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The ITER Remote Handling Control System (RHCS) controllers provide measurement and diagnostics data about the remote handling equipment and tools they control. This paper presents the Remote Diagnostics Application (RDA) software for the analysis and archiving of the RHCS diagnostics data. The RDA provides a basic set of diagnostics tools, including trends, spectra, histograms, scatter plots, cross-correlation plots, as well as archiving and retrieval of history data. The ITER RH operators can extend diagnostics capabilities for specific RH equipment needs by incorporating custom diagnostics functions. To facilitate customization, RDA implements an architecture with three nested levels: the RDA Framework, its Diagnostics Workbenches and their Diagnostics Primitives. The RDA Framework has a user interface that can load one or several special diagnostics cases implemented as custom Diagnostics Workbenches with custom or default Diagnostics Primitives, such as rules, analysis functions and filters. As a result, the RDA features a diagnostics framework to execute complex and dedicated diagnostics and prognostics for the RH experts to monitor performance data, to run diagnostics tests and rules on equipment systems and to analyse historical data. The RDA helps the RH operators reduce downtime of the Remote Handling systems by exposing failure conditions and maintenance needs.

In-service thermal aging of CF8M cast austenitic stainless steel was investigated in materials removed from the steam generator inlet and crossover elbows of the Ringhals 2 pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant unit after approximately 92kh of full operating time. The thermal aging of these materials was investigated using the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation method, coupled with indentation hardness measurements and microstructural characterizations, to identify correlations between the electrochemical behavior and traditional methods of investigating thermal aging embrittlement effects in cast stainless steels. While this electrochemical method can be easily employed to quantify thermal aging effects in materials aged at higher temperatures (e.g. greater than 350∘C), this study highlights the difficulties encountered when electrochemically evaluating the aging of materials exposed to nuclear power plant operating conditions.

In this work a new energy deposition treatment for the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo transport code is introduced. The treatment is implemented as a set of energy deposition modes, each of which offers a different combination of accuracy and required computational time. The most accurate mode uses the coupled neutron-photon transport available in Serpent 2. In addition to the new modes, a few other improvements such as a new energy deposition detector response was developed. The energy deposition treatment is demonstrated with simple LWR and LFR assembly level test cases. In the LWR cases the results are compared with MCNP6 on a high-level and a good agreement is achieved. In the LFR case differences in the energy deposition estimates of the different modes are highlighted. Based on the test cases, problems in the energy deposition data with ENDF/B-VII.1 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 are presented. Finally, future work concerning energy deposition capabilities of Serpent 2 are briefly discussed.

The use of modified couple stress theory to simulate the size-dependent phenomenon of composite laminate microplate is commonly limited to simple boundary conditions and mechanical bending load. The small-scale effects on bending and buckling on composite laminate microplate under complex boundary conditions in thermal environment have not been understood fully in the literature. Hence, this research develops, for the first time, a model to overcome the above limitation through the combination of a new modified couple stress theory and isogeometric analysis (IGA). By solving the governing equation using IGA, the thermal displacement, stress and thermal buckling load for various material length scale parameters are obtained. To satisfy the continuous shear stress condition at the layer interfaces, the equilibrium equations as integrated in-plane stress derivatives over the thickness are imposed. In addition, the non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) satisfy the higher-order derivative of shape function using the equilibrium equation. Furthermore, to show the effectiveness of presented model for capturing the size effect on thermal bending and thermal buckling of multi-ply laminate microplate, the influences of fiber orientation, thickness ratio, boundary condition and the variation in material length scale parameter are investigated.

The dynamic load in tubes due to detonation has a number of applications, such as in oil pipeline systems and pulse detonation engines. Various experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations have been conducted to study the mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and fracture behavior of tubes under internal detonation loads. Regarding numerical analysis, different approaches such as interface cohesive element, mesh-free, and extended finite element methods have been used to model the propagation of crack(s) in a tube. This paper presents a review of relevant literature pertaining to numerical and experimental analyses of detonation-driven deformation and fracture, and of studies based on the analytical investigation of moving loads in detonation tubes. The corresponding findings are discussed in detail, and possible avenues for future research are highlighted.

Biochar produced at an oxidative atmosphere shows distinct chemical properties compared to those of biochar produced at an inert atmosphere. However, there has been little investigation on the relationship between the oxidative atmosphere and the structure development of biochar, which can be useful information for the utilization of derived products. In this study, the effect of the oxygen atmosphere on the structure development of loblolly pine-derived biochar during thermal treatment was investigated. Quantitative analysis using solid-state direct polarization/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy presented the existence of large fractions of aromatic and non-protonated carbons in the biochars treated at an oxidative atmosphere, implying highly condensed aromatic structures with large cluster sizes. Simultaneous thermogravimetic analyzer-differential scanning calorimetry was employed to demonstrate the difference in heat flow during the thermal treatment at two different atmospheres. Relatively large exothermic heat flow was observed when woody biomass was treated at 350 °C under an oxidative atmosphere which might be responsible for the difference in structural alteration. The series of observations suggested that compared to inert atmospheric conditions, admitting a limited amount of oxygen during thermal treatment of woody biomass could promote the evolution of condensed aromatic carbon structures.

The efficiency of mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) and molecular solvents in cellulose dissolution and derivatization depends on the structures of both components. We investigated the ILs 1-(1-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium acetate (C 4 MeImAc) and 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium acetate (C 3 OMeImAc) and their solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, to assess the effect of presence of an ether linkage in the IL side-chain. Surprisingly, C 4 MeImAc-DMSO was more efficient than C 3 OMeImAc-DMSO for the dissolution and acylation of cellulose. We investigated both solvents using rheology, NMR spectroscopy, and solvatochromism. Mixtures of C 3 OMeImAc-DMSO are more viscous, less basic, and form weaker hydrogen bonds with cellobiose than C 4 MeImAc-DMSO. We attribute the lower efficiency of C 3 OMeImAc to “deactivation” of the ether oxygen and C2–H of the imidazolium ring due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Using the corresponding ILs with C2–CH 3 instead of C2–H, namely, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium acetate (C 4 Me 2 ImAc) and 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium acetate (C 3 OMe 2 ImAc) increased the concentration of dissolved cellulose; without noticeable effect on biopolymer reactivity.

