Search

Evidence on the relationship between burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is limited. We aimed to evaluate the association between burnout and PTSD symptoms among medical staff two years after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Wuhan, China, and explore the mediating roles of social support and psychological resilience.A multicenter survey was conducted online from January to March 2022 among healthcare professionals from six general hospitals. Hierarchical linear regression was used to detect the predictors of PTSD symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the pathways from burnout to PTSD symptoms.Hierarchical linear regression showed that burnout, social support, and psychological resilience were significant predictors of PTSD symptoms among medical staff. In the SEM, the standardized total effect of burnout on PTSD symptoms was 0.336(bias-corrected 95 % confidence interval [0.303, 0.367], P 0.001). Social support and psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between burnout and PTSD symptoms (indirect effects accounted for 22.3 % of the total effect).Owing to the cross-sectional design, only clues to causal explanations can be provided.Burnout has significant direct and indirect effects on PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, social support and psychological resilience might be effective ways to reduce the impact of burnout on PTSD symptoms in medical staff after a major public health outbreak.

With the increasingly serious air pollution and the rampant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), preparing high-performance air filter to achieve the effective personal protection has become a research hotspot. Electrospun nanofibrous membrane has become the first choice of air filter because of its small diameter, high specific surface area and porosity. However, improving the filtration performance of the filter only cannot meet the personal needs: it should be given more functions based on high filtration performance to maximize the personal benefits, called, multifunctional, which can also be easily realized by electrospinning technology, and has attracted much attention. In this review, the filtration mechanism of high-performance electrospun air filter is innovatively summarized from the perspective of membrane. On this basis, the specific preparation process, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, other functions required for achieving maximum personal protection benefits are introduced specifically, and the existing high-performance electrospun air filter with multiple functions are summarized. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and development trends of manufacturing high-performance air filter with multiple functions for personal protection are presented.

The failure of reconstructive surgeries remains a challenge for plastic surgeons. Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is considered to be one of the major problems in flap surgery. Necroptosis is a recently discovered and caspase-3-independent programed necrosis. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis. Reports indicate that Nec-1 provides protection in ischemic models, such as brain, kidney, and heart. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Nec-1 on the I/R process in rat abdominal skin flaps.Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 280-320 g, were randomly divided into three groups. The extended epigastric skin flap (6 cm × 9 cm) of rats was used. Three hours of complete ischemia was performed using a clamp, and the clamp was then removed to reperfusion the flap. Twenty-four hours after the onset of the reperfusion, the rats were assessed for flap survival and perfusion analysis. One sample (1 cm × 1 cm) was taken for HE, TUNEL, electron microscopy, IHC staining for RIP-1, and ELISA analysis for caspase-3 activity.Compared to the CTL group, the flap in the Nec-1 group showed a higher survival rate and better blood perfusion. In histological observation, skin flap in the Nec-1 group showed less inflammatory infiltration than the CTL group. The AI in the CTL group was higher than that in the Nec-1 group and showed typical morphological changes of apoptotic cells. In IHC study, RIP-1 expression was higher in the CTL group. But there was no significant difference between the two groups in caspase-3 activity detection.Nec-1 has a protective effect against I/R injury through the inhibition of RIP-1 on the skin flap model; this makes it a promising novel strategy in clinical setting.

Like humans, insects rely on precise regulation of their internal environments to survive. The insect renal system consists of Malpighian tubules and nephrocytes that share similarities to the mammalian kidney. Studies of the Drosophila Malpighian tubules and nephrocytes have provided many insights into our understanding of the excretion of waste products, stem cell regeneration, protein reabsorption, and as human kidney disease models. Here, we analyzed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data sets to characterize the cell types of the adult fly kidney. We identified 11 distinct clusters representing renal stem cells (RSCs), stellate cells (SCs), regionally specific principal cells (PCs), garland nephrocyte cells (GCs) and pericardial nephrocytes (PNs). Analyses of these clusters revealed many new interesting features. For example, we found a new, previously unrecognized cell cluster: lower segment PCs that express Esyt2 . In addition, we find that the SC marker genes RhoGEF64c , Frq2 , Prip and CG10939 regulate their unusual cell shape. Further, we identified transcription factors specific to each cluster and built a network of signaling pathways that are potentially involved in mediating cell-cell communication between Malpighian tubule cell types. Finally, cross-species analysis allowed us to match the fly kidney cell types to mouse kidney cell types and planarian protonephridia - knowledge that will help the generation of kidney disease models. To visualize this dataset, we provide a web-based resource for gene expression in single cells ( https://www.flyrnai.org/scRNA/kidney/ ). Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive resource for addressing gene function in the fly kidney and future disease studies.

