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Introduction and Objective: Social support appears to have a positive impact on the mental health and well-being of post-caregivers. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the perceived social support network and its role in post-caregiving., Materials and Methods: 56 family post-caregivers of older people participated in a semi-structured interview. In addition, the Social Support Questionnaire -MOS- and qualitative measures were applied. Descriptive analyses of the relationship between variables were carried out. At the qualitative level, we worked with a phenomenological design using the NVIVO program. Finally, data were triangulated using the mixed concurrent triangulation design methodology (DITRIAC)., Results: Post-care adjustment was positively associated with the dimensions of the perceived social support scale. The network of friends was found to be supportive during the loss, generating spaces for leisure and recreation that allowed post-caregivers to resume their social life. The family unit can move closer or further away. Children played a role of support and companionship for the post-caregivers and are also a source of motivation to cope and adapt to the loss of the cared-for relative. Participants emph asised the need to feel listened to and welcomed. 64.3% of participants referred to not having received psychological care., Conclusions: It is essential to carry out interventions that favor the development and maintenance of the family caregiver., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the long-term effects of a programme called Ser Mayor, un RETO («Being Older, a Challenge») aimed at improving quality of life in older adults over 60 living in the community., Methods: This programme used co-design principles to create sustainable opportunities to improve quality of life, connecting with the community, and empowering older adults to take responsibility for their own health. Ser Mayor, un RETO was based on Bronfenbrenner's bio-social-ecological perspective and the health assets model. Its design was complemented with leisure education and physical activity promotion-based guidelines, identified in the scientific literature. The study design was quasi-experimental, with control group, and was conducted over a period of 20-months (September 2017 to June 2019) in several municipalities near the city of Zaragoza (Spain), with the participation of 213 older adults (n=120 experimental group and n=93 control group). Data were analysed using generalised linear mixed models controlling for age and gender of participants and accounting for initial differences between groups in the study outcomes., Results: The results indicate that the experimental group experienced an improvement in levels of quality of life relative to the control group, which was sustained over the study period, especially in several physical dimensions of quality of life: physical function (P=.014), physical role (P=.027), physical component summary (P=.022) and in emotional role (P=.033)., Conclusion: The Ser Mayor, un RETO programme had a positive effect on the quality of life of older adults, showing potential for sustainability of its effects and for the service providers to develop a sense of ownership over the programme., (Copyright © 2024 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the self-perception of nurses and general practitioners (GPs) toward Physical Activity on Prescription (PAP) in Madrid Primary Health-Care (PHC)., Design: A survey-cohort study. SITE: Nurses and GPs of Madrid PHC System., Participants: A total of 319 GPs and 285 nurses' responders., Measurements: Data were analyzed under a classification tree analysis by four predictor variables: (i) Health professional (Nurses/GPs); (ii) Exercise prescription collaboration with all health professionals: physicians, nurses, psychologists, physical therapists, sports medicine physicians, sports scientists, nutritionists, and teachers (Yes/No); (iii) PA promotion collaboration with Sports Scientists (Yes/No); and (iv) The stage of change of PHC staff to PA promotion (0-4 Likert scale)., Results: Regarding the predictor variable (i), responders without PA guidelines knowledge and positive attitude to collaborate with nurses in PA promotion are more GPs of female sex (nurses n=33 and GPs n=175) than male sex (nurses n=3 and GPs n=59) (p<.001). For the predictor variable (ii) only 9.30% of PHC staff with a positive attitude to collaborate with all health professionals in PA promotion and exercise prescription. For the predictor variable (iii) was shown low collaboration with sports physicians and sports scientists under a multidisciplinary PAP approach (26.50% responders). Finally, in the predictor variable (iv) Staff maintaining PAP for at least 6 months, self-considered active, and with PAP knowledge want to collaborate with Sports scientists (Yes=233; No=133)., Conclusions: Nurses and GPs are conscious of health-related PA benefits despite the lack of PAP knowledge and lack of willingness to collaborate with other health personnel, exercise professionals, and community resources available., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Identify and reach consensus on the variables that affect the measurement of oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry., Methods: We applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to select relevant studies in