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The main objective of this research is to analyze the influence of tourist experiences on the perception of the sustainability and trustworthiness of a destination. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted through Qualtrics to collect responses from a sample of 450 subjects with recent tourist experiences. The proposed model was assessed by PLS-SEM analysis. All the relationships were supported, demonstrating that perceiving a greater experience in the sensory, affective, behavioral, and intellectual aspects, as a whole, influences the economic, cultural, and sustainable aspects of a sustainable tourist destination, and these different aspects of sustainability have a direct effect on tourist destination trustworthiness. Thus, this research allows an understanding of the way in which tourist destinations should focus their policies and strategies to achieve a better experience for tourists and thus be perceived as a sustainable tourist destination and, as a consequence, trustworthy.

Tourism impacts on society are complex and mixed. However, they are vital to diverse societies, clusters, and individuals dependent upon their morals, attitudes, and resources existing for tourism development. Increasing tourism also brings many problems. Hence, tourist experience is fundamental for destination image and development. This research examines tourist perceptions and attitudes toward tourism impacts in Chitkul, Kalpa, and Nako in Kinnaur. Random sampling has been used to measure tourist responses on a range of indicators related to tourism development. Likert scale responses were analyzed using factor analysis, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kolmogorov test, and descriptive statistics. The results confirmed that tourists do not perceive any type of pollution or societal barriers. They observed that natural magnetism and the socio-cultural milieu of the destination is what attracts tourists. However, tourists are not satisfied with ‘networking services’, ‘organization efforts’, ‘supplementary conveniences’, and ‘carriage concerns’ at selected destinations in Kinnaur. Moreover, Chitkul emerged as the top tourist destination in Kinnaur. Since the destination would emerge as a hub of tourist activities shortly considering the congestion and exploitation of nearby tourist destinations at Kulu-Manali-Rohtang in Beas Valley. Hence, the assessment of tourist perceptions can be used as an indicator of tourism destination competitiveness and can assist in developing appropriate tourism policies and infrastructure upgrades.

Tourists’ waste reduction behaviors performed at tourist destinations are vital to the sustainable development of tourist destinations. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of tourists’ waste reduction behaviors at tourist destinations and identifying the determinants of such environmentally responsible actions are therefore undeniably of utmost importance. This research developed an integrative research framework based on the integration of theory of planned behavior and norm activation model and explored the influences of a set of social-psychological factors on tourists’ waste reduction behavioral intentions at tourist destinations. Given the positive externalities of tourists’ waste reduction behaviors, incentive measures have also been considered and incorporated into the research framework. Based on the survey data from 546 Chinese tourists, this research indicated that tourists’ attitudes toward waste reduction, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and personal norm are the significant activators of tourists’ waste reduction intentions, and the personal norm has the largest effect. Incentive measures have no significant direct effect on tourists’ waste reduction intentions but significantly affect tourists’ attitudes toward waste reduction. This research helps scholars and the administrators of tourist destinations to better understand tourists’ waste reduction behaviors.

In the era of social media and travel websites, tourists increasingly post reviews about their travel experiences. These posts influence the travel plans and decisions of new tourists and hence; their content is important for businesses and governments. The purpose of this study is to propose a model to investigate tourists’ perceptions and underlying reasons for posting respective content on travel websites. A web analytics-based approach is proposed to conduct in-depth analyses of the data extracted from such websites and generate meaningful insights. A combination of sentiment analysis and topic modeling through the Latent Dirichlet Allocation and machine learning algorithm is used for analyzing the data. The application of the proposed model is illustrated in the case of Goa, India. Findings reveal that the lack of cleanliness, safety, parking, price, facilities, and services are pertinent topics leading to negative sentiments. These topics also corroborate the social and economic events that took place during the period of study. Further clustering of tourist destinations across Goa reveals the presence of similar dissatisfiers. The above findings can be used for deciding the strategy for remedial action by relevant stakeholders. Moreover, the model can automatically classify and analyze future reviews in real-time.

The regulation of tour bus (TB) traffic in cities, especially major tourist destinations, is of undoubted interest for the policy maker, who must balance accessibility with protection of the architectural-artistic heritage. The paper is based on the authors’ study of TB, which showed that technologies that reduce diesel emissions brought clear improvement, especially on Euro VI buses, in comparison with diesel cars. The study verifies the validity of the regulation by evaluating the real impacts of TB through data provided by official agencies and traffic simulations. Data from monitoring stations revealed no correlation between an increase in TB and absolute values of pollutants. Pollution in Rome is largely caused by cars and powered two-wheelers, clearly preponderant in km traveled. TB access-regulation policies in a sample of seven European cities (Florence, Milan, Berlin, London, Paris, Stockholm, and Rome) were examined in detail and found to vary greatly. In Rome, Florence, and Milan, the longer the vehicle, the higher the access fee paid. This is in contrast to London and Stockholm, where larger buses are exempted from the congestion charge. The study noted substantial differences between Italy and Central/Northern Europe in the attitude toward TB. In London, Stockholm, Paris, and Berlin, TB are regarded as a resource to reduce traffic and pollution and for the economy of the city.

