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Anesthetic management of chelonians represents a unique challenge; the order Chelonia includes numerous species that display diverse anatomic features, habitats, body sizes, temperaments, and metabolic rates. Owing to their peculiar characteristics, safe and effective sedation and anesthesia may be more complicated than in other animals. For example, gas inductions are not indicated, and intravenous catheterization requires practice. The pharmacology of anesthetic drugs is severely impacted by body/environmental temperature, site of administration, and organ function. This review will summarize the current knowledge in terms of anatomy, physiology, and drug metabolism in chelonians, before discussing practical aspects of anesthesia.

The preheating process of the solar receiver in the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant is necessary but dangerous before filling the molten salt, because the empty pipe is easy to overheat, but it is required to heat up quickly to match the preheating requirement. In this paper, a lab-scale receiver was used to study the preheating process, and a transient numerical model was also developed for a better understanding of the preheating process. A detailed description of the receiver's performance on the 20% xenon lamp power was conducted, and the numerical modeling was verified through the comparison with the experimental results. The preheating process of the receiver under different xenon lamp power was performed, and a non-linear relationship existed between the period of the preheating process and the different xenon lamp power. Moreover, this paper also reported that the negative feedback control was used to realize the dynamical preheating process, and the method worked according to the surface temperature of the receiver until the preheating requirement was reached. Finally, the effect of environmental temperature on the preheating process was conducted, and the preheating duration of the receiver with the same heat flux was prolonged by about 30 s with the environment temperature of −2 °C.

Novel high-pressure microtube hydrogen storage device has higher hydrogen storage density and safety than conventional hydrogen tanks. A one-dimensional numerical model for hydrogen filling process in microtubes is established, with reasonable calculation methods and accurate physical properties adopted. Based on the analysis of flow parameters variations, three stages of the filling process are summarized. At the beginning of the filling process, the maximum temperature appears at the inlet, but the average temperature does not rise significantly during the whole process. The effects of microtube length, filling pressure and environmental temperature are investigated and discussed. The results show that excessively long microtubes greatly increase the filling time and higher filling pressure reduces the filling time and improves the filling efficiency. The microtube hydrogen storage device achieves higher hydrogen storage density and filling efficiency in lower temperature mediums. It reveals that high filling pressure, low temperature encapsulation and reasonable microtube size design are the future development directions of microtube hydrogen storage for better application.

Two broiler lines, Line A and Line B, were fed experimental diets from 22 to 42 d with objectives to determine effects of digestible amino acids (AA) to metabolizable energy ratios on feed intake (FI), performance, and processing yield. Experimental diets were formulated to 3,150 kcal/kg with 5 levels of digestible lysine (dLys)—80, 90, 100, 110, and 120% of recommended AA level giving g dLys/Mcal values of 2.53, 2.85, 3.17, 3.48, and 3.80, respectively. All other AA were formulated to a fixed ratio to dLys. A total of 4,050 chicks were utilized in each trial (9 replicate pens for each AA level and each line; 45 chicks/pen) conducted twice: one in hot environmental temperature (HT) (24 h mean ∼85.3 °F; 80.9% RH) and another in cool environmental temperature (CT) (24 h mean ∼71.6 °F; 61.7% RH). Results showed that FI was not impacted by dietary AA levels in HT for both lines. Higher FI (P

Background It has been widely documented that circannual variation has an impact on the incidence and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. It is unclear why cold ambient temperature increase the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We investigated the relationship between the ambient temperature at the onset of AMI, the morphology of the culprit lesion in patients with AMI. Methods We investigated 202 consecutive patients with AMI who underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT). The participants were divided into lower (n = 100) and higher (n = 102) temperature groups based on the ambient temperature. The culprit lesion morphology was compared between the two groups. Results The median temperature at the onset of AMI was 16.6 °C. The prevalence of plaque ruptures was higher at lower temperatures (lower 66% vs. higher 45%, p = .003), whereas OCT-erosion was more frequent in the higher temperature group (lower 13% vs. higher 26%, p = .021). The lower temperature group showed more cholesterol crystals (lower 71% vs. higher 54%, p = .014). Conclusion The peak incidence of AMI in the winter is formed by increased plaque rupture, suggesting environmental temperature has an influence on the pathogenesis of AMI.

Temperature governs states and dynamics of all biological molecules, and several cellular processes are often heat sources and/or sinks. Technical achievement of intracellular thermometry enables us to measure intracellular temperature, and it can offer novel perspectives in biology and medicine. However, little is known that changes of intracellular temperature throughout the cell-cycle and the manner of which cells regulates their thermogenesis in response to fluctuation of the environmental temperature. Here, cell-cycle-dependent changes of intracellular temperature were reconstructed from the snapshots of cell population at single-cell resolution using ergodic analysis for asynchronously cultured HeLa cells expressing a genetically encoded thermometry. Intracellular temperature is highest at G1 phase, and it gradually decreases along cell-cycle progression and increases abruptly during mitosis. Cells easily heated up are harder to cool down and vice versa, especially at G1/S phases. Together, intracellular thermogenesis depends on cell-cycle phases and it maintains intracellular temperature through compensating environmental temperature fluctuations.

Background There has been much interest in environmental temperature and race as modulators of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection and mortality. However, in the United States race and temperature correlate with various other social determinants of health, comorbidities, and environmental influences that could be responsible for noted effects. This study investigates the independent effects of race and environmental temperature on COVID-19 incidence and mortality in United States counties. Methods Data on COVID-19 and risk factors in all United States counties was collected. 661 counties with at least 50 COVID-19 cases and 217 with at least 10 deaths were included in analyses. Upper and lower quartiles for cases/100,000 people and halves for deaths/100,000 people were compared with t-tests. Adjusted linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the independent effects of race and environmental temperature. Results Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated Black race is a risk factor for increased COVID-19 cases (OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.09–1.40, P=0.001) and deaths independent of comorbidities, poverty, access to health care, and other risk factors. Higher environmental temperature independently reduced caseload (OR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.91, P=0.0009), but not deaths. Conclusions Higher environmental temperatures correlated with reduced COVID-19 cases, but this benefit does not yet appear in mortality models. Black race was an independent risk factor for increased COVID-19 cases and deaths. Thus, many proposed mechanisms through which Black race might increase risk for COVID-19, such as socioeconomic and healthcare-related predispositions, are inadequate in explaining the full magnitude of this health disparity.