databases such as Ebsco and PubMed. The search strategies, carried out until December 2023, focused on publications that addressed the technology of pulse oximeters and variables that influence their accuracy. We assessed the risk of bias of the included studies and used standardized methods for synthesis of results., Results: 23 studies were included. The synthesis of the results highlighted that equipment with tetrapolar technology showed greater precision in oxygen saturation measurements. Increased skin pigmentation, hemoglobinopathies and high skin temperatures can lead to an overestimation of SpO 2 , while factors such as low perfusion, cold skin temperature, nail polish or tattoos, hypoxemia, anemia and high altitude training, they may underestimate it. On the other hand, motion artifacts, light pollution, frequency >150 beats per minute, electromagnetic interference and location of the sensor can cause distortion of the photoplethymography signal., Conclusions: The synthesis of the results highlighted that skin pigmentation and light interference can lead to an overestimation of SpO 2 , while other factors such as low perfusion and altitude tend to underestimate it. The studies presented variability and heterogeneity in their designs, evidencing limitations in the consistency and precision of the evidence. Despite these limitations, the results underscore the importance of considering multiple variables when interpreting pulse oximetry measurements to ensure their reliability. The findings have significant implications for clinical practice and future research., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

The Public Health System of Andalusia develops the Socio-Educational Groups Strategy (GRUSE), focused on promoting the health and emotional well-being of those who present somatic symptoms without organic cause in primary care health centers. This intervention began with groups of women and has been extended to groups of men, after verifying that the unemployment caused by the economic crisis, generated discomfort due to the loss of the "productive role". A mixed methodology research has been designed to measure the effects of GRUSE in male participants. The quantitative design has longitudinal and quasi-experimental section, in which a battery of scales are used as instruments for collecting information. The qualitative design includes semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The objective of this article is to present the design of the research, with which it is expected to collect evidence of the impact of the intervention., (Copyright © 2024 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: In this article we sought to characterize the Long Stay Establishments for the Elderly in Chile, besides presenting the services offered in the public and private., Material and Methods: It is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study, with secondary information source. We analyze all establishments in the country registered with the National Service of the Elderly. As of November 2015, a total of 724 establishments were registered and distributed in 169 neighborhoods throughout the country in which 16,985 adults aged 60 and over were institutionalized., Results: Most of the establishments (65.9% [n=246/724]) are private, 47.5% of them (n=344/724) are located in the metropolitan region of Santiago. Of the residents' health, only 26.5% are considered functional brave, 28.3% are physically handicapped and 8.8% are mentally handicapped. Most establishments offer manual activities, physical exercises, memory classes, cultural classes and recreational or touristic tours. Proportionally of the activities offered were mostly private ones., Conclusions: In Chile, most of the establishments are private, located in the metropolitan region where there is the largest supply deficit of this type of service, with an occupancy rate of 90.7%, with 72.4% women and almost half 47.7% with some physical or psychic dependence., (Copyright © 2023 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Continuous monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines safety may provide  additional information to health care professionals and the general population.  The aim of the present study was to analyze the local and systemic adverse  events following the administration of the Spikevax® (Moderna) vaccine, and  to identify the factors related to greater reactogenicity., Method: Using a telephone survey, we interviewed 331 recipient of the  Spikevax® vaccine (50.2% men; Meanage = 46.4). Participants  haracteristics, prior COVID-19 infection and local and systemic adverse events  within seven days following the first and second vaccine doses were asked. Results: Injection site pain, fatigue and headache were the most common adverse events. The prevalence and intensity of local events was higher after the first dose, while systemic events were higher in the  second one. Most adverse events were mild/moderate; 1.2% of participants  needed hospitalization or emergency room visit. Women and participants aged  18-55 years were more likely to experience greater reactogenicity, participants  with prior COVID-19 infection had more systemic  events after the first dose, and participants with chronic diseases other than  hypertension reported fewer systemic adverse events following the second  dose., Conclusions: Our results are consistent with previous studies, identifying women, people aged 18-55 years and those with previous COVID- 19 infection as those who experienced the greatest reactogenicity to the  vaccine. A relationship was also found between reactogenicity and suffering from a chronic disease other than hypertension., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