In this paper, the neuro-adaptive optimal nonlinear control approach and algorithm are proposed for the tracking control of an air-breathing hypersonic aircraft considering uncertainties. Based on the reinforcement learning mechanism, the neuro-adaptive control agent is constructed using actor-critic architecture, which consists of two interacting neural networks, one for optimal control protocol, known as the actor NN, and the other for policy evaluation, known as critic NN. The optimality conditions for this adaptive controller are derived by using the discrete minimum principle. In the meanwhile, the parametric and mismatched uncertainty and unmodeled nonlinearity are handled by using another neural network named as UNN with aid of the concept of a virtual plant. The output of the network in the virtual plant helps to estimate the optimal control with varying dynamics of air-breathing hypersonic flight aircraft. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of this design method for the tracking control of the air-breathing hypersonic aircraft in the presence of uncertainties.

A sliding mode control (SMC) scheme of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine with a novel exponential reaching law (NERL) is proposed in this paper. The DFIG wind turbine is running under variable wind speed. The NERL based SMC proves to be capable of reducing the system chattering phenomenon as well as accelerating the approaching process. A nonlinear case numerical simulation test is employed to verify the superior performance of the ERL method over traditional power rate reaching strategy. The NERL based SMC is employed to control the DFIG wind turbine generator under variable wind speed subsequently and the simulation results evidence the remarkable performance of the NERL based SMC control scheme.

Recent food safety incidents, such as melamine in infant milk powder, have contributed to Chinese consumers’ growing food safety concerns. Spurred by these challenges, the Chinese government passed a series of laws and regulations to enhance food safety, which have the potential to impact China's food imports. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview and quantification of the impact of China’s evolving food safety regulations on food imports. Specifically, we document the landscape of non-tariff measures driven by changes in China’s food safety regulations and demonstrate that China has been building a more comprehensive regulatory system with food safety legislations becoming more stringent and cohesive. We then quantify the impact of food safety regulations on China’s food imports using a novel dataset of China’s import refusals. Our results show that China's evolving food safety regulations generally restrict trade, reducing imports by 2.24%, on average, for countries with low food safety regulations compared to 0.78% for countries with higher food safety standards. Further, the asymmetry between countries with lower food safety standards and China’s evolving food safety standards is growing over time. At the firm level, China’s border rejections have also had a significant and negative impact on the growth rate of import value. A 1% increase in the number of import refusals caused by safety and hygiene reasons decreases the average growth rate of import value by 4.51%. Importantly, because state-owned enterprises (SOEs) assume more social responsibilities and value their reputation within the context of Chinese policy, they are more affected by China’s import refusal measures than non-SOEs.

Ammonia escape is one of the main barriers to CO2 capture by aqueous ammonia solution, so it is of benefit to the practical CO2 capture engineering to clarify the effects of running parameters on the mass transfer of ammonia escape and heat transfer performance in packed absorbing column. Based on the representative elementary volume approach and pseudo-single-liquid model, a computational model of heat and mass transfer for the CO2 capture by aqueous ammonia solution in an industrial packed column is developed, by which the ammonia and CO2 volume fractions and temperatures, ammonia escape mass transfer coefficient and heat transfer per unit volume are obtained. The results show that the ammonia escape volumetric mass transfer coefficient is mainly influenced by the liquid inlet temperature and flow rate, inlet CO2 volume fraction and flow rate. What’s more, the ammonia concentration plays a key role in the ammonia escape amount, and the heat transfer per unit volume is greatly dominated by the gas flow rate and liquid inlet temperature. This work can contribute to the ammonia escape inhibition and high CO2 removal efficiency for the industrial application of CO2 capture by ammonia solution in packed columns.