Acoustic signals are an essential part of the multi-modal systems of conspecific communication among insects. The patterns of abiotic factors effects on their communication parameters are of great interest for prognostic purposes in current climatic instability and for practical application in order to manage their populations. The aim of this study was to reveal the dependence of the parameters of acoustic signals produced by bark beetle Polygraphus proximus, an aggressive alien stem pest on the environmental temperature. Male stridulatory signals were recorded in seven temperature settings (5–35 °C), and changes in their temporal parameters were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The obtained results allowed us to reveal the pattern of temperature dependence of signals produced by P. proximus. More than half of the insects were found to actively stridulate at 5 °C. Raising temperature caused an increment in chirp rate that continued to increase up to 30 °C. Further temperature increase led to suppression of signaling in most of the tested males. The obtained results showed a number of patterns of temperature effect on the parameters of acoustic signals which might be universal for representatives of different bark beetles genera with various stridulatory apparatus types.

In this paper, the synergistic effects of the stochastic loading stress and time interval on the stress-rupture damage evolution and lifetime of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) at intermediate temperatures are investigated. The relationships between the stochastic loading stress and stochastic time interval, internal damage evolution, macro strain, broken fiber fraction, and stress-rupture lifetime of fiber-reinforced CMCs are established. The effects of the stochastic loading stress and stochastic time interval, constituent properties, damage condition, and environment temperature on the stress-rupture time, strain evolution, and internal damage of SiC/SiC composite under stress-rupture loading are discussed. The experimental stress-rupture behavior of SiC/SiC composite under constant and stochastic loading condition are predicted. The stress-rupture lifetime decreases with increase of stochastic stress level, stochastic time interval, and environmental temperature, and increases with the fiber volume and interfacial shear stress in the slip region.

Novel microencapsulation of Syringa essential oil (EO) was successfully prepared via the inclusion method, with encapsulation efficiency of 39.52% and loading capacity of 11.54%. Eugenol, caryophyllene and humulene were demonstrated to be the principal constituents in vitro released from Syringa EO microencapsulation (SEOM) independent of the environmental temperature. Furthermore, the potential delivery encapsulated by Syringa EO and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) synergistically maintained quality attributes and storage behavior of postharvest Prunus persia fruit. The SEOM and/or 1-MCP treatments retained fruit firmness and acidity, as well as inhibited fruit decay and ethylene release. And SEOM promoted ester and terpenoid biosynthesis as well as inhibited aldehyde production in Prunus persia fruit during storage.

Summary The construction of synthetic two-dimensional (2D) materials designates a pathway to the versatile chemical functionality by spatial control. However, current 2D materials with intelligence of stimuli-responsibility and adaptiveness have been unfledged. The approach reported here uses a supramolecular strategy to achieve the dynamic non-covalent self-assembly of a rationally designed small molecule monomer, producing large-area, ultra-thin, porous 2D supramolecular assemblies, which are solution-processable in aqueous solution. Importantly, the 2D supramolecular assemblies exhibit distinct adaptive capability to automatically regulate their network density and pore diameters in response to environmental temperature change, which could be developed into an "on-demand" filtration application for nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the 2D supramolecular assemblies can also perform reversible degradation/reformation by photo-irradiation. Our results not only show the simplicity, reliability, and effectiveness of supramolecular strategies in the construction of 2D materials with practical sizes, but also push the dynamic alterability and adaptation features from supramolecular assemblies toward 2D materials., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • 2D supramolecular assemblies combine large area, nano-thickness and water solubility • The 2D assemblies can perform reversible expansion/contraction to tune pore sizes • The 2D material can be used for on-demand nanoparticles filtration, Supramolecular Materials; Materials Synthesis; Materials Characterization

As sessile organisms, plants have evolved numerous strategies to acclimate to changes in environmental temperature. However, the molecular basis of this acclimation remains largely unclear. In this study we identified a tRNAHis guanylyltransferase, AET1, which contributes to the modification of pre-tRNAHis and is required for normal growth under high-temperature conditions in rice. Interestingly, AET1 possibly interacts with both RACK1A and eIF3h in the endoplasmic reticulum. Notably, AET1 can directly bind to OsARF mRNAs including the uORFs of OsARF19 and OsARF23, indicating that AET1 is associated with translation regulation. Furthermore, polysome profiling assays suggest that the translational status remains unaffected in the aet1 mutant, but that the translational efficiency of OsARF19 and OsARF23 is reduced; moreover, OsARF23 protein levels are obviously decreased in the aet1 mutant under high temperature, implying that AET1 regulates auxin signaling in response to high temperature. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms whereby AET1 regulates the environmental temperature response in rice by playing a dual role in tRNA modification and translational control.

The negativity of material properties has opened up the possibility for the design of materials and structures that can perform in ways that are not achievable by conventional ones. Yet, conventional materials still possess their merits in certain applications. This paper explores a class of triangular-based composite metamaterial microstructure, with pin joints, that exhibits positive and negative Poisson’s ratio as a result of tensile and compressive loads respectively. By incorporating an additional set of rods, the modified microstructure behaves as a positive hygrothermal expansion material due to decrease in temperature and/or moisture concentration , but exhibits negative hygrothermal expansivity upon the increase of temperature and/or moisture concentration. The possibility of producing materials with behavioral multiplicity offers opportunities for development of materials and structures that reverse their behavior depending on the switch in stress sign as well as a switch in the sign for change(s) to the environmental temperature and/or moisture concentration.