In this study, a systematic review of researches published about the determining factors in the intention of the use of devices and digital technology in older adults has been carried out. The technology acceptance model is the framework used. The main result of the analysis of 60 scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 has been summarized after a bibliographic research and a subsequent selection process in the most important bibliographic databases: Web of Science (n=45), Scopus (n=66) and Google Scholar (n=224). It has been proved the predominance of quantitative studies with a prevalence of study factors that associate the intention to use technology with: Facilitating conditions, experience, health, social support, emotions, perceived enjoyment, perceived satisfaction in using technology, anxiety, perceived risk, motivation, cost, subjective norm and social influence. The results of the systematic review allow us to conclude the urgent need to incorporate new research on the identification and influence of these factors that stand between older adults and technology, as possible barriers or facilitators of use., (Copyright © 2022 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: The SolSano (HealthySun) project is a primary school sun education program that has been running in Aragon, Spain, since 2000. In the short term, it has proven to be effective at promoting sun protection behaviors and heightening awareness in childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the SolSano program., Participants and Methods: Retrospective, observational, analytical, cohort study of students at the University of Zaragoza between 2015 and 2016. The students answered a previously validated, purpose-designed, online questionnaire. We calculated descriptive statistics for all variables and performed bivariate and multivariate analyses to test for differences between students who had attended a primary school that ran the SolSano program and those who had not., Results: Data for 324 students were analyzed. Mean age was 22.9 years and 78% of the respondents were women. In total, 44% of the students had participated in the SolSano program at primary school. Half of the respondents (50.5%) had experienced 1 or 2 sunburn episodes the previous summer. Significant differences were only observed for some aspects addressed by the questionnaire between SolSano participants and nonparticipants., Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate the long-term effectiveness (15 years) of a primary school sun protection program. The absence of significant differences in our sample might be explained by non-continuation of the program into adolescence and the existence of sun protection campaigns outside the school., (Copyright © 2020. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviours in children with obesity and normal weight through accelerometer measures, and analyze the family environment related to physical activity., Design: Case-control study., Location: A health center and colleges of the Community of Madrid., Participants: A total of 50 obese children between 8 and 12 years of age (P > 97) and their mothers were matched by age, sex and socioeconomic status of their parents (1: 1) with 50 children with normopeso (GN; P < 85)., Main Measurements: Physical activity levels were measured by accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X), levels of physical activity of the primary caregiver were measured through physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and the environment in relation to the physical activity was measured by the Home Environment Scale (HES-S)., Results: The group GO showed less vigorous physical activity than their peers in the GN group. Vigorous physical activity in the GO group was associated with modeling and parental policies regarding physical activity. A multiple regression analysis revealed that 21% of the variance of weight status of children was explained by sex, vigorous physical activity and maternal body mass index., Conclusions: The levels of vigorous physical activity and the family environment differ between children with obesity and normal weight. Therefore, it is important to continue working on the awareness of illness and the promotion of healthy habits from Primary Care and the school and institutional context., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The socio-educational groups (GRUSE) are a health and emotional well-being promotion strategy, from an asset-based positive health approach. They principally target women who attend health centres with signs of discomfort with no organic basis finding. The strategy was evaluated through a quasi-experimental longitudinal design, with a mixed methodology. Information was collected from 228 women with a battery of scales and from an analysis of health system databases. Ten in-depth interviews with women were conducted, and 3 discussion groups with professionals. The aim of this article was to introduce the GRUSE strategy as a non-medical alternative intervention and to present the research design, seeking to identify the evidence of this practice implemented