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Friction stir welding of AA2014 aluminium alloy was performed at seven diffrent speed combinations. Optical microscopy and FESEM were used to investigate the metallurgical behavior of the weld joints. Microhardness and corrosion resistance were found higher at low rotation speed and high traverse speed. Higher microhardness is the result of high traverse i.e. 90 mm/min (from traverse speed variations) and low rotational speed i.e. 508 rpm (from rotation speed variations). These parameters results in reasonably smaller matrix grain size that impacted the joint’s microhardness. There exists a small difference in both weld joint’s percentage elongation, whereas their tensile strength is similar.

Background India is in the process of strengthening the trauma care system, and assessment of the current situation using standard guidelines has immense use. This study reports the status of trauma care facilities in India, with a broad framework of guidelines for essential trauma care by the World Health Organization. Materials and methods This study is part of a multicentric intervention study to standardize structured trauma care services in five Indian cities. Thirty trauma care facilities (five level I, 10 level II, and 15 level III facilities) were included. Data on the availability of equipment and manpower were collected. Availability of knowledge + skills and equipment + supplies was assessed based on the guidelines for essential trauma care by World Health Organization. Results There is almost 100% availability of services and equipment in level I hospitals, but availability varied between 50% and 100% at level II facilities. Very fewer number of services are available at level III facilities. Inadequacy of equipment is reported in level II and III facilities. Only level I facilities have required human resources. Availability of resources in terms of knowledge and equipment of different skills indicated that overall optimal level is observed in level I hospitals. Level II facilities are more deficient in nursing and paramedic staff, and level III facilities reported deficiencies in all categories. Conclusions A significant imbalance between recommended resources and the resources that are available in the trauma care facilities was noted. Hence, the study warrants urgent strengthening of trauma care facilities, particularly of level II and III facilities.

The human forebrain has expanded in size and complexity compared to chimpanzees despite limited changes in protein-coding genes, suggesting that gene expression regulation is an important driver of brain evolution. Here, we identify a KRAB-ZFP transcription factor, ZNF558, that is expressed in human but not chimpanzee forebrain neural progenitor cells. ZNF558 evolved as a suppressor of LINE-1 transposons but has been co-opted to regulate a single target, the mitophagy gene SPATA18. ZNF558 plays a role in mitochondrial homeostasis, and loss-of-function experiments in cerebral organoids suggests that ZNF558 influences developmental timing during early human brain development. Expression of ZNF558 is controlled by the size of a variable number tandem repeat that is longer in chimpanzees compared to humans, and variable in the human population. Thus, this work provides mechanistic insight into how a cis-acting structural variation establishes a regulatory network that affects human brain evolution.