Background Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) has been identified as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target in breast cancer. The limited studies evaluating the role of FOLR1 in breast cancer have shown that FOLR1 protein expression is enriched in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and associated with poor prognosis in all breast cancer types. Newly developed anti-FOLR1 therapy could potentially be used in patients with TNBC for whom few therapeutic options exist. We sought to evaluate FOLR1 protein expression in a cohort of patients with TNBC to determine its prevalence and prognostic value. Materials Immunohistochemistry was performed for FOLR1 in 76 cases of primary TNBC. Membranous staining in ≥ 5% of cells was deemed positive in a given case. Statistical analyses correlating FOLR1 protein expression with clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome (disease-free survival and overall survival) were performed. Results A total of 76 cases of primary TNBC were studied. Most cases were negative for FOLR1 (80.3%; 61/76). FOLR1 expression did not correlate with any clinicopathologic parameters. FOLR1 expression was significantly correlated with decreased disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-7.09; P = .0497 log-rank test). Although FOLR1 expression trended towards decreased overall survival, it was not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-6.36; P > .05 log-rank test). Conclusion We found a lower incidence of FOLR1 expression in TNBC compared with other studies; however, these patients may benefit from anti-folate therapy as other targeted therapies are not available. Although no correlation between FOLR1 expression and standard clinicopathologic parameters was identified, our findings suggest that FOLR1 expression is prognostically significant in TNBC.

This study aims to investigate the long-term demineralization-inhibition capability of a rechargeable adhesive with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) on dentin in a biofilm-challenged environment.The NACP adhesive was immersed in a pH 4 solution to exhaust calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions and then recharged with Ca and P ions. Dentin samples were demineralized underStreptococcus mutans biofilms for 24 h and randomly divided into two groups: (1) dentin control, (2) dentin with recharged NACP adhesives. Each day, all the samples were immersed in brain heart infusion broth with 1% sucrose (BHIS) for 4 h, and then in artificial saliva (AS) for 20 h. This cycle was repeated for 10 days. The pH of BHIS, the Ca and P ions content of the BHIS and AS were measured daily. After 10 days, the lactic acid production and colony-forming units of the biofilms were tested. The changes of remineralization/demineralization were also analyzed.Dentin in the control group showed further demineralization. The recharged NACP adhesive neutralized acids, increasing the pH to above 5, and released large amounts of Ca and P ions each day. The recharged NACP adhesive decreased the production of lactic acid (P 0.05), inhibited dentin demineralization and sustained the dentin hardness in the biofilm-challenged environment, showing an excellent long-term demineralization-inhibition capability.The NACP adhesive could continuously inhibit dentin demineralization in a biofilm-challenged environment by recharging with Ca and P ions.The rechargeable NACP adhesive could provide long-term dentin bond protection.

Background The goals of this study were to validate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in skin flap apoptosis in a rat model of abdomen skin ischemia and/or reperfusion (IR) and to compare the protective effect of SP600125 and hydrogen-rich saline in skin IR injury. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: one sham surgery group and four surgery groups. Before undergoing 3 h of IR management, the surgery groups were treated with normal saline (IR), dimethyl sulfoxide, SP600125 (SP), and hydrogen-rich saline (H). On the third postoperative day, blood perfusion of the flap was measured using Laser Doppler flowmeters. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe morphologic changes. Early apoptosis was observed using TdT-mediated dUTP-X nick end-labeling staining. pASK-1, pJNK, Bcl-2, and Bax were examined by immunodetection. Caspase-3 activity was also measured 24 h after reperfusion. Results Compared to the IR group and the dimethyl sulfoxide group, the SP group and the H group had larger skin flap survival area, more blood perfusion and lower levels of caspase-3 activity. The SP and the H groups had high expression levels of Bcl-2 and low expression levels of pASK-1 and pJNK. Bax was significantly decreased in the SP group. In addition, cell apoptosis was decreased in both the sham surgery and the H groups. Conclusions IR-induced JNK phosphorylation was reduced by SP600125, indicating that JNK mediates the apoptosis pathways in rat skin. In the SP and the H groups, the apoptotic factors measured showed similar expression levels, indicating that JNK inhibition during IR may be associated with H-mediated protection against skin IR apoptosis.