“Coastal squeeze” occurs when there is a chronic loss of coastal habitats landward associated with long-term processes such as sea level rise, land subsidence, sediment deficit and the occupation of space by infrastructure. This phenomenon may also affect socioeconomic activities such as tourism. The goal of this study was to explore the co-occurrence of tourism with coastal squeeze and flooding along the coasts of the Mexican Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean. Our results reveal that thirty percent of the tourist destinations are exposed to flooding; 62% of the total study area had a moderate to severe degree of coastal squeeze and 66% of the hotels are in squeezed beaches. Finally, we found that most tourist destinations undergoing coastal squeeze are in flood-prone sites, placing communities in high-risk conditions. Different alternatives (such as ecosystem-based protection) to overcome this problem are discussed.

Recently, the demand for car rentals has been increasing at tourist destinations in Japan due to their convenience and the high degree of freedom they offer. On the other hand, there is a problem of a dramatic rise in the number of traffic accidents involving drivers from countries with different traffic customs and cultures from Japan. In order to examine measures to reduce the traffic accident risk of foreign drivers visiting Japan, an animation video to promote safe driving was created and its educational effects were tested in this article. First, through a driving survey of foreigners and a review of preceding studies, we identified information on Priority, Speed, and Comprehension (PSC) that must be learned by foreign visitors to reduce their accident risk. Next, drawing from the technique of branded contents in order to enhance the effects of educational videos, we created a short video that conveys the PSC philosophy that should be understood for safe driving in Japan. We then tested the educational effects of the video by conducting a survey of Taiwanese people. The results show that strengthening the video's appeal leads to improvements in educational effects and therefore safety awareness. We also realized that the effect was particularly significant among young people in their twenties. Lastly, the rent-a-car businesses evaluated the videos and basing on their input, we summarized effective ways for foreign rent-a-car users visiting Japan to use the video.

This paper contributes to the discourse on how to determine tourist satisfaction. The aim therefore is to analyze to what extent international tourists visiting South Africa are satisfied by using fuzzy numbers. The measurement of satisfaction with tourist destinations (DSAT) is based on a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (F-MCDM) model that evaluates DSAT according to a number of different segments based on gender, age, and mother tongue. We find empirical evidence for DSAT differences between the segments considered in the analysis. Results show that females are more satisfied than males; tourists between 56 and 65 years old are the most satisfied, while millennials younger than 35 are the least satisfied; English mother-tongue speakers are more satisfied than other tourists. Our findings have clear implications for DMOs' managers regarding the design of marketing campaigns for South African destinations, especially for those segments analyzed in the study. Proposals for future research will also be outlined.

This paper contributes a weighted composite indicator of competitiveness for 136 world tourist destinations. To that end, Data Envelopment Analysis and Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making techniques are used with raw indicators from the 2017 edition of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum (WEF). An outstanding feature of our approach is that weights are endogenously generated. Furthermore, the role played by several variables in tourism competitiveness is assessed using truncated regression and bootstrapping. The ranking of world tourist destinations produced by our weighted composite indicator of competitiveness is, however, fairly similar to that derived from the unweighted indicator provided by the WEF. Furthermore, we also find that several economic, geographical, cultural and political features are significant determinants of the competitiveness of tourist destinations.

•We examine the tax audits-tax compliance relationship.•A Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) model is utilized.•Our analysis is conducted for 9 Greek regions over 7 sub-periods in 2012.•We find a positive spillover effect of current tax audits on tax evasion.•We find a negative spillover effect of past tax audits on tax evasion.

Knowledge of how destination marketing organisations (DMOs) use Twitter is still limited. This study aimed to assess how DMOs' Twitter activity affects hotel occupancy in short-break holidays. Key dimensions of Twitter that may affect hotel occupancy in tourist destinations were first identified. A longitudinal study using data for 10 Spanish DMOs was conducted to forecast hotel occupancy. Twitter application programming interfaces were used to gather data on tweets by DMOs and retweets and likes by users. Text mining was used to analyse the tweets by DMOs, differentiating between tweets related to events, attractions, socialisation, and marketing. Data were analysed using artificial neural networks. The best fit was achieved with a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network. Findings suggest that the number of retweets and replies by users and the number of event tweets, tourist attraction tweets, and retweets by DMOs can predict the hotel occupancy rate for a given destination.