Based on the coupled mode theory of the fiber grating, a novel cascaded grating sensor with film-modified long period fiber grating (LPFG) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is designed. The sensing principles are investigated, and the temperature and humidity sensing experiments are carried out. The experimental results show that LPFG and FBG have different response sensitivities to the temperature and humidity, and the temperature sensitivities are 34.99 and 8.65 pm·℃−1, respectively. The humidity sensitivity of LPFG is 94.34 pm·%RH-1 while FBG is insensitive to the humidity. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of environmental temperature and humidity is realized by using the sensitivity matrix. The minimum resolutions of the sensor for temperature and humidity are ±2.312 °C and ±1.069%RH, respectively. Given the simple structure, high sensitivity, stable performance and anti-electromagnetic interference, the sensor promises an excellent application prospect.

Species exhibit large diversity in their seasonal metabolic patterns which are traditionally explained by habitat specific seasonal temperature changes and various thermoregulatory adaptations. However, due to seasonal changes in resource abundances, density-dependent, ecological processes can also be important selective forces shaping the evolution of metabolic patterns. In the present theoretical study, the combined effect of environmental temperature and resource availability on the evolutionarily stable metabolic strategies is investigated in a consumer–resource model. Our results suggest that, under a broad range of circumstances, density-dependent mechanisms favor the selection of active metabolic regulation, where the metabolic rate differs from the thermally optimal value. This effect may be temporary, limited only to a brief period at seasonal changes, or permanent depending on the implied energetic cost and the relative timescale of environmental changes as compared to the generation time.

We investigated image distortion induced by the coupling effect between the self-heating of a digital camera and environmental temperature, and then proposed a model to explain the relationship between environmental temperature and thermal-induced image distortion. First, we analyzed the heat transfer between the (self-heating) camera and the environment to elucidate the relationship between the environmental and camera-component temperatures. Next, we analyzed the thermal-induced change of imaging optical path to derive the relationship between the camera-component temperatures and image distortion. Finally, we established and verified a new model for thermal-induced image distortion. Our results indicate that camera-self-heating-induced image distortion forms a special case described by our model.

The aim of this investigation is focused on the electrochemical impedance behavior of Sn-2 wt.% Ag (SA), Sn-10 wt.% Bi (SB) and Sn-22 wt.% Pb (SP) casting alloys in a stagnant and naturally aerated 0.15 M NaCl solution at environmental temperature. Both uncoated and coated samples are casting centrifuged and similar microstructural arrays are produced. Coated substrates and joints utilize Sn-based alloys in microelectronic applications. Gold-coated samples are commonly used in jewelry industry. The roles of the solute contents on the microstructural parameters, eutectic fractions and cathode-to-anode area ratios of each proposed alloy are discussed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis using equivalent circuit is discussed. It is found that indistinctively of the examined uncoated or coated samples, the corrosion resistance sequence favors the SB alloy, followed by SA and SP alloys.

The present study was divided in two different trials. The aim of the first trial was to determine if the thresholds of detection of skatole and indole are achieved in females and in males vaccinated against the GnRF housed in two different type of floors and subject to control or high environmental temperatures. The aim of the second trial was to assess the effect of sire (Duroc crossbreed and Pietrain crossbreed) and heat stress on the concentration of skatole and indole in entire males. In the first trial, the animals subjected to heat stress on a concrete floor were found to be dirtier and to present higher skatole and indole concentrations than did animals from the control treatment in 100% slatted floors. In the second trial, although the animals were dirtier when subjected to high temperatures, no effect of the temperature was found in skatole/indole concentrations. The Duroc pigs were dirtier and had higher skatole and indole concentrations than did Pietrain pigs. It is concluded that even females or vaccinated males can reach values of skatole/indole close to the thresholds of sensory detection under conditions of dirtiness and heat stress. However, the relationship between heat, dirtiness and skatole/indole concentrations in fat were not confirmed in trial 2 using entire males. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature and relative humidity on algae biofouling that often occurs on porous and rough fired brick surfaces. Brick samples were chosen since their common use on building facades. Accelerated growth tests were performed under different relative humidities and different temperatures. Results showed the effects of different temperature conditions in terms of algae growth delay and reduction of the covered area. All the relative humidity conditions tested substantially showed no growth from an engineering standpoint. The modified Avrami’s law succeeded in modelling the biofouling under the different environmental conditions.

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is recently receiving increasing attention and regarded one of the most promising low-grade heat-to-power technology. Compared to the conventional high-grade fossil energy-to power technologies, ORC is much more sensible to the environmental temperature variation due to the low temperature of heat sources. A conventional ORC is typically designed under a given condition and mostly operate under off-design conditions, resulting in low annual average performance. This study proposes a novel zeotropic ORC in which the mixture composition can be tuned in response to the environmental temperature variation using liquid - separation condensation. A thermodynamic optimization model is formulated to optimized the mixture composition according to the environmental temperature. A concept design of liquid-separation condensation -based composition tuning system is conducted. The results show that the proposed ORC can significantly improve the overall efficiency without extra cost increment, which can be improved by up to 9.15 % compare to the conventional ORC for 100 oC heat source.

With the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continuing across the world, mass screening of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a cornerstone of strategies aimed at limiting viral spread within the community. Although mass screening of body temperature with handheld, non-contact infrared thermometers and thermal imagine scanners is now widespread in a kaleidoscope of social and healthcare settings for purpose of detecting febrile individuals bearing SARS-CoV-2 infection, this strategy carries some notable drawbacks, which will be highlighted and discussed in this article. These caveats include the high rate of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, the challenging definition of “normal” body temperature, variation of measured values according to the body district, the use of antipyretics, device inaccuracy, impact of environmental temperature, along with the low specificity of this symptom for screening COVID-19 in patients with other febrile conditions. Some pragmatic suggestions will also be endorsed for increasing accuracy and precision of mass screening of body temperature. These encompass the assessment of body temperature (possibly twice) with validated devices, which shall be regularly monitored over time and used following manufacturer’s instructions, the definition of a range of “normal” body temperatures in the local population, patients interrogation on their usual body temperature, standardization of measurement to one body district, allowance of sufficient environmental acclimatization before body temperature check, integration with contact history and other clinical information, as well as exclusion of other possible causes of increased body temperature.