With the increasingly frequent interregional trade that leads to the geographical separation of production and consumption, the invisible shift of the environmental welfare bestowed by biomass use is brought to attention. Using a systems embodiment accounting model, this study tracked the dynamic process of interregional transfer of biomass use from primary supply to final consumption via the global supply chain. The results reveal that biomass use embodied in global trade is 87% of total global biomass exploitation. Moreover, the intermediate trade volume is 1.7 times higher than the final trade volume. In terms of biomass use, the United States, South Korea, mainland China, Japan, and the United Kingdom are revealed as the five leading net importers and also the main final consumers. Brazil, India, Cyprus, Indonesia, and Latvia are demonstrated to be the top five net exporters and also the main exploiters of biomass resources. The biomass self-sufficiency rate by source and that by sink for each country are then discussed. The outcome shows that through the channels of global supply chain, the shift of environmental welfare from biomass-exporting nations to biomass-importing nations occurs along with interregional trade. For Brazil and India, we suggest that they should strike a balance between economic revenues and long-term sustainability. Regarding the consumption-oriented nations such as the United States, an increase in the energy efficiency of high value-added industries is recommended.

The carbon-emission transfer between two representative developing economies - China and Africa - behind the international trade has aroused quite a few controversies, which have not been fully estimated and understood yet. In this paper, the Multiregional Input-Output (MRIO) method is applied to the participants of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) from the global perspective to reveal the roles both China and Africa have played in the global supply chain as either the original emitter or the final consumer, and to depict the evolution pattern of carbon transfer via Sino-Africa trade from the year 2000-2015. The findings are as follows: 1) China has played the role of net exporter of embodied carbon-emission in Sino-Africa trade, for the amount of emitted carbon China had born yet resulted by consumption in Africa well surpassed that vice versa. 2) Compared to the carbon-emission flows embodied in EU-Africa and US-Africa trades, China has shouldered more carbon-emission derived from Africa's consumption. 3) The sectoral contribution and intensities of embodied carbon-emission correspond to the trading pattern between China and Africa, which stems from the two parties' comparative advantages and economic complementarity. 4) The intensities of embodied carbon-emission on both sides are declining towards a rosy prospect, which indicates an improving carbon-emission efficiency of both economies. From a global perspective, both China and Africa play a positive part in carbon-emission reduction. The results in this study can facilitate low-carbon and high-efficiency trading link between the two economies.

Green development and low-carbon economy play important roles to achieve sustainable society. Since agricultural production is the foundation of the Chinese national economy, agricultural green production acts as the driving force in green economy development, as well as a prerequisite to realize green behavior and sustainable ecology. Different from traditional agricultural production, the idea of agricultural green production also put many factors including economy, environment, and social development into comprehensive consideration. It provides the future directions of China’s agriculture. This research aims to systematically sort the agricultural green production goals from five dimensions: supply capacity, resource utilization, environment quality, ecosystem maintenance, and farmers’ lives. An agricultural green production assessment index system was constructed based on national agricultural census data indicators. Furthermore, the gap between China’s agricultural green production status and target value, as well as the vertical and spatial evolution of agricultural green production levels in China have been determined empirically relying on the data from three national agricultural censuses and additional statistical data from national statistical yearbooks and coefficient manuals. Moreover, key recommendations were provided for path optimizing and China’s agricultural green production upgrading.

This paper investigates the slicing up the value chain and the accompanied carbon dioxide emissions linked to the international trade of global information and communication technology (ICT) manufacturing sector, the most dynamic and globally dispersed sector in the world economy. Based on an inter-country input–output database WIOD, we trace the changes of value-added and the carbon dioxide emissions that are embodied in the international trade of ICT final products in 1995–2008. The results show that the emerging economies are largely benefited by involving in global ICT productions, for which advanced economies have always been major consumers and importers. Although the emerging economies experienced much faster upgrades in carbon-intensity-related technologies, in 2008 the advanced economies still emitted less carbon dioxide and obtained more added value than emerging economies, for identical amount of exports of ICT final products.