Since its outbreak in Wuhan (China) in early January 2020, the COVID-19 strain of the novel coronavirus has spread rapidly across China and around the globe with a major resulting impact on travel and tourism. As a response to this outbreak, China was effectively the first country in the world to impose a mandatory nation-wide self-quarantine between 23rd January and 9th February 2020 (Bloomberg News, 2020). \ud \ud This research note analyses the intra-pandemic (i.e. during the pandemic) perceptions as well as post-pandemic planned behaviours among Chinese residents within the context of the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) is adopted to explore planned changes to travel behaviours after the pandemic. The intra-pandemic perceptions towards tourism destinations are added to examine their association with post-pandemic planned travel behaviours, particularly with regards to Attitude and Post-pandemic Travel Intention. This research provides a novel contribution to existing knowledge by providing a prompt understanding of a real-time pandemic, particularly on the impacts of intra-pandemic perceptions on post-epidemic planned travel behaviours.

Although accessible tourism represents an interesting research field, the study on the participation of people with disabilities (PwDs) in tourism activities and the constraints limiting their involvement is still in its initial phase. This paper proposes a comprehensive review of the literature on the role of constraints on the travel propensity of PwDs. It also offers an empirical application using the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints model as the primary guiding theoretical framework. The findings revealed that the presence of constraints limits the intention to travel of PwDs. Additionally, they underlined that many PwDs give up travelling despite the attempts of many tourist destinations to reduce or eliminate these constraints.

Many tourist destinations strongly focus and depend on repeat visitors. A central assumption thereby is that repeat visitors are more profitable (e.g. through lower marketing costs) and that their positive word of mouth (WOM) is essential to attract new guests. In this paper, we present a large-scale empirical study to investigate the effect of price for first time and heavy repeat visitors of ski resorts. Applying a hierarchical linear modelling approach, we show that price is negatively related to WOM for first time visitors and that price has no effect on WOM for repeat visitors. Thus, we show that the effect of price on WOM decreases for repeat visitors.

This paper focuses on the planning of a suitable public charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs), especially in rural areas. A model-based optimization approach is presented that takes four different user groups of public charging infrastructure into account: inhabitants, commuters, hotel guests, and short-term visitors of tourist destinations and central locations. The methodology consists of three steps: In a first step, the dimension of charging demand at public charging stations, i.e. the number of charging events per day, is forecast on a macroscopic level for every municipality and for each of the four user groups. Afterwards, the forecast charging demand is located within the municipality for each customer group, i.e. destinations of the respective customer groups are identified. In a third step, we optimally allocate charging stations according to the dimension and spatial distribution of the forecast demand. We analyze three different scenarios with a growing share of EVs and a growing average range, which represent different stages of the development of electric mobility. The method is applied to a region in the south-east of Germany consisting of 50 municipalities, and results are presented.

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The article illuminates one of the central ethical questions concerning tourist photography: the ways in which tourists photograph local people in tourist destinations. In line with the previous research on tourist photography, the study suggests that tourists’ experiences of responsible behaviour become continuously re-defined and negotiated in relations with others. Through a hermeneutic phenomenological analysis of tourists’ accounts, the study focusses on the role of the face in photography; that is, how encountering the face of the other interrupts the photographer and calls for heightened responsibility and reflection. Drawing on the Levinasian idea of ethics as being-for-the-other, the article visualizes relational ethics that do not originate from the tourist’s gaze, but from the face of the other.

Travel bloggers are digital prescribers who help to construct the brand image of a tourist destination and whose posts are often deemed more credible than communications emitted by companies and brands. This article presents the case of the World Congress of Travel Bloggers ‘TBEX Europe Costa Brava 2015, which was co-organized by the Costa Brava Tourist Board as a promotional action to improve its 2.0 communication and harness the power of bloggers’ prescriptions as destination ambassadors. In addition, a monitoring study was conducted during and after the event, which revealed that online conversations resulting from the event generated more than 186 million impressions in an audience of 11 million people: figures that far exceed those of earlier promotional actions carried out by the Board. The study also identified interactions between members of online communities, finding that 20 influential users generated more than half of the total number of potential impressions.

This study examines the interplay of visitor engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience (MTE), and destination loyalty in cultural tourism. The research was conducted with 320 individuals who have visited cultural tourist destinations within the past five years. Results, employing structural equations modeling, showed that visitor engagement positively influenced cultural contact and cultural contact positively influenced MTE. In addition, MTE had significant positive effects on loyalty. Furthermore, cultural contact was found to fully mediate the relationship between visitor engagement and MTE. Findings underscore the importance of cross-cultural interactions in creating MTEs in cultural tourism. Avenues used to engage tourists must address the cultural tourists' need for deeper cultural experience in order to successfully create MTEs.