This work presents a numerical model to analyse the hygro-thermal behaviour of wooden bridge members. A multi-Fickian hygro-thermal model, previously implemented by some of the authors, is extended by including the dependency of wood sorption on temperature above and below zero degrees Celsius to predict moisture, temperature and relative humidity in wood under Northern European climates. The performance of the model in the presence of protective paints is particularly investigated. The finite element analysis based on the proposed model simulates the hygro-thermal behaviour of a glue-laminated beam of Älsvbacka Bridge located in Skellefteå (North of Sweden). The beam, coated by paints and claddings, was monitored by using wireless sensors in a previous research. Comparisons with the available measurements reveal that the numerical model is able to predict the moisture content in locations sheltered from rain and sun with moisture levels below the fibre saturation point. A study of the influence of different protective paints shows that the maximum and minimum moisture content at various depths along horizontal paths of the beam cross section, as well as the moisture gradients in different seasonal periods, are strongly affected by the type of paint. The proposed numerical approach is a promising tool to facilitate sensor-based monitoring techniques and to optimize the choice of protective paints for improved performance of timber bridges and other wooden structures under variable climates.

Hazardous zinc refinery residues that contain Ag and Hg are a typical complex material obtained from zinc oxygen pressure leaching and currently there are few economically viable methods for disposal or reuse. The research presented here offers an effective approach for the comprehensive recovery of Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag and Hg from this highly toxic waste. During the initial hot-acid leaching stage, leaching efficiencies of 96.3% Zn, 96.0% Fe and 97.5% Cu were obtained, whereas the leaching of Ag and Hg were

In this paper X2PCC (Calcium containing material X to Precipitated Calcium Carbonate) process wherein a steelmaking slag is used as a source of Ca for mineral carbonation of CO 2 was studied. Mineral carbonation refers to binding of CO 2 into mineral carbonates, here CaCO 3 . In the process, we first dissolve Ca selectively from the slag, then separate the solid phase and finally, bubble CO 2 into the solution to make precipitated calcium carbonate CaCO 3 . Based on our current understanding, the extraction step limits the process feasibility. In the experiments, ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) water solution was used as an extracting solvent with varying concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mol/L using slag to solvent ratio of 100 g/L. The main objective of this study was to determine the optimal concentrations of solvent and particle size for leaching out calcium from the slag. Tests were performed at room temperature with varying particle size and solvent concentration. The extraction behaviors of different size fractions of the slag, 0-50 μm, 50-74 μm and 74-125 μm were studied. Dissolution results showed that with high solvent concentrations calcium extraction efficiency increases but at the same time, other elements are leached, such as vanadium, silicon and magnesium that act as impurities in the subsequent carbonation stage. It was found that with the largest particles, Ca extraction becomes limited by mass transfer and the availability of Ca from the particle. Our hypothesis is that the surface layer of the particles gets blocked by reaction products and stops the reaction. With the smallest particle size, before the surface gets blocked, more calcium could be extracted and the maximum extraction efficiency was not reached.

Ti-based metal-organic frameworks (NH2-MIL-125) were post synthetic modified through a facile strategy using bis-quinoline Mannich bases producing MIL-125-HQ. The modified material (MIL-125-HQ) was used as an absorbent for uptake of the heavy metals from wastewater. 1H NMR, FTIR, CHN and SEM-EDX analysis showed successful incorporation of hydroxyl quinoline moiety into the NH2-MIL-125 upon chemical reaction. The modified MIL-125-HQ showed high affinity for Pb(II) ions from water, and the amount of Pb(II) ions decrease sharply from 500 mg/L to 60 mg/L, within merely 30 min of exposure at pH7, 298 K and 2 g/L MIL-125-HQ. The maximum adsorption capacity of MIL-125-HQ for Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Cr(III) was determined to be 262.1, 102.8, 66.9 and 53.9 mg/g, respectively.

International audience; Fab labs, which offer small-scale distributed digital fabrication, are forming a Green Fab Lab Network, which embraces concepts of an open source symbiotic economy and circular economy patterns. With the use of industrial 3D printers capable of fused particle fabrication/ fused granular fabrication (FPF/FGF) printing directly from waste plastic streams, green fab labs could act as defacto recycling centers for converting waste plastics into valuable products for their communities. Clear financial drivers for this process have not been studied in the past. Thus, in this study the Gigabot X, an open source industrial 3D printer, which has been shown to be amenable to a wide array of recyclables for FPF/FGF 3D printing, is used to evaluate this economic potential. An economic life cycle analysis of the technology is completed comprised of three cases studies using FPF for large sporting equipment products. Sensitivities are run on the electricity costs for operation, materials costs from various feed stocks and the capacity factors of the 3D printers. The results showed that FPF/FGF 3D printing is capable of energy efficient production of a wide range of large high-value sporting goods products. In all cases, a substantial economic savings was observed when comparing the materials and energy related costs to commercial goods (even for customized goods). Using locally-sourced shredded plastic represented not only the best environmental option, but also the most economic. For the case study products analyzed even the lowest capacity factor (starting only one print per week) represented a profit when comparing to high-end value products. For some products the profit potential and return on investment was substantial (e.g. over 1000%) for high capacity use of a Gigabot X. The results clearly show that open source industrial FPF/FGF 3D printers have significant economic potential when used as a distributed recycling/manufacturing system using recyclable feed stocks in the green fab lab context.