The concept of fatigue fracture entropy (FFE) is utilized and extended to predict and monitor the metal fatigue life of the specimens at different environmental temperatures via infrared technology. An application of the method via a real-time fatigue life monitoring unit is presented wherein, regardless of the environmental temperature, the unit automatically shuts down the machine prior to the onset of fatigue fracture. Results show that FFE is relatively constant for ambient temperatures from 25 °C to 200 °C. The analysis of the results also demonstrates that the variation of the plastic strain energy as a function of the number of cycles to failure can be generalized in a functional form independent of the environmental temperature.

An indoor thermal environment stimulates the human endocrine system, thermoregulation system, and nervous system, which significantly affects immunity. However, the effect of environmental temperature on immunity was not included in the field study of thermal comfort. To achieve this, we considered three different temperatures (18, 24, and 30 °C). Skin surface temperature, unstimulated whole saliva, thermal sensation vote, and thermal comfort vote from ten subjects under each condition were acquired simultaneously. The same subjects and experiment were repeated once in different years. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin E (S-IgE) concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results indicate that environmental temperature significantly affected salivary S-IgE concentration (P = 0.015), When the environmental temperature increased from 18 to 24 to 30 ℃, the IgE concentration in saliva gradually increased. The S-IgE concentration was the highest when the thermal sensation and thermal comfort were close to neutral and comfortable, which was 143.7% higher than the very uncomfortable. The S-IgE concentration was significantly positively correlated for thigh, back, forehead temperature, and average skin temperature (P = 0.023, P = 0.045, P = 0.021, P = 0.018, respectively). A comfortable and warm environment may enhance oral mucosal immunity by increasing the concentration of S-IgE in the saliva.

A belt weigher is widely used in industrial production and trade settlement; however, it is difficult to maintain its nominal measuring accuracy in service. With the belt weigher indication, average speed of belt, variation in belt sag, running deviation of belt, environmental temperature, and humidity as inputs, and the control instrument indication as output, a BP neural network model to compensate the automatic weighing error of the belt weigher is built. We obtained the sample data depending on the test system for the type evaluation of the belt weigher in the Jiangsu Institute of Metrology, as well as supplemental relevant parameters for the monitoring devices. The BP model is trained and validated using MATLAB. The validation results show that the absolute value of the maximum relative automatic weighing error output by the BP model is less than 0.5%, significantly lower than the error before using the BP model for compensation. The BP model is effective, feasible, and practical for compensating the automatic weighing error of the belt weigher.

Once introduced into physiological environment, nanoparticles (NPs) are immediately coated with proteins, resulting in formation of what is known as protein corona. The formation of protein corona can be affected by many factors. Likewise, the addition of protein corona can alter the physicochemical properties and biodistribution of NPs. NPs with the coating protein corona can be considered as a biological identity that recognized by cells in biological system. Thus, to understand and regulate the effect of protein corona on targeting capability of NPs in vivo, it is necessary to elucidate the interaction between the NPs and the biological fluid. In this review, we first elucidate the factors influencing the formation of protein corona, including NPs physicochemical factors, such as NPs composition, size, shape, surface chemistry, etc., and environmental factors, such as environmental temperature, protein origins, etc. Then, we focus on the effect of protein corona on the passive targeting and active targeting, and discuss the probable reasons that causing the discrepant results. Finally, we review the strategies for tuning the protein corona to promote targeting, including reducing protein adsorption and recruiting specific proteins.

The safety control of important tunnels is based on the measurement of some important quantities that characterize their behavior. Since Sep 2013, a real-time automatic monitoring system was installed in an underwater TBM tunnel to evaluate its performance under normal operation conditions. The tunnel behavior induced by water level variations, seasonal environmental temperature changes, and time effects was analyzed by a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The regression results show that temperature is the most important factor that influences the segment strain during normal operation, and the yearly irreversible deformation of segment joints is as remarkable as that caused by water level variations and temperature changes. A finite element method (FEM) analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of water level and temperature on tunnel segment strain. The influencing factors obtained from the FEM results are consistent with those obtained from the MLR model. This proves that the MLR model has sound physical meanings. Finally, a prewarning method is proposed based on the developed MLR model and regression coefficients. In the prediction of tunel performance, the regression coefficients are periodically updated to incorporate the time-related effects. A comparison of predicted and monitoring results from Sep 2016 to Jun 2017 verifies the applicability of prewarning method.

Environmental temperature varies significantly with place and time and therefore affects the efficiency of electrochemical chloride removal (ECR) treatment on reinforced concrete structures. To find the appropriate temperature for ECR application in real structural elements, exposure of concrete to ambient temperatures −10, 0, 20, and 50 °C were selected to study the effects of environmental temperature on ECR treatment. It is found that the total efficiency was quadrupled when the temperature was varied from 0 °C to 20 °C and increased by 13% when the temperature was raised to 50 °C, which means that rising temperature is an effective way to improve ECR efficiency.

A chloride process is especially prone to leakage incidents via vaporizer rupture and pipeline perforation, both of which are usually caused by corrosion. Rupture accidents may not occur frequently but nevertheless can results in explosions, poisoning and other severe consequences. The main factors affecting the corrosion process are the chloride ion concentration and the environmental temperature. In order to study the probability of rupture accidents, this paper first presents experimental research on the corrosion performance of liquid chlorine vaporizers and pipelines made with the steel Q345 and 20G, respectively. Different chloride ion concentrations (1–20 g/L) and environmental temperatures (30–90 °C) were considered in the corrosion experiment. The experiment lasted for 42 days, and the corrosion rate was calculated using weight loss technique. The experimental results show that 20G steel suffers more serious corrosion than Q345 steel and the degree of corrosion is determined by different factors working together. Among these experimental data, the corrosivity data related to 20G steel at the corrosion environment of low temperature with low concentration (30 °C, 1 g/L), as well as at high temperature with high concentration (80 °C, 20 g/L) were selected to establish the corrosion weight loss prediction model, based on which the accumulated wall thickness reduction was further calculated. Finally, a probability prediction model for the corrosive state was established based on Markov chains. Using the dynamic prediction method proposed in this work, it is capable to determine the corrosion situation of the chloride process through predicting the rupture probability before the coming into service of process equipment. Also, these prediction results can provide some guidance for the maintenance and help to reduce the risk of rupture accidents caused by corrosion in a chloride process.