The concept of tourist destination image has been frequently studied, with numerous articles appearing in the literature. In most of these studies, destination image is a defining variable for a tourist's intention to visit a given destination. However, once the concept of hostility or animosity towards a country was introduced into marketing, the idea arose to study how this hostility affects not only the consumption of goods from this country, but also the intention to visit the place. This work delves into the construct of animosity to identify the dimensions that comprise this concept, their role in tourism, and their influence on intention to visit a given destination. The results of this study reveal that there are various types of animosity, depending on the country analyzed, the influence of which on intention to visit does not always have a significant effect. The results facilitate an improved understanding of what causes people to feel animosity towards a country while at the same time offering destination managers guidelines to minimize its effects.

Social network analysis is a very useful tool for planning and management of tourist destinations. This paper applies it to 16 tourist destinations in Andalusia (Spain) with different levels of tourist development in order to establish the extent to which this development is conditioned by the relational dynamics of its tourist stakeholders.Results obtained show there is a direct increasing relationship between the network characteristics of stakeholders for a tourist destination and its level of tourist development. In other words, when the operation of the stakeholder networks improves, there is an increase in the level of tourist development at destination.

Incorporating an experimental design, this study examines willingness to travel to another country for the first time after having long-term relations with natives of that country. It advances the term “people-centered image” to refer to the image projected by the natives of a destination. Leveraging the contact hypothesis and relational exchange theory, the study deepens the understanding of the ways in which non-visitors’ visit intentions are associated with perceived destination image, relational trust, and experienced hospitableness in the context of long-term relations with natives of tourist destinations. The results underscore the significant impact of experienced hospitableness on non-visitors to the extent that a low level of trust would no longer make a difference in their visit intentions. Furthermore, non-visitors who have a low perception of a destination still have a higher tendency to be willing to travel to there if they have experienced a high level of hospitableness in their relationships with natives from the destination.

Trust has become a relevant concern for tourist destinations. Partly because of the novelty of the research on trust in the tourism literature, there are several open questions regarding the antecedents of trust towards a tourist destination. In this research, we suggest that reputation, and cognitive and affective evaluation of a destination, are relevant antecedents of trust. Trust towards a tourist destination is understood as a multidimensional construct, including local inhabitants and public and private institutions that are honest, benevolent and competent. This paper used a non-probabilistic sample of 750 tourists based on quotas, proportionally distributed among the main tourist destinations in Chile. After testing the psychometric properties of the scales developed for this study, a structural equation model was estimated and it was found that trust is a consequence of the reputation of the destination, as well as the cognitive and affective evaluation of the tourists. The paper concludes by emphasising the importance of these findings for the tourism industry, and outlines recommendations to reinforce trust relations with tourists.

Most tourist destinations strive to attract more international tourists because shopping expenditures by those tourists affect the balance of international payments and can invigorate a sluggish domestic economy. With a large sample of international tourists to Korea (N=9636), this study examines how they make shopping decisions, and how their shopping behaviors are differentiated by gender. Using the Heckman sample selection model, assuming a sequential decision-making process for shopping activities, the study also attempts to identify several factors that shape international tourist shopping behaviors. Findings indicate that international tourists first consider whether or not to purchase products and then determine how much they will spend. The results show that gender plays an important role in the formation of consumer behaviors. Based on these findings, the study suggests some useful management implications that will enable destination marketers to improve the quality of their clientele's shopping experiences.

The current trend towards short-term travelling and reduced spending on accommodation has had a significant impact on the hotel sector. However, the hotel industry is becoming increasingly interested in the senior tourist segment, a population group that prefers hotel-type accommodation to other more inexpensive alternatives, even in periods of economic uncertainty. This paper aims to identify the variables that determine senior tourists’ accommodation choices in Spain. In so doing, it identifies the following variables: length of stay, self-perceived health, self-perceived economic status, self-perceived available time, security/safety at the destination, medical coverage, climate, events and festivals, places of historical/artistic interest, and attractions and natural landscapes. These results have important implications for both the hotel industry and the development of tourist destinations.

The cuisine has been set in recent years as one of the key elements for the promotion and consolidation of tourist destinations. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the scientific literature in the field of sustainable tourism in Latin America from the declared American tourists to the local cuisine as variable of interest in a destination registered as World Heritage Cities. The methodology is based upon on a questionnaire given to American travelers who visited the city of Cuenca (Ecuador). The results show evidence of the existence of different attitudes towards food as a variable of interest in choosing a destination and tourist experience, while allowing you to explore as these different attitudes have an impact on the behavior of the American tourist. In this regard, greater attitude towards the local cuisine translates into a major tourist impact that implies a higher planned expenditure, a maximum behavioral loyalty, greater appreciation of the quality or degree of innovation of Ecuadorian cuisine.