Anatase TiO2 displaying dual morphologies were synthesized with a simple chemical route via a single step. A strong correlation between the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device performance and the obtained dual morphologies are highlighted using relevant evidences from UV–vis and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscope, current-voltage characteristics and impedance analysis. Structural investigation revealed that the interested medium in this work employed for the synthesis of TiO2 produced different types of dual morphologies such as nanospheres with nanoparticles (NSNP), microsphere decorated with nanoparticles (μSNP) and nanoparticles with stone like features (NPS). UV–vis and DRS results indicated the ability of the materials to assist with diffused reflectance and optical absorption of the screen printed photoanodes. In addition, an investigation of Raman vibrational characteristics was carried out in detail using synchronous and asynchronous 2D correlation analysis. The high intense Eg anatase mode of Raman spectrum was simulated using a phonon confinement model and its normalized spectra are compared with an experimental data. The resultant performances in the DSSCs were not indicative by the material properties; so, the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and recombination properties of the photoanode were investigated. These results showed that the Nyquist plot of NSNP possesses the smallest diameter, which reveals that the device based on NSNP offers the lowest Rct value that accounts for the higher conversion efficiencies when compared with the DSSC device based on photoanodes μSNP and NSP. It can be concluded that the improved power conversion efficiency shown by photoanode fabricated using NSNP has the dual role of optimum surface area for dye loading and light scattering centres. These properties, when optimized along with the offered pathway for electrolyte diffusion to the dye degenerationwith less Rct, could lead to better photoelectric conversion efficiency.

l -proline was used to prepare chiral, tridentate amino acid phenol proligands H2L1–4. These proligands react with vanadium precursors VO(acac)2, VOSO4∙5H2O and VO(OPr)3 in methanol to form the corresponding oxidoalkoxidovanadium( v ) complexes 1–4. The complexes crystallize from methanol, and are octahedrally coordinated with a general formula [VO(L1–4)(OMe)(MeOH)]. In solution, however, they adopt several different conformations or isomeric structures depending on the solvent.

Background The large-scale clinical problem caused by unacceptable tribological behaviour of certain large diameter metal-on-metal prosthetic hips has directed attention to adverse condition testing. High metal-on-metal wear is connected with adverse reaction to metal debris. Friction is important because high friction may be associated with high wear, risk the fixation of the cup, and cause detrimental heating of periprosthetic tissues. Methods A friction measurement system was added to a multidirectional, established hip joint wear simulator, and its functionality was evaluated. In preliminary tests, a 50 mm diameter metal-on-metal prosthesis was tested in an optimal acetabular cup inclination angle (48°) and in a steep angle (70°) using a normal peak load (2 kN) and an increased peak load (3 kN). The test length was 100 h. Long-term adverse condition tests of 3 million cycles were run for three 52 mm metal-on-metal prostheses. The lubricant was diluted calf serum at 37 °C. Findings In the 100 h tests, metal-on-metal frictional torque was not highly sensitive to the angle, load and serum degradation, and it was close to that of a conventional 28 mm prosthesis with a polyethylene cup, mostly below 5 Nm. However, a manyfold higher frictional torque (10 to 20 Nm) was observed in long-term metal-on-metal tests with substantial wear. Interpretation To obtain a realistic prediction of the frictional behaviour of a hip design, long-term, multidirectional wear tests are necessary. The friction should preferably be measured during the wear test. In addition to normal conditions, adverse condition testing is strongly recommended.

Dust constitutes one of the major environmental concerns near many aggregate quarries, with crushing often being the most significant source. In this study, dust emissions and dispersion measurements were conducted under real operating conditions at six aggregate quarries in southern Finland. Five of them represent granitic rocks and one a limestone quarry. Dust concentrations during crushing were measured at varying distances with time intervals of five seconds. The variation in dust concentration was high within all the measured distances, ranging from 10 to 200 m. Crushing produces mainly coarse (TSP and PM10) dust particles, which settle near the dust source. The mass concentration of coarse particles in this investigation varied from few tens of μg/m3 to over 6.5 × 103 μg/m3 downwind from the crusher. The mass concentration of fine particles (PM2.5 and PM1) ranged between ten μg/m3 and few hundreds of μg/m3 downwind from the crusher. The fine particles originated mainly from machinery used in the quarries and remote sources, such as nearby traffic. In quarries operating with secondary crushing, the background concentrations were achieved approximately from a 350 m distance for coarse particles. Local dust sources, such as hauling, impacted the results inside the quarry. Crushing produced more dust compared to comparable studies for drilling. The dust concentrations at the limestone quarry were approximately 50% of concentrations measured at quarries with granitic rocks.

A research on the effect of different buffers on the pH range of 6–10 on the thin oxide-covered surface of aluminum cathode has been conducted under the conditions corresponding with those generally used in bioaffinity assays or other determinations made by using aluminum probe based on time-resolved cathodic electrochemiluminoimmuno assay (tr-ECLIA or tr-CECLIA) detection. The experiments have been conducted on impedance and cathodic electrochemiluminescence (CECL) basis using a strong long lifetime having electroluminophore Tb(III)-1 chelate where the ligand 1 is 2,6-bis[N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-4-benzoylphenol and Ruthenium(II) tris(2,2′–bipyridine) (Ru(bpy)32+) as the CECL model luminophores. The results point out that the natural oxide layer at the electrode surface does not essentially change as to its thickness but as to its resistance, it can be concluded that the best buffer in these luminophore determinations based on CECL and Al probe use is borate buffer adjusted to pH around 7–8 where the surface of aluminum has its neutral character. In the bioaffinity assays the meaning of the buffer seems to be more difficult to realize due to the complex character of the surface with plenty of different coatings and special handling steps but still with the aforementioned borate buffer the results were noticed to be the most stabile. The tests also pointed out that the character of the pure aluminum surface and the oxide layer above it without any other coatings could be strongly affected by the surrounding solution composition and in that way to the durability of the aluminum probe already during the quite short exposure times. The reported results are useful especially in the field of CECL based on aluminum probe use but could also in a certain extent to be utilized in a large scale of analysis considering the use of aluminum probes.

The reaction of various platinum metals (M = Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt) with KBrF4 was investigated upon heating their mixtures to 400 °C. The formation of potassium fluorido platinum metallates in oxidation states +4 or +5, K2MF6 or KMF6, respectively, was observed in all cases. The obtained products were tested for their stability in water. Depending on the platinum metal, they were either stable, were reduced to the oxidation state +4, or were hydrolyzed to so far unidentified phases. K2RuF6, K2OsF6, α-K2PdF6, β-K2PdF6, which were previously only poorly characterized, were structurally reinvestigated by single crystal or powder X-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy. The three former compounds crystallize isotypic in the trigonal, the latter in the hexagonal crystal system. The α→β phase transition of K2PdF6 was found to be reconstructive. Quantum chemical calculations were used to investigate the crystal structures.

