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The current study aimed to explore the multimodal differences between the inattentive ADHD (ADHD-I) subtype and the combined ADHD (ADHD-C) subtype. A large sample of medication-naïve children with pure ADHD (i.e., without any comorbidity) (145 with ADHD-I, 132 with ADHD-C) and healthy controls (n = 98) were recruited. A battery of multiple scales and cognitive tests were utilized to assess the clinical and cognitive profiles of each individual. In addition, structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were acquired for 120 subjects with ADHD and 85 controls. Regional gray matter volume, white matter volume, and diffusion tensors, e.g., axial diffusivity (AD), were compared among the three groups in a whole-brain voxel-wise manner. Compared with healthy controls, both ADHD groups exhibited elevated levels of behavioral and emotional problems. The ADHD-C group had more behavioral problems and emotional liability, as well as less anxiety, than the ADHD-I group. The two ADHD groups were equally impaired in most cognitive domains, with the exception of sustained attention. Compared with healthy controls, the ADHD-C group showed a high gray matter volume (GMV) in the bilateral thalamus and a high white matter volume in the body of the corpus callosum, while the ADHD-I group presented an elevated GMV mainly in the left precentral gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. Compared with participants with ADHD-C and healthy controls, subjects with ADHD-I showed increased AD in widespread brain regions. Our study has revealed a distinct, interconnected pattern of behavioral, cognitive, and brain structural characteristics in children with different ADHD subtypes.

Background Prevalence figures of major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents across various epidemiological studies have been inconclusive. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the pooled prevalence of MDD and its associated factors in children and adolescents in China. Method A systematic review and literature search were conducted covering PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Internet, WANFANG Data and SinoMed) to identify studies reporting the prevalence of MDD in children and adolescents in China. The pooled prevalence estimates and associated factors were examined using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program, Version 2. Results Fourteen studies involving 82,592 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled point prevalence of MDD in Chinese children and adolescents was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.8%–2.0%). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed that diagnostic criteria, age, year of survey and study quality were significantly associated with the prevalence of MDD. Conclusions The point prevalence of MDD in children and adolescents in China is similar to worldwide figures. Further national epidemiological studies with the view of developing effective intervention strategies should be considered.

Background The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of current smoking in male patients with schizophrenia in China. Method A systematic literature search was conducted from database inception until June 20, 2015 without language restrictions in PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WanFang Database. Studies fulfilling the following criteria were included: (a) data available in male schizophrenia patients and (b) data available on current smoking status. Statistical analyses were performed with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program. Results A total of 23 studies met eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of current smoking was 59.1% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 53.3–64.7%). Current smoking was significantly more frequent in inpatients than in outpatients (61.3% vs. 48.2%, Q = 7.5, P = 0.006), and higher in chronic compared to first-episode patients (74.5% vs. 45.1%, Q = 32.3, P = 0.0001). Furthermore, using a median split, patients aged 38.2 years or older smoked more often than those aged below 38.2 years (65.8% vs. 52.3%, Q = 6.4, P = 0.01). There were no significant associations between prevalence of current smoking and definitions of smoking, study publication year, sample size and illness duration. Conclusions The pooled prevalence of current smoking of male patients with schizophrenia in China is lower compared to Western and other Asian countries. Possible relationships between lower prevalence of current smoking and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia require further investigation.

Developing accurate and time-efficient tools to measure depressive symptoms in schizophrenia is important for research and clinical practice. This study tested the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR) in depressed schizophrenia patients.This study included 337 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), QIDS-SR at baseline and 2 weeks later. Negative symptoms and extrapyramidal symptoms were measured with the negative symptom score of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Simpson-Angus Scale of Extrapyramidal Symptoms (SAS), respectively.Internal consistency (Cronbach׳s alpha) was 0.73 and 0.67 for QIDS-SR at the baseline and endpoint, respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability over the two weeks was 0.77. Two domains (involvement and energy) at baseline and one domain (energy) at endpoint had the highest item-total correlations. The QIDS-SR total score was significantly correlated with the MADRS total score at baseline (r=0.44, p0.01). Weak correlations of the QIDS-SR score with the scores of the BPRS negative (r=0.18) and the SAS (r=0.05) indicate good discriminant validity. The QIDS-SR showed unidimensional measurement properties in exploratory factor analysis at both baseline. The main limitation of the study is that only clinically stable schizophrenia patients were included.The QIDS-SR has acceptable psychometric properties in stable schizophrenia patients and may be useful in both research and clinical practice.

The study objective was to perform a meta-analysis of the prevalence of current smoking in Chinese female patients with schizophrenia. A systematic literature search was conducted and studies fulfilling the following criteria were included: female schizophrenia patients; reporting current smoking rate computed from samples. Eight studies were included. The pooled current smoking prevalence was 4.3% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-5.6%). The finding showed that smoking rate of female patients with schizophrenia in China was lower compared to their Western and other Asian counterparts.