The effects of customer characteristics, differentiating between tourist and business travelers, and the date of travel are considered important elements in airline price behavior. In the literature, the difference between tourist and business travel is based on consumer characteristics; however, the main contribution of this paper is to examine this difference with respect to the characteristics of the destination. Thus, in this paper, we consider the top- and bottom-ranked tourist destination cities (to differentiate between most-and least-visited tourist destinations) and two travel periods (a holiday period and an off-peak period) in order to analyze the effect of the destination and travel period on airline price behavior. The results show that the price level is highest during the holiday period to the lowest-ranked tourist destinations, and that the price dispersion is highest during the holiday period but to the top-ranked tourist destinations.

This paper's novelty is based on the theoretical and empirical interconnections it traces between competitive advantage, innovation, tourism and spatial development. The tourism sector plays an important role in many regional and national economies, as well as in the global economy. It is a dynamic sector with a high potential for creating new jobs and enterprises, and for making a significant contribution to spatial development. Both Slovakia and many other countries have the potential to become attractive tourist destinations. Realising this potential is a real challenge, but innovation, smart specialization and building ʽsmartʼ competitive advantage provide opportunities to create new tourist destinations. This paper synthesizes theoretical and empirical research focused on competitive advantage, innovation and tourism and highlights their positive impact on smart and sustainable spatial development. Using those results it proposes an innovative approach to building competitive advantage in tourism.

This paper examines the empirical validity of the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the top ten tourist destinations in the world (China, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States) using the quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach and a new index of tourism activity that combines the most commonly used tourism indicators. This methodology, recently introduced by Sim and Zhou (2015), provides an ideal framework with which to capture the overall dependence structure between tourism development and economic growth. The empirical results primarily show a positive relation between tourism and economic growth for the ten countries considered with substantial variations across countries and across quantiles within each country. The weakest links are noted for China and Germany, possibly because of the limited importance of the tourism sector relative to other major economic activities in those countries. Important country-specific policy implications may be drawn from these findings.

Understanding the mobility of tourists plays a fundamental role in the administration and design of tourist destinations, planning of on-site movement and marketing of attractions. In this paper, we focus on how to accurately predict the tourist's next location within a given attraction. A heuristic method based on data mining is proposed, which considers the trajectory of a focal tourist and the movements of past visitors. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a case study was conducted at the Summer Palace in Beijing, China. We collected movement information from tourists using GPS tracking technology, and the results of an independent samples t-test indicate that the proposed method indeed performs significantly better than existing methods. We further explore the potential applications of the proposed method. Our results significantly contribute to enhancing the level of personalized location-based service, tourist attraction administration, and real-time crowd control.

We provide a quantification of the impact of the recent US-China political tensions on talent flows from China to the US through the lens of monthly air passenger traffic data. By exploring variations across origin countries and geographical locations of US airports as well as differences over time, we find that the tensions, which escalated since 2018, have led to a more than 10% drop annually in the number of trips made from China to US airports near universities with a significant presence of Chinese students. A further investigation reveals that the decline in passenger inflows is driven mainly by the loss of passenger arrivals in August -- the peak time for international student travels to the US -- and is consistently steeper than the decrease for airports near tourist destinations during the same period. These findings offer fresh and updated evidence on the detrimental impact a hostile political climate could have on international talent mobility between two major economic and scientific powers, which is only part of all possible losses to both sides.

Contextualized within regional landscapes, ski areas and rural towns are tourist destinations as well as symbols of social and cultural identity – and in their website discourses, each asserts place meanings. This study examines how ski areas and adjacent rural communities used language, symbolism, and imagery to communicate destination images and meanings of place, and whether their website presentations aligned in promoting and marketing tourism attractions. Small, medium, and large ski areas in Vermont (USA), representing a range of sizes, locations, and tourism development levels, were paired with adjacent rural communities. Discourse analyses of visual and written texts from ski area and town websites identified individual differences in place presentation, as well as three general discourses that varied by scale: discourses of affiliation (small places), discourses of aspiration (medium-sized places), and discourses of appropriation (large places). These were elaborated along with a fourth discourse of imagined places common to all study sites that elevated place meanings to mythic levels. This research illustrates how ski areas and rural communities discursively construct place meanings that also vary by level of local tourism development. In doing so, though, they may ignore collaborative place-making opportunities in regional tourism planning and marketing.