This study covers a green method to prepare hybrid lignocellulosic nanopapers by combining wood nanofibres (WNFs) and cellulose nanofibres (CNFs). The WNFs and CNFs behave synergistically to compensate for the drawbacks of each other resulting in enhanced hybrid nanopapers. The draining time of hybrid nanopapers was improved by up to 75% over CNF nanopaper, and the mechanical properties, modulus, strength and elongation, were respectively improved up to 35%, 90% and 180% over WNF nanopaper. Additionally, the water resistance of hybrid nanopapers was considerably improved with a water contact angle of 95°; the neat CNF nanopaper had a contact angle of 52°. The morphology of nanopapers, studied by electron microscopy, indicated that lignin acts as a matrix, which binds the nanofibres together and makes them impervious to external environmental factors, such as high humidity. The reported hybrid nanopapers are 100% bio-based, prepared by a simple and environmentally friendly processing route. Reported hybrid nanopapers can be used in novel applications such as gas barrier membranes and printable electronics.

Post-irradiation examination (PIE) in the form of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of several specimens of Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-2 plus 1% Nb that had previously underwent in-pile creep testing in the HALDEN reactor. The purpose of the examination was to explore a microstructural basis for an apparent substantially increased rate of hardening over that observed with similar materials in the higher fast-flux environments of the ATR or HFIR, and to investigate the increased creep strength exhibited by the Nb-containing alloy relative to pure Zircaloy-2. The analysis of irradiation-induced defects indicated a higher than expected density, which was consistent with the observed high hardening rate. Modeling based on mean field rate theory suggests the lower neutron flux in the HALDEN reactor results in a higher fraction of irradiation-induced defects being available for sink (loop) nucleation and growth.

A series of renewable, long-chain, fatty acid-derived polyamides (PA) ranging from PA 6,14 to PA 6,18 were synthesized via polycondensation, yielding very high molecular weights and a remarkable property profile distinct from short-chain commercial grades. Most notably, synthesized polyamides exhibited good impact resistance, excellent stiffness-to-toughness balance and very low water absorption yet high oxygen and water vapour permeability; with this property profile being exemplified by PA 6,18. The increased repeating unit length and reduced number of amide linkages able to participate in interchain hydrogen bonding imparted a strong influence on material properties. The data highlights the benefits and technical advantages of utilising long-chain polyamides, while also significantly expanding the repertoire, knowledge and property profile of the long-chain aliphatic polyamide family, and providing a basis for further development of polyamides from renewable sources.

In this paper, we present an effective emitter passivation scheme using SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx stacks. Our study shows that SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx stacks can well passivate both p+ and n+ emitters due to an excellent chemical passivation combined with a weak field-effect passivation. Good quality boron and phosphorus emitters were achieved over a broad emitter-doping range, as demonstrated by post-fired emitter saturation current of 20 and 30 fA cm−2, respectively. Based on the results obtained with SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx emitter passivation, we present an industrial roadmap for a p-PERT bifacial cell structure. Using this roadmap, we demonstrate industrial p-PERT bifacial cells with front side efficiency of 20.5%, rear side efficiency of 19.8% (bifaciality factor BF = 0.98) for rear textured cells and 17.5% (BF = 0.85) for rear planar cells. In particular, the cells with bifacial SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx passivation on both p+ and n+ emitters also demonstrate promising performance and a simplified cell process. The results show that SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx emitter passivation scheme is a promising candidate for photovoltaic industry.

Dentin biomodification using collagen cross-linkers has been proposed as one of the strategies to improve bond durability of adhesives to dentin. However, literature is not very consistent regarding their benefit, in particular when cross-linkers are applied in clinically realistic application times. This study investigated the effect of three cross-linkers on the mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) of four adhesives bonded to dentin following either etchrinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) modes.60 molars were randomly divided in accordance with the three variables: cross-linker, adhesive and bonding mode (n=5). The cross-linkers glutaraldehyde (5wt%; GA), proanthocyanidin (6.5wt%; PA), or UVA-activated riboflavin (0.5wt%; RB), and distilled water (control) were applied on dentin for 60s after acid-etching (ER) or before self-etching (SE). The 3-step ER adhesive (3ERa) OptiBond FL (Kerr), the 2-step SE adhesive (2SEa) Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray Noritake) and the universal adhesives G-Premio Bond (GC) and PrimeBond Active (Dentsply), the latter two employed in both ER and SE modes, were applied following the respective manufacturer's instructions. Composite buildups (8×8×8mm) were made using Filtek Supreme XTE (3M) prior to 1-week storage in artificial saliva. After the teeth were sectioned into mini-specimens (1.5×2.0×18mm), a single notch was prepared at the adhesive-dentin interface. Half of the specimens were immediately loaded until failure by 4-point bending to determine the mini-iFT, while the remaining specimen set was tested upon 6-month aging. Data were statistically analyzed with a linear model (p0.05).No significant decrease in mini-iFT was noted only for PA (p0.05), while the mini-iFT decreased for both other cross-linkers and in quite a similar way as when solely water (Wa) was applied.The cross-linker proanthocyanidin (PA) applied in clinically relevant conditions was able to maintain a stable mini-iFT after 6-month aging. The incorporation of UVA-activated riboflavin (RB) and glutaraldehyde (GA) in the dentin-bonding protocol appeared not effective to improve the stability of adhesive-dentin interfaces.