In this paper, we study the integrability and exact bright soliton solutions to the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation with higher-order effects arising from nonlinear fiber medium. Firstly, the Lax integrability of this equation is investigated by prolongation technique and an integrable generalized coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrodinger equation is proposed. Then the general N bright-bright soliton solutions of this integrable equation are obtained by Riemann-Hilbert formulation and the collision dynamics between two solitons is analyzed. Finally, an integrable generalized n-coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrodinger equation together with its linear spectral problem are given.

In this paper, the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with an anharmonic potential is studied both analytically and numerically. As a result, two families of matter wave soliton solutions are obtained and their stability is analyzed by linear stability analysis and dynamical evolutions. It is shown that the spatially inhomogeneous cubic-quintic nonlinearities and the anharmonic potential can support stable matter wave solitons.

This paper analyzes the spatial evolution character of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms using self-organized criticality theory. The spatial evolution character is modeled by the statistical property of crowding distance, which displays a scale-free feature and a power-law distribution. We propose that the evolutional rule of multi-objective optimization algorithms is a self-organized state transition from an initial scale-free state to a final scale-free state. The target is to get close to a critical state representing the true Pareto-optimal front. Besides, the anti-Matthew effect is the internal incentive factor of most strategies. The final scale-free state reflects the quality of the final Pareto-optimal front. The speed of the state transition reflects the efficiency of the algorithm. We simulate the spatial evolution characters of three typical multi-objective evolutionary algorithms representing three fields, i.e., Genetic Algorithm, Differential Evolution and the Artificial Immune System algorithm. The results prove that the model and the explanation are effective for analyzing the evolutional rule of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms.

In this work, the option pricing Black–Scholes model with dividend yield is investigated via Lie symmetry analysis. As a result, the complete Lie symmetry group and infinitesimal generators of the one-dimensional Black–Scholes equation are derived. On the basis of these infinitesimal generators, the similarity variables and newly explicit solutions of the Black–Scholes equation are obtained by solving the corresponding characteristic equations. Finally, figures for an explicit solution with different dividend yields are presented to demonstrate the novel properties.

Background CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as a prognostic indicator in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). There is debate surrounding the prognostic value of hot spots for CD8+ TIL enumeration. Methods We compared hot spot versus whole-tumor CD8+ TIL enumeration in prognosticating TNBC using immunohistochemistry on whole tissue sections and quantification by digital image analysis (Halo imaging analysis software; Indica Labs, Corrales, NM). A wide range of clinically relevant hot spot sizes was evaluated. Results CD8+ TIL enumeration was independently statistically significant for all hot spot sizes and whole-tumor annotations for disease-free survival by multivariate analysis. A 10× objective (2.2 mm diameter) hot spot was found to correlate significantly with overall survival (P = .04), while the remaining hot spots and whole-tumor CD8+ TIL enumeration did not (P > .05). Statistical significance was not demonstrated when comparing between hot spots and whole-tumor annotations, as the groups had overlapping confidence intervals. Conclusion CD8+ TIL hot spot enumeration is equivalent to whole-tumor enumeration for prognostication in TNBC and may serve as a good alternative methodology in future studies and clinical practice.

In this paper, the recent factorization technique is applied to the modified Camassa–Holm and Degasperis–Procesi equations and two first-order ordinary differential equations are obtained, respectively. Subsequently, some new exact solitary wave solutions for the two equations are proposed. The figures for the bell-type and peakon-type solutions of the modified Camassa–Holm are plotted to describe the properties of the solutions.

PRDM1/Blimp-1, a master regulator for B cell terminal differentiation, is a putative tumor suppressor in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Inactivating mutations of PRDM1 have been previously identified in a subset of nongerminal center B cell–like (GCB) DLBCL. We investigated the presence of alternative mechanisms of down-regulating PRDM1 in a cohort of 25 primary DLBCL and six DLBCL cell lines. While some DLBCL, predominantly the GCB-type, showed low levels of both PRDM1α mRNA and protein, presumably as a result of direct transcription repression, discordant expressions between the two were identified in a subset of DLBCL without PRDM1 mutations, the primarily non-GCB type, consistent with translational down-regulation. This subset of DLBCL exhibits relatively high PRDM1α mRNA levels but low levels of PRDM1. Data obtained from expression analysis, luciferase reporter assays, and transfection experiments support a role of targeting of PRDM1 by microRNA let-7 family in mediating this down-regulation. Let-7, in particular let-7b, is overexpressed in DLBCL relative to normal GCB cells, suggesting that it is deregulated. Thus, abnormal epigenetic down-regulation of PRDM1 by let-7 and other microRNAs may represent an alternative mechanism of reducing normal PRDM1 function in a subset of DLBCL with relatively high PRDM1α mRNA expression and unmutated PRDM1. These findings provide further evidence for an important role of impairment of terminal B cell differentiation in DLBCL pathogenesis.