The important links that are formed between tourist destinations and the airline industry are evident in the previous literature. These links are active in both directions. The characteristics and the policies of tourist destinations can affect such relevant aspects as the organization of airline route networks, the inauguration of new routes and their expansion. In this study, it is proposed that the value of a tourist destination and the inclusion of airports close to the tourist destination on the routes of an airline are also related to whether that airline decides to plan its route networks with its own resources or to complement those resources with assistance from other partner airlines through cooperative alliances, specifically code-share agreements. Taking into account the assumptions of the Resource-Based and the Relational views, the value of a tourist destination can be a relevant factor in the cooperative behaviour of airlines. Moreover, the routes within which the most valuable tourist destinations are embedded can be of different types. It is therefore of interest to know whether the type of route plays a relevant role in the preference for cooperative behaviour among the routes that include tourist destinations. Around 50,000 routes and the most important global tourist destinations were considered to analyse this behaviour. The results showed that the airlines under study preferred to operate the routes that included valuable tourist destinations with their own resources, although this behaviour was more variable when differentiating between types of routes.

Gamification has been used by tourism organisations for marketing purposes to reinforce customer engagement and to achieve brand awareness and loyalty. The current study, using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, aims to investigate the antecedents and consequences of gamification's adoption intention by tourist organisations, and to examine the mediation effect of customer engagement. A quantitative method was employed using a survey to collect data from a random sample of relevant managers in travel agencies. Using structural equation modelling for data analysis, the findings revealed that tourism organisations have positive intentions to adopt gamification to increase customer engagement and to achieve tourist destinations' brand awareness and loyalty. Implications, limitations, and future research are also addressed.

Memorable travel experiences are of utmost importance for tourist destinations. Despite the flourishing research on experience creation, less is known about how the memorability of a travel experience influences tourists' revisit intentions over time and what factors may affect this process. The present study fills this research gap and reveals that the memorability of a previous travel experience increases revisit intention through evoking nostalgia. This mediation is contingent upon tourists' perceived disappointment risk. The effect of nostalgia on revisit intention is suppressed when tourists perceive a high level of disappointment risk about a repeat trip. Moreover, the suppression effect of perceived disappointment risk only exists when tourists perceive a major change in the tourist destination. This study contributes to the travel and tourism literature by revealing the underlying process connecting the memorability of a travel experience with revisit intention and identifying the boundaries of this effect. This study provides valuable insights for destination practitioners in terms of designing and implementing effective strategies to manage past tourists’ expectations and promote their revisit intentions.

Each year, hiking, trekking and mountain climbing, broadly defined as mountaineering, are becoming more popular. Among the key factors determining a travel destination in recent years is the level of tourist accessibility. To improve the current level of tourist accessibility, it is necessary to know all the factors that may affect it. This paper focuses on the true accessibility of mountaineering and presents a conceptual framework for assessing it. Access to places for mountaineering is more complicated than for simple tourist destinations that only require the availability of transport and in situ services. For mountaineering, true accessibility consists two factors: (1) destination accessibility (the transport system and in situ services) and (2) real access, which includes such factors as social, economic, weather and psychophysical environments, as well as the presence of mountaineering activities, all of which can have a positive or negative influence on the opportunity to engage in a given pursuit. This means the conditions must be such that real contact with the tourist attraction can take place. Examples of current accessibility conditions in the Himalaya are used to illustrate all part of the conceptual framework. A more comprehensive understanding of the different aspects of mountaineering accessibility offers important insight for tourists planning mountaineering activities and local mountain communities developing supporting infrastructure and services. M A N A G E M E N T I M P L I C A T I O N S The comprehensive conceptual framework of mountaineering accessibility presented in this article offers an important tool for: ● authorities and/or residents of mountain communities to assess their local conditions and make informed choices about their own future: they may facilitate accessibility for mountaineering (e.g., Annapurna Conservation Area Project) or remain in isolation from this kind of activity (e.g., Bhutan); ● mountaineers, whose improved understanding of accessibility will increase their chances of a successful summit bids and help improve the safety of their trips.

Smart tourism has become increasingly popular in mainland China. Different types of events and activities have been classified as smart tourism, leading to the misuse of the term. What, then, is smart tourism? How to define it? Although researchers have defined the term, there has not been any consensus on a widely accepted interpretation. The definition provided by this study emphasizes smart tourism as an individual tourist support system within the context of information services and an all-encompassing technology. This paper compares the characteristics of both traditional tourist information services and those incorporated in smart tourism. Based on the concepts, recommendations are provided and future research/industrial directions are discussed. For the Chinese tourism market, smart tourism represents a new direction implying a significant influence on tourist destinations, enterprises, and also tourists themselves.

Several studies on the relationship between tourism transport and CO2 emissions have shown that the transport sector generates the largest proportion of emissions, accounting for 75% of overall emissions. These studies have also shown how the measures to reduce these emissions vary according to the different tourist destinations. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the impacts of mass-tourism mobility on the transport system of a prototypal Mediterranean coastal city. Conscious of the fact that not all Mediterranean maritime cities are the same, this work identifies the three major characteristics (urban structure, environmental fragility and cultural heritage) that influence – negatively or positively – tourism and the transport sector. The aim of this paper is to develop an original taxonomy of the best transport practices for reducing the congestion effect and GHG emissions, which is adapted to the prototypal coastal city and in line with its historical and environmental value.