We examined the gene expression levels of equinatoxin and equistatin in the sea anemone Actinia equina, when reared at varying environmental temperatures for five months. Both genes were significantly downregulated at 10 °C compared to 16 °C but showed no significant change at 22 °C. This provides the first evidence of an effect of temperature on gene expression, but with no effect of increasing temperatures such as those predicted due to climate change.

IntroductionDirect health effects of extreme temperatures are a significant environmental health problem in Lithuania, and could worsen further under climate change. This paper attempts to describe the change in environmental temperature conditions that the urban population of Vilnius could experience under climate change, and the effects such change could have on excess heat-related and cold-related mortality in two future periods within the 21st century.MethodsWe modelled the urban climate of Vilnius for the summer and winter seasons during a sample period (2009–2015) and projected summertime and wintertime daily temperatures for two prospective periods, one in the near (2030–2045) and one in the far future (2085–2100), under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. We then analysed the historical relationship between temperature and mortality for the period 2009–2015, and estimated the projected mortality in the near future and far future periods under a changing climate and population, assuming alternatively no acclimatisation and acclimatisation to heat and cold based on a constant-percentile threshold temperature.ResultsDuring the sample period 2009–2015 in summertime we observed an increase in daily mortality from a maximum daily temperature of 30 °C (the 96th percentile of the series), with an average of around 7 deaths per year. Under a no acclimatisation scenario, annual average heat-related mortality would rise to 24 deaths/year (95% CI: 8.4–38.4) in the near future and to 46 deaths/year (95% CI: 16.4–74.4) in the far future. Under a heat acclimatisation scenario, mortality would not increase significantly in the near or in the far future. Regarding wintertime cold-related mortality in the sample period 2009–2015, we observed increased mortality on days on which the minimum daily temperature fell below − 12 °C (the 7th percentile of the series), with an average of around 10 deaths a year. Keeping the threshold temperature constant, annual average cold-related mortality would decrease markedly in the near future, to 5 deaths/year (95% CI: 0.8–7.9) and even more in the far future, down to 0.44 deaths/year (95% C: 0.1–0.8). Assuming a “middle ground” between the acclimatisation and non-acclimatisation scenarios, the decrease in cold-related mortality will not compensate the increase in heat-related mortality.ConclusionThermal extremes, both heat and cold, constitute a serious public health threat in Vilnius, and in a changing climate the decrease in mortality attributable to cold will not compensate for the increase in mortality attributable to heat. Study results reinforce the notion that public health prevention against thermal extremes should be designed as a dynamic, adaptive process from the inception.

Purpose - This study examined the effect of environmental temperature deception on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 30 min of fixed-intensity cycling in the heat.Methods - Eleven trained male cyclists completed an incremental cycling test and four experimental trials. Trials consisted of 30 min cycling at 50% Pmax, once in 24 °C (CON) and three times in 33 °C. In the hot trials, participants were provided with accurate temperature feedback (HOT), or were deceived to believe the temperature was 28 °C (DECLOW) or 38 °C (DECHIGH). During cycling, RPE was recorded every 5 min. Rectal and skin temperature, heart rate and oxygen uptake were continuously measured. Data were analysed using linear mixed model methods in a Bayesian framework, magnitude-based inferences (Cohens d), and the probability that d exceeded the smallest worthwhile change.Results - RPE was higher in the heat compared to CON, but not statistically different between the hot conditions (mean [95% credible interval]; DECLOW: 13.0 [11.9, 14.1]; HOT: 13.0 [11.9, 14.1]; DECHIGH: 13.1 [12.0, 14.2]). Heart rate was significantly higher in DECHIGH (141 b·min−1 [132, 149]) compared to all other conditions (DECLOW: 138 b·min−1 [129, 146]; HOT: 138 b·min−1 [129, 145]) after 10 min; however, this did not alter RPE. All other physiological variables did not differ between the hot conditions.Conclusion - Participants were under the impression they were cycling in different environments; however, this did not influence RPE. These data suggest that for trained cyclists, an awareness of environmental temperature does not contribute to the generation of RPE when exercising at a fixed intensity in the heat.

Time series (2008–2015) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in ambient air from the Spanish Monitoring Program were analyzed. A total of 321 samples were collected seasonally each year in 5 urban and 7 background sites by means of passive air sampling. Air concentrations were higher at urban than background sites (urban vs. background concentration ranges): PCDD/Fs (26.9–1010 vs. 20.0–357 fg/m), non-ortho PCBs (0.113–3.14 vs. 0.042–2.00 pg/m) and mono-ortho PCBs (0.644–41.3 vs. 0.500–32.8 pg/m). Results showed significant decreases from 2009 for non-ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs as well as for WHO-TEQs. These declines were sharper, and sometimes only significant, in urban places resulting in converging levels at urban and background sites for these pollutants at the end of the study period. In contrast, mono-ortho PCBs did not show any significant variation but a steady flat temporal behavior in their concentrations, suggesting the existence of different sources between mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs. Seasonality was observed for air burdens of all these POPs. PCDD/Fs were mostly measured at higher concentrations in colder than in hot seasons, and the opposite was true for dl-PCBs. Seasonal variations for PCDD/Fs appeared to be related to changes in their sources (e.g. domestic heating, open burning) rather than to temperature per se. In contrast, environmental temperature dependent factors (e.g. increased partitioning into the gas phase) drove seasonal variations in dl-PCBs instead of seasonal changes in their sources. Regarding spatial patterns, significant greater levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were generally found in cities compared to background areas, pointing out the role of densely populated areas as sources for these pollutants in Spain. As proven by our results, long-term monitoring activities are essential to assess and understand temporal behaviors for these POPs, as well as to evaluate the achievement of Stockholm Convention objectives., This study was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment(MAPAMA), projects EG042010 and 15CAES004.