The polymer materials are widely used as the matrix of composite structures in the automobile, aircraft, building, bridge, railway, ship, turbine, and appliance industries. The polymer materials with long-chain molecules exhibit non-viscous damping behaviour. Non-viscous damped composite structure systems in which the damping forces depend on the past history of velocities via convolution integrals over some kernel functions have been raised in many different subjects. The developed analysis methods of dynamic response for such structure systems are almost limited to the deterministic time-history excitation. There is little research report on the random response of such non-viscous damped systems. The author has previously developed the non-viscous damping modelling method for polymer matrix composite structures (Liu, to be published). The goal of this paper is focus on developing two methods, i.e., direct frequency response method and iterative method using real modes, to obtain the power spectral density function (PSDF) of non-viscously damped polymer matrix composite structure systems subjected to stationary stochastic excitation. First, the pseudo excitation method converts the stationary stochastic excitation problem into harmonic excitation problem. Second, the direct frequency response method is derived and proven to get the analytical solution of PSDF. Third, the iterative method using real modes to obtain PSDF matrix is developed based on a harmonic response method. The computational procedure of the iterative method is given in detail. Finally, the random response analyses of two non-viscously damped structure systems, subjected to stationary random excitation, are demonstrated. The results indicate the two methods can achieve the exact solution of PSDF matrix of non-viscously damped structure systems. The iterative method using real modes is more efficient than direct frequency response method.

This experimental study aimed to develop alkali-activated slag foam concretes with good acoustic properties for the indoor walls of residential buildings. Petrit-T, which is a by-product obtained in the manufacturing of sponge iron with a fine particle-size distribution and with rich calcium content, was used to prepare the structural lightweight aggregates. The produced lightweight structural aggregates were used in the preparation of alkali-activated slag binders, wherein ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) as the binder was activated by an alkali solution. In the first stage of this study, the effects of using different types of fibers, including Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polypropylene (PP), and basalt, on the mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag binders were investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated in terms of the compressive and flexural strengths. Thereafter, to achieve the best performing fiber reinforced alkali-activated slag concrete in terms of mechanical properties, the developed fiber-reinforced composition was used to generate alkali-activated slag foam concretes using different pre-made foam dosages (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35% of the total binder mass). Finally, alkali-activated slag foam concretes were developed by varying the density in the range of 0.55–1.5 g/cm3; compressive strength in the range 2.5–13 MPa; and acoustic absorption coefficients higher than 0.5 in the medium-to-high frequency regions. Moreover, the density and acoustic properties were found to be linearly correlated.

The design principles for high strength steel (HSS) structures exposed to fire are under development. In this paper, the response of HSS structures in fire is studied through numerical simulation of a beam and a two-bay frame. Geometrical imperfections and residual stresses are introduced into the structural models. Deformation limit criteria are used to compare the critical temperatures of the structures made of HSS and mild steel. The comparisons show that HSS structures have higher strength reserve than mild steel structures. Using the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures from literature sources, it is observed that the deflection behaviour of the studied structures depends on the ratio of strength to elastic modulus. The deflection of the studied beam is sensitive to yield strength reduction factors as the beam fails by plastic hinge mechanism. Whereas, the deflection of the HSS frame is sensitive to the reduction factors of the elastic modulus as the frame fails by inelastic instability. The above-mentioned observations on the studied structures are made using a three-stage mechanism which is developed for interpreting the deformation response.

Authors kindly acknowledge to the Estonian Research Council ( PUT1096 , IUT2-25 , PUT735 ), the Estonian Centre of Excellence in Research project “Advanced materials and high-technology devices for sustainable energetics, sensorics and nanoelectronics (TK141), and the financial support of HZB. We are grateful to the staff of BESSY II for the assistance and co-operation during the synchrotron-based measurements., Here we are reporting solvothermal synthesis derived diluted magnetic and plasmonic Co-Ga co-doped ZnO nanocrystals with high magnetization values (from 1.02 to 4.88 emu/g) at room temperature. Co-Ga co-doped ZnO nanocrystals show up to 2 fold increase in saturation magnetization compared to Co doped ZnO nanocrystals at the same Co concentration, with the observed room temperature magnetization higher than previously reported values for multifunctional magnetic and plasmonic nanocrystals, and the effect of Ga suggesting some role of the correspondingly introduced itinerant charge. While at the lowest Ga content the nanoparticles appear homogeneously doped, we note that already a moderate Ga content of several percent triggers a fraction of Co to segregate in metallic form in the bulk of the nanoparticles. However, the amount of segregated Co is not sufficient to account for the total effect, whereas a dominating contribution to the observed magnetism has to be related to itinerant charge mediated exchange interactions., Eesti Teadusagentuur IUT2-25,PUT1096,PUT735; Estonian Centre of Excellence in Research TK141; HZB; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

Micro-nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC/NFC) and graphene-based composites are interesting materials due to their complementary functional properties, opening up potential in a variety of applications. Graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were used in this comparative study as reinforcement functional fillers for the fabrication of multifunctional MFC nanocomposites using a simple aqueous dispersion based mixing method. The MFC composites showed different properties depending on the type of filler used. Graphene was seen to agglomerate and was poorly dispersed in the MFC matrix, whilst GO and RGO were homogeneously dispersed due to the presence of functional groups that promoted a strong interfacial molecular interaction between the filler and the MFC matrix. At 0.6 wt% filler loading, the tensile strength for MFC/GO and MFC/RGO increased by 17 % and 22 %, respectively, whilst the Young's modulus increased from 18 GPa to 21 GPa and 25 GPa, respectively. Compared to the neat MFC, addition of 5 wt% of graphene enhanced the thermal stability by 5 % and whilst with the addition of GO and RGO stability increased by 2 and 3 %, respectively. Graphene/MFC and RGO/MFC showed a high electrical conductivity of 1.7 S m-1 and 0.5 S m-1, respectively while the GO reinforced composites were insulators.

Persistent luminescence (PeL) was obtained, from the first time to the best of our knowledge, from borosilicate bulk glasses. The glasses were prepared using direct doping method. Commercial PeL SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ microparticles (MPs) were added in the borosilicate glass after melting. The persistent luminescence can be augmented when casting the glass 3 min after adding the MPs at 950 °C. Although the borosilicate glasses exhibit persistent luminescence, the glass melt has a corrosive behavior on the MPs leading to the diffusion of Al and Sr into the glasses.

