventually a correlation was proposed to forecast the thermal conductivity of f-MWCNT-Fe2O3/D.I water hybrid nanofluids based on the experimental results.

Extending the logic of processing fluency into the domain of food and beverage perceptions, this study explores whether the fluency of brand names can influence consumer perceptions of bottled-water attributes such as purity, taste, and mineral contents. Forty-four participants, who were presented with twelve unknown foreign brand names of bottled water, indicated their perceptions of water based solely on the brand names. The results revealed that perceptions of water purity and taste changed depending on whether the brand name was easy or difficult to process. Bottled water was more frequently perceived to be very pure when the foreign brand name was short and easy to pronounce. Bottled water was also more frequently perceived to taste “better-than-average” when the brand name was more fluent. Perceptions of mineral contents in the water were not influenced by the brand name fluency. This study expands our knowledge about various extrinsic cue effects on product perceptions by demonstrating the influence of brand name fluency on consumer perceptions of water attributes.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Background: Heated water-based exercise (HEx) promotes a marked reduction of blood pressure (BP), but it is not entirely clear whether its effects on BP persist after cessation of HEx. Methods: We analyzed the effects of cessation of HEx on 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) in patients with resistant hypertension (RH). Thirty-two patients (aged 53 ± 6 years) with RH (4 to 6 antihypertensive drugs) were randomly assigned to HEx (n = 16) or control (n = 16) groups. Antihypertensive therapy remained unchanged during the protocol. The HEx group participated in 36 sessions (60 minutes) in a heated pool (32oC [89.6°F]) for 12 weeks (training), followed by 12 weeks of cessation of training. The control group was evaluated during the same period and instructed to maintain their habitual activities. Results: HEx and control groups had similar BP levels at baseline. HEx training reduced the 24-hour systolic (–19.5 ± 4.6 vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mm Hg, P = 0.001) and diastolic BP (–11.1 ± 2.4 vs 2.06 ± 0.9 mm Hg, P = 0.001) at week 12, compared with the control group. After 12 weeks of training cessation (week 24), 24-hour BP remained significantly lower in the HEx group than in the control group (–9.6 ± 3.8 vs 6.3 ± 3.5 mm Hg, P = 0.01 and –7.5±2.2 vs 2.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg, P = 0.009, for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively), although these differences were attenuated. Conclusions: BP remained lower after cessation of 12-week training among patients with RH who underwent HEx compared with the controls. The carryover effects of HEx on BP may help to overcome the challenging problem of exercise compliance in long-term follow-up. Heart Institute Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences Campus Bauru Physical Education Department Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences Campus Bauru Physical Education Department Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory FAPESP: # 2010/15649-4 CNPq: # 301957/2014-2 CNPq: # 474979/2013

For this data article, the accuracy of different rheological models in estimation of rheological parameters of a bentonite-gel, water-based mud under ambient and elevated conditions were examined. The ambient conditions are pressure of 14.7 psia and 80 °F temperature while the elevated conditions are constant pressure of 5000 psi and different down hole temperatures of 120 °F, 160 °F and 200 °F. An OFITE, eight (8) speed rotational viscometer model 800 was used for ambient rheological properties measurement while a Chandler Model 7600 HTHP Viscometer was used to carry out rheological measurements at high temperature and pressure condition. The various rheological models under investigation are the Newtonian, Bingham Plastic, Power Law, American Petroleum Institute model (API 13D), Herschel–Bulkley, Unified and Casson Models. Keywords: Ambient condition, Rheological models, OFITE rotational viscometer, Chandler HTHP viscometer, Water based mud

The shape and the actuation capability of state of the art robotic devices typically relies on multimaterial systems from a combination of geometry determining materials and actuation components. Here, we present multifunctional 4D-actuators processable by 3D-printing, in which the actuator functionality is integrated into the shaped body. The materials are based on crosslinked poly(carbonate-urea-urethane) networks (PCUU), synthesized in an integrated process, applying reactive extrusion and subsequent water-based curing. Actuation capability could be added to the PCUU, prepared from aliphatic oligocarbonate diol, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and water, in a thermomechanical programming process. When programmed with a strain of epsilon(prog) = 1400% the PCUU networks exhibited actuation apparent by reversible elongation epsilon'(rev) of up to 22%. In a gripper a reversible bending epsilon'(rev)((be)(nd)()) in the range of 37-60% was achieved when the actuation temperature (T-high) was varied between 45 degrees C and 49 degrees C. The integration of actuation and shape formation could be impressively demonstrated in two PCUU-based reversible fastening systems, which were able to hold weights of up to 1.1 kg. In this way, the multifunctional materials are interesting candidate materials for robotic applications where a freedom in shape design and actuation is required as well as for sustainable fastening systems.