Com-media can become part of the anthropogenic crises that some tourist destinations face.\ud \ud The positive practices of communication media are well rehearsed in social science research: however, the destructive impacts of communication media, specifically in destinations in crisis in less-developed countries, is less clear. This paper considers the role of communication media for tourism development in a remote area: Chilas, in the north of Pakistan. Chilas has many features – a dynamic historical, cultural and environmental background consisting, for example, of a unique landscape and ancient rock carvings – that make it an attractive tourist destination but it has yet to reach its full potential in this respect. The area has suffered from a number of natural and anthropogenic crises with many of the latter being on-going. This paper, which usies Chilas as an example, explores some of the issues with respect to the marketing of a destination that is in crisis, including, for example, the region being categorised as a seismic zone, suffering from such natural occurrences as landslides, poor infrastructure, including negligible emergency services and poor quality roads, and issues relating to terrorism. Comparisons are made with the neighbouring destinations of Gilgit, Chitral and the Hunza Valley, and the more positive media representations they receive. It will also consider the reasons why such geographically close areas should fare so differently in terms of marketing. The paper then goes on to make recommendations as to how to develop the image of a destination under crises while safeguarding the security of the destination, tourists and the local community.

This paper studies how local food specialities can affect the attractiveness of tourist destinations, distinguishing between market-expanding and business-stealing effects. We surveyed 1100 Italians in their home about their intention to visit or revisit three popular mountain resorts in Northern Italy (Valtellina, Valle d’Aosta, Trentino), and about their experience, knowledge, and appreciation of five well-known local food products of these places (Pizzoccheri pasta, Bresaola dried beef, Fontina cheese, Melinda apples, Speck smoked ham). We find that product experience positively affects the likelihood of (re)visiting both a product's place of origin and the other mountain destinations (market-expanding effect). Conversely, the correct identification of the product's place of origin may reduce the intention to (re)visit the other destinations (business-stealing effect). Finally, strong appreciation for a local food speciality has a positive effect only on the intention to (re)visit the place of origin.

this paper studies the determinants of survival of 6494 Spanish hotel firms located in 97 national tourist destinations in the period 2005–2011. The characteristics of the firms and the tourist destinations where they are located have been studied through survival analysis techniques. This is relevant because the impact of the financial and economic crisis on the Spanish lodging sector has shown different effects among tourist destinations. The results confirm that the location significantly affects the probability of survival. In particular, the main determinant of firm survival is the level of occupancy in a tourist destination which has a positive effect. Also, we have found that a low level of competition reduces the average expected survival while the average profitability of a tourist destination has a positive effect on firm survival. Finally, the total effect related to destinations factors can reduce the expected survival by up to 90% (hazard ratio).

Islands possess their own patterns of spatial and temporal evolution as tourist destinations. Taking Dachangshan Island as an example, two key stages were identified: a 'landscape-oriented' period from 2002 to 2009, and a 'background' stage from 2009 to 2012. Co-existing with both periods was changing spatial and land-use patterns of expansion and intensification. Using spatial mapping techniques, it was found that tourist resources were found to be the original driving force, tourist transportation and social and economic factors were endogenous determinants of change, and tourist enterprises and source markets subject to government policies the exogenous factors.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the characteristics of domestic tourists visiting Bali, the position of the competition among 12 tourist destinations in Bali and the preference of the tourists to twelfth tourist destinations in Bali. The research used purposive sampling methode with total sample of 100 who visited tourist attraction in Bali. The analyzed data used Multi Dimensional Scaling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis Multidimensional Scaling. The result of analysis were characteristics of the respondents who visited 12 tourist attractions in Bali came from 27 cities in Indonesia. They were highly interested in Sanur and Kuta, followed by Nusa Dua and Jimbaran. The positions of tourist attractions could be grouped into four relative positions; two groups of tourist attractions were positioned to have similarities or proximities and two groups were positioned to be different or less similar.

This article analyzes the influence of tourism on the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system taking as reference the case study of Mallorca, an internationally renowned destination. The characteristics of tourism such as seasonality and land scarcity, set interesting challenges to public-private partnerships related to MSWM system. The analysis of Mallorca’s experience shows that land endowment strongly influences the choice of treatment technologies in tourism destinations. Furthermore, tourism seasonality significantly affects management costs which should be considered on PPP contracts. Finally, the tariff system in this kind of environmental PPPs in tourist destinations still need to improve to promote waste minimization and recycling.