The present work proposes a novel radially cross-flow multistage solid–liquid circulating fluidized bed (SLCFB). The SLCFB primarily consists of a single multistage column (having an inner diameter of 100 mm and length of 1.40 m), which is divided into two sections wherein both the steps of utilization or loading (e.g., adsorption and catalytic reaction) and regeneration of the solid phase can be carried out simultaneously in continuous mode. The hydrodynamic characteristics were studied using ion exchange resin as the solid phase and water as the fluidizing medium. The loading and flooding states were determined for three particle sizes; i.e., 0.30, 0.42, and 0.61 mm. The effects of the superficial liquid velocity and solid feed rate on the solid hold-up were investigated under loading and flooding conditions. The solid hold-up increases with an increase in the solid feed rate and decreases with an increase in the superficial liquid velocity. An artificial-intelligence formalism, namely the multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), was employed for the prediction of the solid hold-up. The input space of MLPNN-based model consists of four parameters, representing operating and system parameters of the proposed SLCFB. The developed MLPNN-based model has excellent prediction accuracy and generalization capability.

Hydrothermal treatments of birch wood and kraft pulp were compared for their ability to extract the xylan and produce viscose-grade pulp. Water post-hydrolysis of kraft pulp produced a high-purity cellulosic pulp with lower viscosity but higher cellulose yield than traditional pre-hydrolysis kraft pulping of wood. Post-hydrolysis of pulp also increased the crystallite dimensions and degree of crystallinity in cellulose, and promoted a higher extent of fibril aggregation. The lower specific surface area in post-hydrolyzed pulps, derived from their larger fibril aggregates, decreased the accessibility of –OH groups. However, this lower accessibility did not seem to decrease the pulp reactivity to derivatizing chemicals. In the aqueous side-stream, the xylose yield was similar in both pre- and post-hydrolysates, although conducting post-hydrolysis of pulp in a flow-through system enabled the recovery of high purity and molar mass (∼10 kDa) xylan for high-value applications.

Findings on the decomposition of persistent luminescent (PeL) SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ microparticles (MPs) in phosphate glass melt under static condition are reported. PeL phosphate glasses with the composition (50P2O5-10Na2O-40SrO) (in mol%) were prepared by adding the MPs in the glass melt. The decomposition of the MPs occurs during the preparation of the glass and leads to changes in the Eu2+ sites and to the formation of Eu3+ which decreases the PeL properties of the glasses. The decomposition of the MPs depends on the temperature at which the MPs are added in the melt and also on the time before casting the melts.

International audience; The deformation and strain hardening due to dislocation slip and twinning in Hadfield steels is investigated with a crystal plasticity model. A phenomenological interaction and hardening formulation is incorporated to the numerical model based on the microscopic characterization and deformation behavior. Single and polycrystal simulations on a Hadfield steel are conducted to prove the soundness of the model in describing the deformation and hardening behavior of the steel. The competition between dislocation slip and twin dominated deformation plays an essential role in the asymmetry between tension-compression as well as in the strain hardening behavior of the steel. The simulations performed on another Hadfield alloy verifies the model's capability to represent the strain rate sensitivity of the material, when a positive strain rate dependence exists. The use of realistic 3D polycrystalline aggregates imitating the microstructure of the Hadfield steels provides new insight into the inter-grain and intra-grain behavior of austenitic microstructures exhibiting twinning, particularly revealing the nature of local stress and twin concentrations. The strain rate sensitivity of the alloyed Hadfield steel is observed also at the grain scale, intensifying twinning at higher strain rates depending on the loading direction. The local gradients were found to arise from the neighbouring grains and from the intra-grain reorientation, explaining the experimental observations of only partially twinned grains. The simulation results and the 3D aggregate approach used in this paper provide information for the validation of crystal plasticity model as well as about the local deformation behavior of Hadfield steels.

To simulate the wear behavior of the cutting edge of the mining load-haul-dumper bucket, high-stress abrasion laboratory wear tests were conducted and compared to the in-service tests. The effects of test parameters and different abrasives on the wear rates and wear mechanisms of wear resistant steels were studied using the high-speed slurry-pot with a dry abrasive bed (dry-pot) and in the actual in-service use as a cutting edge. The laboratory wear tests produced results that are well comparable with the in-service case observations. Especially at the higher sample rotation speed with granite as an abrasive, the wear rates were quite similar as determined from the cutting edge of a loader bucket that had been used in a mine. submittedVersion acceptedVersion

Single crystalline platelet chalcostibite (CuSbS2) particles with good shape and size uniformity were successfully prepared using a hot injection method. In this synthesis, sulfur powder in oleylamine (OLA) was employed as a sulfonating agent. The synthesized CuSbS2 had an orthorhombic structure with a plate-like morphology. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns confirmed their single crystal nature. Band gap calculation from diffuse reflectance data revealed that it had both direct and indirect band gaps of 1.52 eV and 1.46 eV, respectively. Moreover, valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) positions were determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterization. Optical and structural properties of CuSbS2 indicate its potential applicability for solar cell applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To improve the energy density of supercapacitors, novel electronically conducting polymers should be introduced to the research field. Polyazulene is a well-suitable candidate as it exhibits good capacitive behavior both in organic solvents as well as in various ionic liquids, but especially its long term cycling stability should be improved. Previously, enhanced properties have been obtained by combining conducting polymers with carbon nanomaterials to fabricate composites. This work presents an ionic liquid assisted electrochemical polymerization and characterization of polyazulene-reduced graphene oxide composites. The ionic liquid of our choice is choline-based liquid salt. We prepared stable dispersions of graphene oxide in this ionic liquid and performed potentiodynamic electropolymerization of azulene in the mixture. Changing the concentration of graphene oxide between 0.1 and 2 mg mL−1 had no remarkable effect on the polymerization or electrochemical behavior of the composite materials. The composites exhibit higher capacitances compared to neat polymer films determined by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The obtained films also exhibit excellent cycling stabilities retaining over 90% of their initial capacitance with tendency towards improved cycling stability when combined with reduced graphene oxide. The successful incorporation and reduction of graphene oxide was determined by several spectroscopic techniques.