Segonzacia mesatlantica inhabits different hydrothermal vent sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where it experiences chronic environmental hypoxia, and highly variable temperatures. Experimental animals in aquaria at in situ pressure were exposed to varying oxygen concentrations and temperature, and their cardiac response was studied. S. mesatlantica is well adapted to these challenging conditions and capable of regulating its oxygen uptake down to very low concentrations (7.3–14.2 µmol l −1 ). In S. mesatlantica , this capacity most likely relies on an increased ventilation rate, while the heart rate remains stable down to this critical oxygen tension. When not exposed to temperature increase, hypoxia corresponds to metabolic hypoxia and the response likely only involves ventilation modulation, as in shallow-water relatives. For S. mesatlantica however, an environmental temperature increase is usually correlated with more pronounced hypoxia. Although the response to hypoxia is similar at 10 and 20 °C, temperature itself has a strong effect on the heart rate and EKG signal amplitude. As in shallow water species, the heart rate increases with temperature. Our study revealed that the range of thermal tolerance for S. mesatlantica ranges from 6 through 21 °C for specimens from the shallow site Menez Gwen (800 m), and from 3 through 19 °C for specimens from the deeper sites explored (2700–3000 m).

Although many experiments have been conducted to clarify the response of broiler chickens to light-emitting diode (LED) light, those published results do not provide a solid scientific basis for quantifying the response of broiler chickens. This study used a meta-analysis to establish light spectral models of broiler chickens. The results indicated that 455 to 495 nm blue LED light produced the greatest positive response in body weight by 10.66% (BW; P0.001) and 515 to 560 nm green LED light increased BW by 6.27% (P0.001) when compared with white light. Regression showed that the wavelength (455 to 660 nm) was negatively related to BW change of birds, with a decrease of about 4.9% BW for each 100 nm increase in wavelength (P = 0.002). Further analysis suggested that a combination of the two beneficial light sources caused a synergistic effect. BW was further increased in birds transferred either from green LED light to blue LED light (17.23%; P0.001) or from blue LED light to green LED light (17.52%; P0.001). Moreover, birds raised with a mixture of green and blue LED light showed a greater BW promotion (10.66%; P0.001) than those raised with green LED light (6.27%). A subgroup analysis indicated that BW response to monochromatic LED light was significant regardless of the genetic strain, sex, control light sources, light intensity and regime of LED light, environmental temperature, and dietary ME and CP (P0.05). However, there was an interaction between the FCR response to monochromatic LED light with those covariant factors (P0.05). Additionally, green and yellow LED light played a role in affecting the meat color, quality, and nutrition of broiler chickens. The results indicate that the optimal ratio of green × blue of mixed LED light or shift to green-blue of combined LED light may produce the optimized production performance, whereas the optimal ratio of green/yellow of mixed or combined LED light may result in the optimized meat quality.

The snow- and ice-melting effect and energy usage of steel bridge deck pavement are affected by the heat-transfer rate and temperature change in the middle of the combination structure when using conductive gussasphalt concrete (CGA). To determine the heat conduction effect and the snow melting time of conductive gussasphalt concrete pavement, the heat conduction estimation method and a theoretical equation of the CGA combination structure are derived. A CGA combination structure with spreading carbon fiber in the middle of the CGA layer is prepared. The accuracy of the theoretical equation is checked and verified. Then, the heat conduction effect and the time required to reach and maintain the temperature above 0 °C of different CGA combination structures are evaluated. According to the estimation results and weather conditions, the power will be turned on or shut off ahead of time to improve the deicing efficiency and save energy. The results show that the theoretically obtained estimation values are close to the test values. The theoretical equation can estimate the heat conduction effect of the CGA combination structure. With a decrease in the environmental temperature, the time required for the surface temperature of different CGA combination structures to exceed 0 °C gradually increases, and the time required for the surface temperature to remain above 0 °C decreases. The surface temperatures of the CGA combination structure based on schemes 3 and 4 can be increased to above 0 °C in a short time and remain above 0 °C for a long time.

Resumen Introduccion La relacion entre los factores ambientales y las exacerbaciones de enfermedades respiratorias ha sido ampliamente estudiada. No obstante, no existen estudios que analicen la relacion entre la contaminacion ambiental y las agudizaciones por bronquiectasias. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar la asociacion entre la contaminacion ambiental y los ingresos por bronquiectasias. Material y metodos Se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo, realizado en 2 hospitales de Badalona. Se obtuvo el numero de ingresos hospitalarios por agudizacion de bronquiectasias entre los anos 2007 y 2015. Mediante regresion binomial negativa se analizo la posible influencia de la temperatura ambiental y los valores mensuales medios de dioxido de azufre (SO 2 ), oxido nitrico, dioxido de nitrogeno, ozono y monoxido de carbono en el numero de ingresos mensuales por bronquiectasias. Todos los p-valores se corrigieron por comparaciones multiples. Resultados Todos los factores analizados, pero especialmente la temperatura, se asociaron de forma estadisticamente significativa con el numero de ingresos por exacerbacion de bronquiectasias. Al controlar el efecto de la temperatura en las variables de contaminacion, solamente el SO 2 mantuvo la significacion estadistica (p=0,008). Conclusion El numero de ingresos hospitalarios por agudizacion de bronquiectasias parece ser mayor en los meses con bajas temperaturas y/o altas concentraciones de SO 2 . Se necesitan estudios prospectivos con diferentes areas geograficas que confirmen estos resultados.

The present study investigates the design buckling capacities of a Gaztransport and Technigaz (GTT) NO96-type liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargo containment system (NO96 CCS), one of the most critical failure modes for a box-type LNG cargo containment system, against sloshing dynamic loads from an LNG carrier cargo tank. The design load for NO96 CCS (sloshing) is a typical dynamic event; hence, the dynamic effect on the buckling capacity is investigated as the defining dynamic strength factor. A series of finite-element (FE) analyses for the insulation system are performed using commercial FE software (i.e., ABAQUS and ANSYS) and considering the environmental temperature and material properties of the system. The design buckling strength under both static and dynamic conditions is provided based on the FE calculations and compared with the as-designed criteria of DNV GL for a membrane-type LNG cargo tank.