This article signifies a new phase of constructive interest among designers in environmental and cultural issues relating to the development of tourism to remote regions with severe climatic conditions, namely Arctic/Northern territories. It draws from two educational experiments of designing would-be tourist destinations in the Russian North. We propose the Arctic design approach as a conceptual lens through which to consider the notion of tourist destination and to frame an extended argument for what it takes to be a human in severe conditions and for the environment of the destination currently considered remote, extreme and inhospitable. Within this framing, the Arctic is presented as a source of inspiration and a testing ground for innovative solutions to comfortable (short-term) living in the challenging conditions of Polar regions, Outer Space, etc. Finally, we discuss the potential of the Arctic design approach for combining a memorable tourist experience with site protection and appreciation as well as imparting a new quality to the very idea of co-development in the field of tourism.

The definition of the tourist destination concept has changed considerably over recent years. The co-creation experience factor is currently at the core of the tourist destination. The ‘network destination’ concept has received the greatest academic consensus. It assumes the existence of inter- and intra-relations between agents, attractions, and tourist services, as well as destinations, which are co-managed. This paper proposes a conceptual approach of network analysis, the so-called SmartMax approach, which can examine the multi-destination tourism concept (unique, headquarters, circuit, and day-tripping). It presents its essentials, components, and methodology and offers an empirical application, with non-metric multivariable attributes, for a Spanish destination. The results allow for the determination of the weight of each destination level, and, most importantly, the groups of tourist attractions specific to each case.

Transport is usually viewed as means to get tourists to their destinations and to move about the destinations. Hence, transport projects intended to improve access by tourists to and within destinations are largely assessed according to their contribution to visitors' satisfaction. Yet, not all tourist destinations are the same. Heritage and religious destinations are particular sets of destinations. This paper seeks to identify the issues that have to be discussed when considering transport projects to such destinations. To this end the proposed cable car to the City of David and Western Wall in Jerusalem is discussed. On the basis of some of the objections raised against this project the underlying dilemmas are identified. The main dilemmas and issues raised are whether it is indeed desirable and appropriate to improve access to historic sites that may be over-crowded, what are the equity facets of such transport projects, particularly the distribution of benefits and cost between locals and tourists, and to what extent do the transport projects contribute to the heretization of such site – the social and political processes involved in presenting the story of such sites.

Cooking learning tourism (CLT), an innovative type of culinary tourism, is a growing and highly marketable phenomenon among tourists. However, few studies have explored the subject or the sources of fun it delivers to tourists. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in this study to explore the sources of fun in CLT. This study deconstructs the sources of fun into five factors: market tour experiences, positive interpersonal interactions, exotic food experiences and a sense of accomplishment, unique cooking learning experiences, and a fun learning atmosphere. The findings improve current knowledge of cooking learning at tourist destinations and provide implications and suggestions for how to market such destinations.

Through the lens of the value-based adoption model (VAM), this study examines consumers' perceived value and the intention to adopt virtual reality (VR) for evaluating various tourist destinations. The hypothesized model was tested through structural equation modeling using the responses of 208 Indian tourists. This work indicates the importance of perceived immersion and perceived physical risk as the two most vital indicators of benefits and sacrifice respectively. Moreover, perceived value was found to be one of the most important predictors in the adoption of VR. This study also identified that sensation-seeking behavior has a significant favorable influence on the behavioral intention to adopt VR for evaluating various tourist destinations. The study's findings will help departments of tourism and tourism companies attract more tourists through the power of VR.

Alpine grasslands provide essential ecosystem functions and services, yet they are increasingly subject to anthropogenic perturbations. Northwest Yunnan (NWY) is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China, and alpine grasslands of NWY are particularly susceptible to human recreational activities such as hiker trampling. However, studies that explicitly evaluate the effects of trampling disturbance on alpine communities of NWY are very limited, let alone research testing the responses of these communities to trampling from a functional trait perspective. The present research is performed in alpine grasslands within and outside of a core nature conservation area of Shangri-La, NWY of China, to study species- and community-level responses of alpine communities to simulated trampling through a functional trait-based approach. The results showed that although species-specific differences existed, alpine plants generally showed rapid morphological changes in response to trampling disturbance. At the community level, trampling disturbance caused strong shifts in taxonomy-based diversity metrics (e.g., species richness, Simpson’s index and Shannon’s index) and functional trait-based diversity metrics (e.g., functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and community-weighted mean trait values). Specifically, increased trampling intensity led to a decrease in taxonomic diversity. Meanwhile, functional richness decreased, while functional evenness and functional divergence increased with an increase in trampling intensity. Also, characteristics of alpine community traits had changed towards those with shorter height, reduced leaf size and lower LDMC, and such strong shifts in taxonomic and functional diversity might further affect the functioning and value of alpine grasslands. Therefore, the protection of high-altitude natural grasslands with high sensitivity and vulnerability is urgent, especially as they are increasingly experiencing multiple environmental and climatic stressors nowadays.