The objective of this research was to obtain a better fundamental understanding of the extraction of lignin and carbohydrates from pine wood during hydrothermolysis at elevated temperatures. The treatment was performed in a batch reactor at three different temperatures (200, 220 and 240 °C) and a liquid-to-wood ratio of 40:1. It was found that up to 35% of native pine lignin solubilized at 240 °C within a few minutes of reaction time. Delignification kinetics of wood during hydrothermolysis was successfully modeled by the assumption of simultaneous dissolution (depolymerization) and condensations reactions of lignin. Two distinct lignin fractions, so-called soluble and insoluble lignin were found in the hydrolysates and can be considered as potential material for the production of high-value products. Complete removal of pine wood hemicellulose was achieved at a concomitant cellulose yield loss of about 12.5%. Up to 85% of pine wood mannan could be recovered from the hydrolysate as manno-oligosaccharides, in contrast to only 46% of xylo-oligosaccharides. Kinetic models fitting experimental data are proposed to explain degradation and conversion reactions of two main hemicellulosic components of pine wood, xylan and mannan. Overall, this study provides initial fundamental knowledge required for potentially efficient utilization of softwoods using wood biorefinery concept.

To simplify the solution of electromagnetic problems with wire media samples, it is reasonable to treat them as the samples of a homogeneous material without spatial dispersion. The account of spatial dispersion implies additional boundary conditions and makes the solution of boundary problems difficult especially if the sample is not an infinitely extended layer. Moreover, for a novel type of wire media – arrays of randomly tilted wires – a spatially dispersive model has not been developed. Here, we introduce a simplistic heuristic model of wire media samples shaped as bricks. Our model covers WM of both regularly and irregularly stretched wires.

Phase field (PF) models are one of the most popular methods for simulating solidification microstructures due to their fundamental connections to the physics of phase transformations. However, these methods are numerically very stiff due to the multiple length scales in a solidifying material, from the nanoscopic solid-liquid interface, to dendritic structures on the order of hundreds of microns. While this problem can be greatly alleviated by thin-interface analytical treatments of the PF equations, additional numerical methods are required to explore experimentally relevant sample sizes and times scales. It was shown about 18 years ago that the use of dynamic adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) can alleviate this problem by exploiting the simple fact that the majority of the solidification kinetics occur at the solid-liquid interface, which scales with a lower dimensionality than the embedding system itself. AMR methods, together with asymptotic analysis, nowadays provide one of the most efficient numerical strategies for self-consistent quantitative PF modelling of solidification microstructure processes. This paper highlights the latest developments in the AMR technique for 3D modelling of solidification using classical phase field equations. This includes a move away from finite element techniques to faster finite differencing through the use of dynamic mini-meshes which are each associated with each node of a 3D Octree data structure, and distributed MPI parallelism that uses a new communication algorithm to decompose a 3D domain into multiple adaptive meshes that are spawned on separate cores. The numerical technique is discussed, followed by demonstrations of the new AMR algorithm on select benchmark solidification problems, as well as some illustrations of multi-phase modelling using a recently developed multi-order parameter phase field model.

openaire: EC/H2020/646226/EU//Trash-2-Cash Quite recently, the Ioncell-F process, a novel and promising Lyocell fibre process, has been developed. The ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) utilized in this process, was identified as an excellent cellulose solvent for dry-jet wet fibre spinning. Fibres spun from cellulose-[DBNH]OAc solution have shown excellent mechanical properties. Herein, various structural features of these ionic liquid-based fibres were analyzed and correlated with their mechanical properties. The highest slope of tenacity increase of these Ioncell-F fibres (from birch wood) observed at low draw ratios (DRs), while a continuous but slower increase occurs to partly very high draws. The improvements in the mechanical properties do not seem to correlate with changes in the crystallite size or the crystalline orientation based on wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) results. More significant differences were seen for the sample crystallinity, the amorphous orientation (measured by birefringence), the orientation of the voids, the specific surface (measured by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)), and the sorption/desorption properties of the fibres.

Self-aligned and equal-space SnO2 nanotubes (NTs) with external diameters ranging from ca. 124 to ca. 325 nm and wall thickness of around 30 nm were synthesized by AAO template-assisted atomic layer deposition. The bulk and surface structure of the SnO2 nanostructures were studied in detail by XRD and XPS techniques, respectively. The SnO2 NTs were polycrystalline with an average crystallite size of ca. 3 nm. The structure analysis has revealed that the SnO2 NTs are composed of the rutile-type SnO2. The SnO2 nanotube arrays with the smaller external diameters emitted green light centered at around 520 nm. The emission was ascribed to the radiative recombination between electrons trapped in shallow donor levels and holes at the intrinsic surface states, associated with the oxygen deficient sites near surface region. The PL intensity diminished with the nanotube diameter and spacing. With increasing external diameter of the SnO2 nanotubes and decreasing the distance between the neighboring nanotubes, the emission become progressively weaker. The results demonstrate that the structure, morphology and arrangement of SnO2 nanotubes play an important role in their luminescent properties.

The aim of this study is to establish an integrated material modelling approach, micro, macro and component scales, for investigating the plasticity, damage and fracture behaviour of modern high-strength steels under various strain rates and temperatures. With the established relations between different scales, the approach ultimately provides a knowledge-based and efficient alternative for the damage-tolerant microstructure design to the conventional empirical rules. In this study, we will present the models working at different scales and the scaling strategy between them. For a more general application than quasistatic and room temperature, the models are formulated with strain rate and temperature dependency. All models are calibrated by experiments on the corresponding scale and also validated by experiments not involved in the calibration procedure or tests from a higher length scale. As the ultimate goal of the approach is to guide the microstructure design, a fine-resolution digital representation of the microstructure is targeted in the study. In addition to the standard phase fraction, grain size and shape features, fine-tuning of the microstructural features, such as texture and misorientation distribution is also implemented into the synthetic microstructure model. The impact of these individual microstructure features and their combination on the macroscopic and component level performance is studied and the optimized microstructure for the desired improvement of the mechanical property can be identified by the proposed approach.