We present two Bayesian compressive sensing (BCS) imputation methods, BCS-on-Signal and BCS-on-IMF, and compare to temporal and spatio-temporal methods. We build sparse BCS models using available data, then use this sparse model for imputation. Most BCS applications have the sparse data distributed across the computational space, in our adaptation the sparse data are outside the reconstruction space. We used 30 years of temperature data and created gaps of 1% (110 days), 5% (1.5 years), 10% (3 years), and 20% (6 years). Performance was not sensitive to gap size with RMSE slightly above 6C for the BCS-on-Signal and Temporal models, the two best methods. The methods which only required data from the target station performed as well as, or better than, the spatio-temporal model which requires data from surrounding stations. Visually the BCS-on-IMF results seem to better represent longer-period random temporal fluctuations while having poorer performance metrics. Display Omitted Evaluated 4 models for imputation of cyclic environmental data.Sparsity-based methods, such as Bayesian Compressive Sensing (BCS) are applicable for data imputation.BCS using only data from the target station performed as well as models requiring data from nearby stations.Goodness-of-fit metrics were similar for gap sizes from 1 to 6 years.There was no best model, however one BCS model was 1st or 2nd in all cases; another had the most visually realistic results.

Thermosensation is critical for avoiding thermal extremes and regulating body temperature. While thermosensors activated by noxious temperatures respond to hot or cold, many innocuous thermosensors exhibit robust baseline activity and lack discrete temperature thresholds, suggesting they are not simply warm and cool detectors. Here we investigate how the aristal Cold Cells encode innocuous temperatures in Drosophila. We find they are not cold sensors, but cooling-activated/warming-inhibited phasic thermosensors that operate similarly at warm and cool temperatures; we propose renaming them “Cooling Cells”. Unexpectedly, Cooling Cell thermosensing does not require the previously reported Brivido Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. Instead, three Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), IR21a, IR25a and IR93a, specify both the unique structure of Cooling Cell cilia endings and their thermosensitivity. Behaviorally, Cooling Cells promote both warm and cool avoidance. These findings reveal a morphogenetic role for IR receptors, and demonstrate the central role of phasic thermosensing in innocuous thermosensation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of heat transfer and thermal regulation of electrically heating pad in footwear through numerical simulation. A one-dimensional heat transfer model was developed based on parameters of footwear materials, heating pad and skin tissues, which was validated by small-scale fabric experiments. Two modes of temperature control for the heating pad (HPTC) and human skin (STC) were compared, and a parametric analysis was conducted. It was showed that the model predictions were in agreement with the experimental results. Generally, the STC mode had better thermal regulative performance and less energy consumption than the HPTC mode. Results from the parametric analysis demonstrated that the properties of the heating pad and inner fabric layer were the most important factors for affecting the thermal regulative performance of the electrically heated footwear. No significant changes were found in the thermal regulative performance, but the environmental temperature had a clear influence on the energy saving effect. Besides, the energy efficiency could be remarkably improved by lowering the heating power. Even in a severely cold environment of −30 °C, the common lithium battery was able to function the HPTC mode of the typical four-layer fabric system for 7.7 h. This research provides suggestions for the design of the heating pad as well as the upper of the electrically heated footwear.

In hot recycling engineering of asphalt pavement, the fusion effect between rejuvenator and RAP binder which is closely related to the wettability will remarkably affect the regeneration effect of old material. To analyze the wetting behavior and its influencing factors of rejuvenator/old asphalt interface and further to optimize the asphalt rejuvenator, the dynamic contact angles of different rejuvenators at old asphalt surface were measured by using dynamic surface tension meter. Also, based on the surface wetting theory, the wetting parameters of rejuvenator at old asphalt surface were calculated based on the contact angle test results, so as to comprehensively evaluate the wetting behavior of rejuvenator/old asphalt interface and analyze its influencing factors. The results show that it is easier for rejuvenator to wet on the surface of aged modified asphalt than on the surface of aged matrix asphalt. The deepening of aging of asphalt makes it more difficult for rejuvenator to infiltrate on its surface spontaneously, and the thermal-oxidative aging shows the similar effect as photo-oxidation aging. The wetting effect of bio-rejuvenator is better than that of mineral oil rejuvenator, and four rejuvenators can all infiltrate but cannot spread on the surface of aged asphalt. The interfacial wettability of rejuvenator/old asphalt is affected by the interaction of environmental temperature, surface tension, contact angle, viscosity and aging degree of old asphalt, and the effect of viscosity and contact angle on the interfacial wettability is stronger than that of surface tension. Therefore, when selecting asphalt rejuvenator, it is recommended to select the rejuvenator with lower viscosity, larger surface tension and smaller contact angle with aged asphalt, and the lower viscosity is especially the primary consideration. The findings deeply reveal the wetting behavior of rejuvenator/old asphalt interface, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of efficient-performance rejuvenator.

In this paper the experimental testing of a cascade chiller composed of an adsorption unit and a vapour compression unit is reported. The operation of the cascade under realistic operating conditions, differing for the temperature of the heat source available and the environmental temperature is analysed. A comparison was made between the application of the cascade and a vapour compression chiller only for air conditioning applications. According to the heat source temperatures, an increase in the electric COP of the system ranging from 25% to 50% was measured, with a maximum value of 8. An optimization of the system was subsequently proposed, by evaluating different adsorbent materials and refrigerants through the use of thermodynamic models. The theoretical study revealed that a performance up to 110% higher with respect to traditional chillers could be obtained if the cascade was used in refrigeration applications.

In the present work, field measurement and simulation method were employed to investigate the effects of several green roofs variables on regional thermal environment in Chongqing (29°N, 106°E), China. Field experiments were conducted in two typical places. The real influence of green roofs on ambient environment was analyzed and compared with the simulation results. The software ENVI-met was employed to simulate 29 cases with different factors, including green roofs types, vegetation coverage, building height, arrangement position and regional layouts. With the aim to investigate the effect of the green roofs thoroughly, different design factors of green roofs were taken in consideration. From the aspect of cooling effect, it can be found that enclosing layout has the maximum air temperature drop, which is up to 0.5 °C. From the perspective of the uniformity of regional environmental temperature distribution, the regional thermal environment of scattered layout is better than enclosing and array layout as a whole. In addition, with the same vegetation coverage, the effectiveness of air temperature dropping of the whole region differed according to the arrangement position. Centrally arranging the green roofs upwind can effectively reduce the air temperature of the whole region. These findings can be used to improve the regional thermal environment by designing the green roofs reasonably.

