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Densities and viscosities of ethylene glycol - water and 1,3-propanediol - water binary mixtures have been measured over the whole composition range at 373.2 K and 473.2 K and at pressures up to 40 MPa. The excess molar volumes combined with partial molar volumes, and viscosity deviations have been calculated from the measurement data. The activation Gibbs free energy of viscous flow has been also evaluated from the density and viscosity data. These results were compared with the previously reported results of the monohydric alcohol - water mixtures with the same carbon numbers to discuss the effect of hydroxyl group and alkyl chain length on these properties in the wide range of temperature and pressure. The physical properties of the alcohol-water mixtures were strongly influenced by the molecular structure of the alcohol molecules under the studied conditions. In particular, the excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations showed very different behaviors for monohydric and dihydric alcohol - water mixtures.

Temperatures in urban area rise; therefore, it is necessary to consider the mitigation of urban warming. Considering that, in coastal areas such as Yokohama, an effective mitigation could be based on sea breeze patterns during summer daytime, this study aims at analyzing the relationship between temperature distributions and sea breeze fronts. Eventually, the target of this paper could be the creation of an Urban Environmental Climate Map (UECM) showing mitigation measures for each zone. Firstly, fine weather days are extracted and the sea breeze blowing patterns are classified in the target area. Secondly, the wind and temperature distribution patterns are mapped using WRF. The results obtained enable the mapping of the sea breeze fronts and the analysis of the relationship between temperature distributions and sea breeze fronts. Finally, a spatial zoning is performed. The results are presented as follows: 1) Sea breeze blowing patterns are classified into three patterns; 2) Based on the numerical simulation results and the temperature data observed in coastal areas, southwest wind has a cooling effect; 3) The target area is classified into “Sea breeze arrival zone” and others based on the presence of a see breeze; 4) An UECM showing proper mitigation measures is proposed.

Supramolecular chemosensor arrays are powerful analytical methods to classify and quantify analytes using pattern recognition. This Review summarizes approaches based on molecular self-assemblies to realize chemosensor arrays comprising a small number of supramolecular chemosensors. After discussing the conventional design strategy for chemosensor arrays, an overview of simple minimized but multifunctional chemosensor arrays for multi-analyte detection is provided. In this context, self-assembled chemosensor arrays utilizing inter- or intramolecular interactions have been highly useful for obtaining information-rich patterns from a smaller number of chemosensors in environmental and biochemical applications. Finally, self-assembly for pattern recognition “without” a chemosensor array is shown to be the simplest example for chirality sensing. The knowledge related to self-assembled chemosensor arrays gathered in this Review will be useful for developing “sophisticated chemosensor arrays” for real-world scenarios.

A novel technique to improve the adhesion of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film to an Al alloy was demonstrated in this study. DLC films were deposited by diode rf bias sputtering. The Al component in the substrate was initially deposited on a graphite target during the sputter-cleaning of the substrate. Then the graphite target and the deposited Al were simultaneously sputtered to form an interface layer between the DLC film and the substrate in the early stage of deposition. We call this method substrate sputtering and redeposition (SSRD), which enhanced the antiwear lifetime of DLC/Al alloy samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy clarified that a thicker mixed layer of Al and C was formed around the interface in the case of a longer substrate sputtering duration in the SSRD method. This interface structure could account for the strong adhesion of the DLC film to the substrate and the reduced delamination of the film obtained using the SSRD method.