Contact stress on the tool has been measured with a split-tool apparatus that has a poor resolution of the stress distribution, and with photoelastic tools that cannot be used with real cutting parameters since the materials are too weak. This paper presents an improved split-tool design allowing continuous stress distribution dataset instead of discreet steps by using a tilted separation plane between the tool tip and the tool body. This paper optimizes the separation plane angle with 3D-FEM to minimize deflection.

III-V semiconductors are prominent alternatives to silicon in metal oxide semiconductor devices. Hafnium dioxide (HfO2) is a promising oxide with a high dielectric constant to replace silicon dioxide (SiO2). The potentiality of the oxide/III-V semiconductor interfaces is diminished due to high density of defects leading to the Fermi level pinning. The character of the harmful defects has been intensively debated. It is very important to understand thermodynamics and atomic structures of the interfaces to interpret experiments and design methods to reduce the defect density. Various realistic gap defect state free models for the HfO2/III-V(100) interfaces are presented. Relative energies of several coherent and semi-coherent oxide/III-V semiconductor interfaces are determined for the first time. The coherent and semi-coherent interfaces represent the main interface types, based on the Ga-O bridges and As (P) dimers, respectively. Results show that interface energy depends sensitively on the type and position of the defects and the atomic structure of the interface. Various coherent interfaces are stable and have band gaps free of defect states in spite of the interfacial structural defects. The semi-coherent interfaces include harmful As dimers and As dangling bonds. If kinetics contributes via the layer by layer oxide growth, the semi-coherent interfaces are formed under the experimentally relevant O-rich growth conditions. This is explained by the basic interfacial structural motifs and the electron counting rule (ECR). An oxidized (3 × 1) substrate has previously been used to decrease interface defect gap state density. A scenario, which explains why the oxidized substrate leads to a relatively small interface defect density, is presented.

The paper describes a general analytical sensitivity analysis method for the composite laminated plates and shells, which is applied to both classical and first-order shear deformation theories and based on the finite element methods. The first derivatives of engineering constants of lamina with respect to fibre volume fractions are computed based on the micromechanics theory. The first derivatives of extensional, bending and bending-extensional coupling stiffnesses of laminate with respect to fibre volume fractions and fibre orientations are derived using classical and first order theories of laminate. Computational methods for the first derivatives of total stiffness and mass matrices are proposed based on finite element method. The analytical sensitivity analysis methods for static responses, eigenvalues and eigenvectors are described using the total stiffness and mass matrices, and their first derivatives. Sensitivity analyses of composite laminated plate and shell are demonstrated. The merits and disadvantages are also discussed.

Friction surfacing is a solid state processing technology in the context of localized surface engineering. It is mainly used for coating applications to repair damaged or worn parts, to improve wear and corrosion resistance, to enhance surface properties at a specified area of the parts and tools and also to make metal matrix composites. This process is an environment-friendly technique in which friction between the substrate and consumable rod and the deformation of the consumable rod is the only source to generate heat. The different parameters for this process are rotational speed, pressure or force applied, tilt angle and friction time. The present study is a review of microstructructural evaluation of different materials after the friction surfacing process.

A multiscale numerical method to study the high cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of bearing steels is proposed in this study. The method is based on the microstructur sensitive modeling approach resulting from the integrated computational materials ensfginerrring concept, and further consider the effect of residual stress generated from the prior heat treatment processes. The microstructure features, including the grain size and shape distribution and inclusion size and shape description, are represented by the representative volume element (RVE) models. The matrix mechanical response to the cyclic loading is described by the crystal plasticity (CP) model. The CP material parameter set is calibrated inversely based on the strain-controlled low cycle fatigue tests. The results show that the residual stresses, especially those around the inclusion, have a great effect on the fatigue properties, which provides the key factor to give the correct prediction of the fatigue crack initiation site.

Curdlan based cryogels were prepared and tested for their structural and thermal properties by using field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Volume shrinkage, mechanical performance, swelling, solubility and density were accessed as a function of composition, which included cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). PEO/CURD and PEO/CURD/CNF cryogels exhibited porous and layered structures. The addition of CNF significantly improved the in-vitro release of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac sodium), which is a promising alternative to current non-biodegradable systems.

Clay minerals are versatile materials with numerous industrial applications. Their unique layered structure can act as a host for many optically active species. The synthesis and luminescence properties of chlorohectorite clays are now reported for the first time. The synthesized clays are composed of quasi-circular nanoparticles with diameters around 20–30 nm showing blue/green emission and persistent luminescence with a duration of ca. 5 s. The luminescence features are associated with titanium impurities in the chlorohectorite structure. It is shown that Ti can act as activator ion even at low concentrations: the XRF and ICP-MS measurements of the chlorohectorite materials indicate a Ti concentration around 60 ppm originating from the precursors. The XPS measurements of the clay materials showed the Ti 2p3/2 signals at 457.8 and 458.9 eV associated with Ti3+ and TiIV, respectively. The excitation spectra confirm Ti3+ as the luminescent center in the chlorohectorites through the bands at 287 and 370 nm, related to the e − ( O 2 − ( 2 p ) ) → Ti IV charge transfer and the electronic transitions from the t2g to eg levels of Ti3+, respectively. The persistent luminescence properties are due to structural defects common for layered silicates.

The use of polyethylene (PE) liners for protection against wear has become of interest in applications dealing with abrasive slurries, for example in the minerals processing industry. The present study aims at studying the influence of various operating conditions on the erosive wear by slurry of low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene samples, manufactured by either rotational molding or extrusion. In particular, this work presents for the first time a systematic study on slurry erosion at temperatures from 35 to 65 °C, since minerals processing operations may reach temperatures above ambient. The experiments were conducted in a slurry-pot equipment using quartz suspended in water as erodent. The wear of PE was also investigated as a function of impact angle. The indicator to describe wear was weight loss of PE samples after the experiment. Finally, the erosion of PE in experiments lasting up to 72 h with and without addition of fresh erodent was analyzed. It was determined that high temperatures invariably resulted in lower resistance to wear, but its influence on wear is only observed at impact angles lower than 90°. Furthermore, it was found that the manufacturing method of PE has a stronger influence on its erosive wear compared to its density.