in primary health centres of Andalusia (Spain)., (Copyright © 2018 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To identify the classical risk factors and dimensions of emotional intelligence that are good predictors of cardiovascular disease according to sex., Method: The sample comprised 220 participants (110 with cardiovascular disease and 110 without cardiovascular disease). The demographic data and classic risk factors of each participant were recorded, and emotional intelligence evaluated through two questionnaires (TMMS-24 and PEC)., Results: Men with low emotional regulation had an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Exp(B) = 0.813; p <0.05). Women with low intrapersonal comprehension (Exp(B) = 0.252, p ≤0.05) or low emotional regulation (Exp(B) = 0.679; p <0.05) were more at risk., Conclusions: Emotional regulation predicts cardiovascular disease in both men and women and therefore can be considered as a risk factor in cardiovascular health, for both men and women., (Copyright © 2018 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A sedentary lifestyle is indicated in the international literature as one of the main causes for the onset of some cardiovascular risk factors., Objective: To assess the effect of a therapeutic physical exercise programme on different clinical indicators related to dyslipidaemia (total cholesterol, HDL and LDL) in sedentary subjects with a cardiovascular risk factor., Method: Intervention study with before-and-after evaluation of a sample of 340 patients (132 males and 208 females) referred from the 2 primary care centres of the municipality of Molina de Segura (Murcia), and who participated in a 30-week programme of physical exercise combining muscle-conditioning work circuits with other cardio-respiratory resistance workouts. Regarding the clinical indicators, the health professionals collected in the medical history the health indicators corresponding to the biological evolution of the process for which the subjects studied had started the physical exercise programme., Results: The statistical analyses showed a significant improvement (p<.005) in the LDL indicator and a non-significant improvement in total and HDL cholesterol indicators after a 3-month exercise programme of 3 weekly sessions., Conclusions: The prescription of physical exercise in dyslipidaemic subjects from primary care centre should be evaluated as a resource for improving the clinical indicators specific to their pathology., (Copyright © 2018 SEH-LELHA. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for People with Learning Disabilities (HoNOS-LD) is a brief instrument that assesses functioning in people with intellectual development disorder and mental health problems/behaviour disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the evidence on the validity of the scores based on the Spanish version of the HoNOS-LD., Material and Methods: The study included 111 participants that were assessed by the Spanish version of the HoNOS-LD and other questionnaires that measured different variables related to the scale. Thirty-three participants were assessed by 2 examiners, and retested 7 days later, in order to study inter-examiner reliability and test-retest reliabilities., Results: Based on clinical and conceptual criteria, and on the results of the parallel analysis, a factorial solution with one factor was selected. Internal consistency was good (Omega coefficient of 0.87). Inter-examiner and test-retest reliabilities were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.98, respectively). Correlations between sections of the HoNOS-LD and the related instruments showed the expected direction, and were highly significant (P<.001), and the HoNOS-LD score increased with the intensity of the support required by the participants. These results showed evidence of the validity of association with other external variables., Conclusions: The Spanish version of the HoNOS-LD is a brief, valid and reliable instrument, which will enable a routine assessment of functioning for different uses, including diagnosis and intervention., (Copyright © 2016 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate whether the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and family history of diabetes is modified by the levels of physical activity in the Chilean population., Method: In this study were included 5129 participants from the cross-sectional 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and family history of T2D, through self-reporting. The association between diabetes, family history of diabetes and physical activity was determined using logistic regression., Results: The odds of developing T2D in people with family history of this pathology is high, independent of their levels of physical activity and adiposity. Both men and women with family history of T2D have a higher probability of developing T2D. The odds ratio for having T2D was 5,49 (95%CI: 3,85-7,84; p <0,0001) in women, and 8,16 (95%CI: 4,96-13,4; p <0,0001) in men with family history of T2D and low levels of physical activity in comparison to those with high levels of physical activity and without a family history., Conclusion: Given the elevated risk of developing T2D presented by individuals with a family history of this pathology, and the effect of physical activity in reducing such risk, people with family history of diabetes may need higher levels of physical activity to attenuate