Chemical reprogramming provides a powerful platform for exploring the molecular dynamics that lead to pluripotency. Although previous studies have uncovered an intermediate extraembryonic endoderm (XEN)-like state during this process, the molecular underpinnings of pluripotency acquisition remain largely undefined. Here, we profile 36,199 single-cell transcriptomes at multiple time points throughout a highly efficient chemical reprogramming system using RNA-sequencing and reconstruct their progression trajectories. Through identifying sequential molecular events, we reveal that the dynamic early embryonic-like programs are key aspects of successful reprogramming from XEN-like state to pluripotency, including the concomitant transcriptomic signatures of two-cell (2C) embryonic-like and early pluripotency programs and the epigenetic signature of notable genome-wide DNA demethylation. Moreover, via enhancing the 2C-like program by fine-tuning chemical treatment, the reprogramming process is remarkably accelerated. Collectively, our findings offer a high-resolution dissection of cell fate dynamics during chemical reprogramming and shed light on mechanistic insights into the nature of induced pluripotency.

In this paper, the (3 + 1)-dimensional Burgers equation is studied by means of Painleve truncation expansion, extended Riccati equation method and Wang’s multiple Riccati equations method in Wang and Li [D.S. Wang, H. Li, Symbolic computation and non-travelling wave solutions of (2 + 1)-dimensional non-linear evolution equations, Chaos Soliton Fract. 38 (2008) 383–390]. As a result, some novel soliton-like, complexiton solutions and multi-solitary wave solutions are derived. It is shown that the process to derive them is very direct. Subsequently, an ( n + 1 ) -dimensional Burgers type equation is presented and its solutions are given.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a metabolic regulator involved in maintaining glucose and fatty acid homeostasis. Besides its metabolic functions, the receptor has also been implicated in tumorigenesis. Ligands of PPARgamma induce apoptosis in several types of tumor cells, leading to the proposal that these ligands may be used as antineoplastic agents. However, apoptosis induction requires high doses of ligands, suggesting the effect may not be receptor-dependent. In this report, we show that PPARgamma is expressed in human primary T-cell lymphoma tissues and activation of PPARgamma with low doses of ligands protects lymphoma cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis. The prosurvival effect of PPARgamma was linked to its actions on cellular metabolic activities. In serum-deprived cells, PPARgamma attenuated the decline in ATP, reduced mitochondrial hyperpolarization, and limited the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in favor of cell survival. Moreover, PPARgamma regulated ROS through coordinated transcriptional control of a set of proteins and enzymes involved in ROS metabolism. Our study identified cell survival promotion as a novel activity of PPARgamma. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the role of PPARgamma in cancer before widespread use of its agonists as anticancer therapeutics.

Of all known cultured stem cell types, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) sit atop the landscape of developmental potency and are characterized by their ability to generate all cell types of an adult organism. However, PSCs show limited contribution to the extraembryonic placental tissues in vivo. Here, we show that a chemical cocktail enables the derivation of stem cells with unique functional and molecular features from mice and humans, designated as extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells, which are capable of chimerizing both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. Notably, a single mouse EPS cell shows widespread chimeric contribution to both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages in vivo and permits generating single-EPS-cell-derived mice by tetraploid complementation. Furthermore, human EPS cells exhibit interspecies chimeric competency in mouse conceptuses. Our findings constitute a first step toward capturing pluripotent stem cells with extraembryonic developmental potentials in culture and open new avenues for basic and translational research. VIDEO ABSTRACT.