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The aim of the study was to develop a simple, rapid, and reliable technique to detect the pharmacokinetics and the residual of florfenicol (FFC) in Bester sturgeon, a cultured hybrid of Huso huso × Acipenser ruthenus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The results showed that the concentration-time course of the FFC was described by one-compartment model with 1st order absorption in the blood. The retention time of FFC was 7.3 min. The limit of detection of FFC concentration using our developed method was 0.01 mg kg−1 BW. After given single dose 10 mg kg−1 BW per day of FFC via oral administration for sturgeon, the main pharmacokinetic parameters in blood were found as following: Cmax (maximum concentration) was 10.9568 μg mL−1, Tmax (time to Cmax) was 10 h, AUC (area under the curve) was 251.064 μg × hr mL−1, t1/2 (half-life) was 12.1301 h, CL (total body clearance) was 0.0387 L kg−1, V/F (apparent volume of distribution) was 0.6777 L kg−1, and MRT (the mean residence time) was 23.7431 h. Additionally, the concentration-time course of the FFC was also described by two-compartment model with 1st order absorption in the muscle and liver. The recoveries of muscle and liver from sturgeon were 92–108% and 90–104%, respectively. Taken together, the results showed that the developed method technique may be a valuable tool was efficient in detecting the pharmacokinetics of FFC in Bester sturgeon.

For expectancy-based theories, we separate unexpectedness from confirmation.We incorporate unexpectedness, delight, and customer citizenship behaviors (CCB) into traditional expectancy theories.Satisfaction is more affected by confirmation and delight is more determined by unexpectedness.Delight is relatively important to CCB, satisfaction is associated more with continuance intention. This study incorporates unexpectedness, delight, and customer citizenship behaviors (CCB) into the cognitive, affective, and behavioral stages of traditional expectancy theories, which, in general, contain confirmation, satisfaction, and continuance intention in each stage, respectively. Data collected from 436 app users shows that, from the cognitive stage to the affective stage, satisfaction is affected more by confirmation, and delight is determined more by unexpectedness. In contrast, from the affective stage to the behavioral stage, satisfaction has a greater effect on continuance intention, and delight is more critical for customer citizenship behavior. This study contributes to traditional expectancy theories by highlighting the importance of unexpectedness in the forming of continuance intention, and by illustrating the relatively critical role that components of each stage play in subsequent stages.

Neuroinflammation is known to be involved in epileptogenesis with unclear mechanisms. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) seems to offer anti-inflammatory protection to ischemic brain injury in rodents. Thus, it is hypothesized that sEH inhibition might also affect the neuroinflammatory responses caused by epileptic seizures. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of sEH in neuroinflammation, seizure generation and subsequent epileptogenesis using two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Experimental epileptic seizures were induced by either pilocarpine or electrical amygdala kindling in both wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and sEH knockout (sEH KO) mice. The sEH expression in the hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The effects of the sEH hydrolase inhibitors, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA) and N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N′-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl)-urea (TPPU), and of the genetic deletion of sEH on seizure-induced neuroinflammatory responses and the development of epilepsy were evaluated. In the hippocampus of WT mice, sEH was mainly expressed in astrocytes (GFAP+), neurons (NeuN+) and scattered microglia (Iba-1+) in the regions of CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus. Expression of sEH was significantly increased on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Administration with sEH inhibitors attenuated the SE-induced up-regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the degradation of EETs, as well as IκB phosphorylation. Following treatment with AUDA, the frequency and duration of spontaneous motor seizures in the pilocarpine-SE mice were decreased and the seizure-induction threshold of the fully kindled mice was increased. Up-regulation of hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 was found in both WT and sEH KO mice after successful induction of SE. Notably, sEH KO mice were more susceptible to seizures than WT mice. Seizure related neuroinflammation and ictogenesis were attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of sEH enzymatic activity but not by sEH genetic deletion. Therefore, sEH may play an important role in the generation of epilepsy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of AUDA in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-ictogenesis properties suggests that it may have clinical therapeutic implication for epilepsy in the future, particularly when treating temporal lobe epilepsy.

User related issues have long been broadly discussed in the information system development (ISD) project research area. In this study, we focus on user risk and identify two risk countering approaches to demonstrate how to deal with user risk and its negative impact on ISD projects. We hypothesize that (1) user risk has a negative impact on project performance, (2) users’ bond with the project and the development team can help reduce user risk, and (3) developers’ task knowledge and vertical coordination can ease the negative impact of user risk and increase project performance. A quantitative approach with survey data collected from 240 practitioners confirmed our hypotheses. In addition, we interviewed seven developers and three user representatives to complete our understanding of this issue. Implications for academia and practitioners are discussed at the end of this paper. Suggestions for future research directions are also provided.

Amoxicillin (AMX) is widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal and systemic infections. AMX residues above certain levels may pose a threat to human health. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the pharmacokinetics of AMX in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Japanese eels were treated with AMX at concentrations of 40 or 80 mg kg−1 body weight (BW) daily via oral administration. The results revealed that the recoveries of AMX from the muscle, liver, and sera of eels were 84.7–105.1%, 81.8–104.9%, and 88.6–106.3%, respectively. The observed peak retention time was approximately 4.2 min. After administration of 40 mg kg−1 BW per day of AMX, the pharmacokinetic parameters were detected, respectively. The average drug residue concentration in muscles was 180 and 260 ng mL−1 on day 1 and day 2, respectively, and in the liver, it was 70 and 110 ng mL−1 on day 1 and day 2, respectively, after the 40 mg kg−1 BW daily AMX administration. Residue concentrations in the muscle and liver on day 3 after 40 mg kg−1 BW administrations were below the limit of detection (

Most social capital studies either treat the three dimensions of social capital as parallel or hypothesize that causal relationships exist among them. We attempt to further explore the interaction effects between paired dimensions of social capital. In the context of information system development (ISD) projects, we propose direct and interaction effects of different dimensions of social capital on process and product performance. A survey of system developers indicates that all three proposed interaction effects on process performance are significant but with different patterns. Only one (structural and relational) interaction effect is found to have an effect on product performance. Academic and practical implications are discussed.

Summary The duration of sustained seizures (SS) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in experimental animals. We tested whether rats with varying durations of initial convulsive SS exhibited differential neurogenesis patterns in the hippocampal dentate gyrus that may be related to subsequent epileptogenesis. Sprague-Dawley rats with pilocarpine-induced convulsive SS were divided into short SS (30 min) and long SS (2 h) groups. Their behavior was monitored to identify convulsive SRS. From 1 to 28 days post-SS, cell proliferation was evaluated by 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and immature neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus were identified by doublecortin immunohistochemistry. Convulsive SRS was detected in 8 out of the 9 long SS rats, but not in the 9 short SS rats. During day 1–3, proliferative cells were diffusely localized throughout the hippocampus in the long SS rats but were primarily confined within the subgranular zone in the short SS rats. Within the subgranular zone, a significant increase in the number of BrdU-positive cells was found at days 3 and 7 after the long SS and on day 1 after the short SS. Notably, abnormal dendritic outgrowth and hilar-ectopic localization of doublecortin-positive cells were present in the long SS rats. In conclusion, aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis following long SS may contribute to the development of SRS.

This study investigates the role of users as knowledge co-producers in different stages of the information system development project. Data collected from 269 IS professionals supported our hypotheses that common knowledge has an impact on requirement determination, which, in turn, leads to better project performance. User–IS relationship can substitute the effect of common knowledge on requirement determination in the design stage and user review can ensure that the obtained requirements are actually carried out by developers in the development stage. As a result, higher project performance can be obtained. Discussion of the results and conclusions is also provided.