Understanding the rheological behavior of timber is vital for evaluating the long-term performance of timber structures. In this study, short-term experiments were first conducted to obtain the short-term mechanical properties of timber including yield strength and elastic modulus in both longitudinal and transverse compression. Subsequently, creep tests were carried out to capture the rheological behavior of timber over 360 days. Different loading types of compression and stress levels were chosen in the creep tests. Environmental temperature and relative humidity, moisture content, environmental strain and creep strain were monitored. The coefficients of environmental deformation and irrecoverable mechano-sorptive creep were obtained in longitudinal and transverse directions. Various creep models of timber were calibrated against the experimental data. Weighted nonlinear regression was adopted to better simulate the secondary creep behavior. The creep coefficients over 50 years were estimated using the calibrated models, which were compared with values from existing national standards and research. The experimental results demonstrate that the limit of linear creep in longitudinal compression was bigger than that in transverse compression. Also, the transverse timber creep was much bigger than the longitudinal creep.

Experimental infection with Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae in red-eared slider Trachemys scripta was carried out. Ten turtles were divided into 3 groups and kept at different temperature (38, 32 and 28 °C). The turtles were fed mice muscles which were infected with T. pseudospiralis larvae (444 ‐ 23,013 larvae/mouse), kept in the aforementioned temperature and necropsied at day 30 after infection. At necropsy, the tongue, forelimbs, hindlimbs and spinal column muscles of turtles were removed separately for pepsin digestion, and the larvae counted. Larvae were found from all 3 turtles kept at 38 °C. Larvae per gram of muscle were highest in the tongue. No larvae were recovered from turtles kept at 32 and 28 °C. The result suggested that T. pseudospiralis is able to infect the red-eared slider in a high temperature environment. We speculated that environmental temperature play an important role in altering the physiological condition of the turtle to facilitate the infection of T. pseudospiralis.

Polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam is a thermal insulation material increasingly used in construction and industry, with significantly lower thermal conductivity than others due to its fine structure and low conductivity blowing gases. The results of previous studies have shown that the thermal conductivity of PIR can increase due to exchange of the blowing gas with environmental gases during the operation, and when the material enters low temperature environments, where blowing gas condensation occurs. However, the conditions contributing to thermal conductivity increase of PIR haven't been sufficiently investigated, therefore detailed studies of thermal properties of PIR products were performed. Aging procedures with differently prepared PIR samples were performed in a climatic chamber , the thermal conductivities were measured by the heat flow meter and by Hot-box methods. The largest increase in thermal conductivity (up to 15%) was determined for samples stored at high temperatures (up to +70 °C), the changes in thermal conductivity are smaller for samples with diffusion-tight facings and higher - for thin and cut from the core of product samples. The aging at negative temperature has no effect on the thermal conductivity, however, the thermal conductivity of material at a mean -20 °C temperature increased by up to 20% compared to standard thermal conductivity. It was noticed that determined changes for the tested material are significantly smaller than those described in previous studies, so the results of this study will contribute to a wider use of PIR products and more accurate assessment of the energy performance of buildings.

Pitting corrosion of tensile steel bars, usually causes the failure of RC beams under the actions of chloride attack and fatigue. Based on the Fick’s 2nd law and Paris law, a fatigue life prediction model for RC beams under these combined actions is proposed. Pitting corrosion is considered as a surface crack. Fatigue life is predicted by parameters of the service environment, service time and fatigue loading, which are available data for in-service RC structures. The model can produce reliable fatigue life predictions according to the validation results, and it is proved that the crack initiation significantly affects the fatigue life due to its large proportion. In addition, parametric studies indicate that the fatigue life obviously decreases as the stress ratio decreases from 0.4 to 0.1, and when the service time increases, the fatigue life rapidly decreases at first and then gradually decreases after 10 years of service. The fatigue life markedly reduces as the environmental temperature (greater than0 degree) increases, but the relative humidity rarely affects it.

For infrared imagers, both measured temperatures (down −40.0 °C) and environmental ones (down −193.0 °C) might increase measuring error to an unacceptable level for practical applications. From the mechanism on temperature measurement of an infrared imager, the influences of the main factors (emissivity, environmental temperatures, and operating ones) on temperature measurement error were analyzed. A subsection multi-parameter model was developed from the calibration experiments of blackbodies. The theoretical error of measured temperatures from −40.0 °C to 160.0 °C was less than 2.0 °C under emissivity of 0.70–1.00, environmental temperatures of −193.0 to −65.0 °C, and operating temperatures of −10.0 to 15.0 °C. It was found that the operating temperatures caused larger temperature measurement error when the range of measured temperature was −40.0 to 60.0 °C. However, negative effects of operating temperatures could be ignored for measured temperatures from 60.0 to 160.0 °C. Furthermore, the calibration model was validated by graybody experiments under low temperatures. The maximum error was reduced from 7.8 °C to 1.4 °C under an emissivity of 0.90, environmental temperature of −193.0 °C and operating temperature of 10.0 °C. The results show that this multi-parameter calibration model effectively enhanced the measurement accuracy of an infrared imager for measured temperatures down −40.0 °C in low-temperature environments.

The establishment of fuel injection model and the research of supercritical injection characteristics are crucial to supercritical state fuel injection technology. We established a numerical model of supercritical fuel injection based on the analysis of supercritical aviation fuel injection. The model was modified and validated by existing experimental data. Subsequently, the model was used to simulate supercritical fuel injection into the supercritical environment. The effects of environmental conditions and injection temperature on the jet length and the expansion angle were studied. The following observations were made: (1) Changes in the supercritical fuel jet length and expansion angle decreased with increasing environmental pressure. (2) As the environmental temperature increased, the supercritical fuel jet length and expansion angle did not obviously change. (3) With the increasing jet temperature, the supercritical jet length increased with the increasing jet temperature, but the jet expansion angle did not show obvious changes. In summary, supercritical fuel injection is significantly affected by environmental pressure.