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The global healthcare landscape has changed dramatically and rapidly in 2020. This has had an impact upon paediatricians and in particular respiratory paediatricians. The effects in Europe, with its mature healthcare system, have been far faster and greater than most authorities anticipated. Within six weeks of COVID-19 being declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organisation [WHO] in China, Europe had become the new epicentre of disease. A pandemic was finally declared by the WHO on March 11th 2020. Continued international travel combined with the slow response of some political leaders and a variable focus on economic rather than health consequences resulted in varying containment strategies in response to the threat of the initial wave of the pandemic. It is likely that this variation has contributed to widely differing outcomes across Europe. Common to all countries was the stark lack of preparations and initially poor co-ordination of responses between levels of government to this unforeseen but not unheralded global health crisis. In this article we highlight the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

Intuitively and empirically, leadership and teamwork are essential for team performance, patient safety, and patient outcomes in anesthesia and perioperative care. Team members have different needs and priorities during dynamically changing perioperative conditions. Team leaders may require recommendations on leadership practices to ensure patient safety while maintaining efficient work flow. Current research supports the concept that little explicit leadership is usually required during standardized routine work, but active and even directive leadership is important in unexpected, novel or stressful situations. Inviting and appreciating speaking up behaviour may further improve team performance. Team training and simulation methods can enhance teamwork and leadership behaviour. Future research will hopefully fill persisting knowledge gaps., Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care, 4 (6), ISSN:2210-8440, ISSN:1532-2033, ISSN:2210-8467

Cost is generally accepted as an essential ingredient of good design. However, the co-ordination and integration of building services constitute a major problem in the procurement and cost management of buildings coupled with gaps in knowledge by practitioners in the technology of building services.The study proposed a generic framework for integrating quantity surveyors services in the procurement and effective cost management of building services in Malaysia construction industry. The framework requires early involvement of design consultants including specialist designers and quantity surveyors. The most significant obstacle to the adoption of the framework is the industry commitment and the client's readiness to pay for additional services.

Le guide est un dispositif spécifique du marché de la qualité. Au travers de ses modalités, il instaure la rencontre de l’offre et de la demande et, dans le même temps, il redéfinit les producteurs et les consommateurs. Dans cette perspective, l’examen de l’évolution du Guide rouge Michelin a permis de mettre en évidence trois formes historiques du guide qui se distinguent par leurs objets d’échange et par la manière dont elle régule le marché. Le guide technique (1900–1908) s’organise autour de biens techniques interchangeables et façonne un marché néoclassique ; il n’est pas un guide. Le guide touristique (1909–1933) et le guide gastronomique (1934–1998), au-delà des différences d’objets d’échange, instaurent tous deux, un marché de la qualité même s’ils se distinguent entre eux par la méthode employée. Sans ces deux guides (ou leurs équivalents) les deux variantes du marché de la qualité n’auraient pu ni se former ni durer. A guidebook serves the economics of quality in markets where what is traded is quite singular, and where goods and services cannot be fully compared. It provides a meeting-place for supply and demand and also, redefines consumers and producers. The red guidebook, which has served as the bible for travelers and gastronomes –and which is now celebrating its hundredth birthday– has assumed three forms over time. These forms differ owing to both the object of transactions and the way they ‘regulate’ the market. Focused on interchangeable technical goods, the ‘technical’ one (1900–1908) was intended for a neoclassical market; it was not a guidebook. The ‘tourist’ one (1909–1933), which concentrated on ‘cultural objects’, and the ‘gastronomic’ one (1934–1998), which focuses on restaurants and on cultural products, both establish a quality market, despite their differing methods. Without these two guidebooks (or their equivalents), these two variants of the quality market would not have been able to take shape or last.

Despite the remarkable advances in organ transplantation, the greatest limitation in Hong Kong is lack of organ supply. Many factors are considered as the obstacles in organ procurement. A successful organ retrieval program requires diligent and collaborative efforts of transplant teams, hospital staff and the community. Sustained effort is required to stimulate the awareness of both the public and hospital staff on organ donation.