their susceptibility to T2D., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To design and validate a specific instrument to detect exercised and suffered in the relations of young couples in violence., Method: Descriptive study of validation clinimetric. Stratified by sex and area of knowledge, which was adopted as inclusion criteria have or have had any relationship. The sample consisted of 447 subjects., Results: We obtained the Multidimensional Scale Dating Violence (EMVN), 32 items with three dimensions: physical and sexual assault, behavior control (cyberbullying, surveillance and harassment) and abuse psicoemocional (disparagement and domination), as a victim or as aggressor. No statistically significant differences were found between the violence exerted and the violence suffered, but it was based on sex., Conclusion: The EMVN is a valid and reliable scale that measures the different elements of violence in couples of young people and you can suppose a resource for the comprehensive detection of violent behaviors in dating relationships that are established among young people., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Prioritizing corresponds to the process of selecting and managing health needs identified after diagnosing the community's health needs and assets. Recently, the health needs assessment has been reinforced with the community perspective, providing multiple benefits: it sensitizes and empowers the community about their health, encourages mutual support among its members and promotes their importance by making them responsible for the process of improving their own reality. The objective of this paper is to describe the prioritization of Barcelona Salut als Barris, a community health strategy led by the Barcelona Public Health Agency to promote equity in health in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Gender equity (GE) is a structural determinant of health inequalities. In this light, our objective is to show the evolution of gender equity in the Spanish autonomous communities since 2006, prior to the enactment of the Equality Act (2007) and the economic crisis (2008), until 2014., Method: Ecological study of gender equity in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities from 2006-2011-2014. We have calculated: 1) modified gender equity index (MGEI) for the autonomous communities (0=equity, ±1=inequity); 2) interregional and temporal convergences in gender equity., Results: The MGEI in the autonomous communities in 2014 has negative values close to 0 (inequity towards women). There is no interregional convergence due to the dispersion increase (2006: 0.1503; 2011: 0.2280; 2014: 0.4964), and no temporal convergence due to the lack of progress of the autonomous communities with poor gender equity. The gender gap in economic activity continues to be unfavourable to women, decreasing in all communities between 2006 and 2011 but increasing in six communities in 2014. The gender gap in education from 2006-2011-2014 has positive values close to 0 (unfavourable to men), while the gender gap in empowerment is unfavourable to women, representing the most significant gender equity disparity. Inter-community dispersion of economic activity and education did not change between 2006 and 2014, while inter-community dispersion of empowerment increased., Conclusions: The level of gender equity achieved in the Spanish autonomous communities in 2006 was lost during the economic crisis, as gender equity disparities between the communities had increased by 2014. Gender inequity continues to be unfavourable to women., (Copyright © 2016 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The relationship between extraversion and wellbeing has been discussed in the literature, however, the impact that this trait has on the wellbeing of older people has been studied to a lesser extent. The relationship between extraversion, participation in activities and psychological wellbeing in older people is analysed in this study., Material and Methods: The sample comprised 139 individuals over 55 years from rural and urban areas of the province of Granada who completed the extraversion subscale of the NEO-FFI and the Ryff Scales of the Psychological Wellbeing, as well as responding to questions that evaluated their social participation., Results: A greater social participation was found in rural areas and among women. The activities more frequently performed by the participants were educational and religious activities, walking, everyday chores, crafts, and home improvements. A low positive correlation between extraversion and wellbeing was observed. The multiple regression analysis revealed that extraversion explained 19.9% of the variance in psychological wellbeing, which increased to 25.3% when social participation, gender, and the origin of the sample were considered., Conclusions: Psychological wellbeing appears to be associated with personality traits, such as extraversion. In addition this personality trait is linked to the number and type of activities the elderly perform which also contributes to wellbeing in old age., (Copyright © 2015 SEGG. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The prevalence of diseases related to eating behaviour disorders has increased among adolescents. The objective of this study is to analyse the satisfaction with body weight of schoolchildren as regards their body mass index and the strategies used to control the diet., Method: A total of 1197 students from secondary education (12-18 years) answered a questionnaire on eating habits and body weight control. Their weight and height was measured and body mass index was calculated., Results: More than two-thirds (68.1%) of students who had an adequate BMI were satisfied with their weight. Greater dissatisfaction with the weight is associated with overweight (OR=10.23) and obesity (OR=16.60). Students with overweight are on a diet consulting an expert such as a physician or even the family, whereas among schoolchildren with normal weight there is a large percentage on a diet on their own. A 13.87% of the schoolchildren have been undertaken Compensatory activities before excessive eating has been undertaken by 13.87% of the schoolchildren. An overweight BMI is associated, with more than twice the risk (OR>2.00), with the use of measures such as physical activity, vomiting, or fasting to compensate an excessive intake., Conclusions: Overweight and obese schoolchildren are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body, and are more likely to use ploys such as vomiting, in order to compensate for the excess intake., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Objective: To evaluate the results of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) screening program currently ongoing in the public health services in the health area of Salamanca and Zamora, Spain, in terms of feasibility, reliability and costs, with the purpose of extending the program at regional and national levels., Method: A total of 54 paediatric teams (nurses and paediatricians) from the provinces of Salamanca and Zamora participated in the training sessions for the PDD Screening Programme in September 2005, and agreed to administer the questionnaire M-CHAT(1) to all parents attending their clinics in any of these two visits: 18 months and/or 24 months within the Well-baby Check-up Program. A total of 9,524 children have participated up to December 2012. Additionally, we evaluated the participation and opinions of the paediatric teams using questionnaires, and costs per positive case have estimated., Results: Out of a total of 852 (8.9%) children determined as PDD high-risk with the M-CHAT questionnaire results, 61 (7.1%) were confirmed as positive with the M-CHAT follow-up interview. Of these, 22 were diagnosed with a PDD and 31 other disorders of childhood onset according to DSM-IV-TR(2). Almost three-quarters (74%) of respondents felt the program was totally feasible, and 22% viable, but with reservations (n=54)., Conclusions: This study has been able to show for the first time in Spain, the feasibility of a population-based PDD screening program within the public health system. Training in social and communicative development, and dissemination of the early signs of PDD among paediatricians, as well as the use of the M-CHAT, is essential for progress in the early detection of these disorders., (Copyright © 2013 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of perception of the environment in physical activity habits of schoolchildren (aged 9-11 years) in the province of Cuenca, Spain., Methods: Using a phenomenological perspective drawings were analyzed individual about their environment and places you normally would from a purposive sample of 32 students of 4th and 5th year of primary education. These same students participated in seven focus groups with a script aimed to obtain information on their perception of the environment and its influence on physical activity habits., Results: After analyzing four categories emerged: residence, urban configuration, displacements/commuting and sense of belonging or membership to the neighborhood. The students perceived that reside in gated communities or in rural areas facilitates physical activity of schoolchildren, while residing in neighborhoods and cities less accessible, feeling of insecurity traffic, make car journeys, and the sense of not belonging or membership to the neighborhood were perceived by children as barriers to being active., Conclusions: The perception of the environment influences physical activity habits of schoolchildren in the province of Cuenca. Changes in physical activity patterns of schoolchildren cannot take place without considering the context in which the individual exists, so specific strategies are needed that take into account the urban environment to promote physical activity of schoolchildren., (Copyright © 2013 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

The concept of disability is related to discrimination and social exclusion; that is, this issue is a socio-political question whose effects go well beyond the health of the individual. The social and human rights based model of disability points the way to fresh opportunities for action to promote the wellbeing and health of the seventy million Deaf people living in the world today. The key factors in preventing discrimination against the Deaf are recognition of their specific cultural and linguistic identity (including sign languages and Deaf culture), bilingual education, the availability of professional sign language interpreting, and access to information and communication. The present article aims to encourage greater understanding of the significance of adopting this new perspective on disability, its congruence with current national and international legislation on the rights of persons with disabilities in general and of Deaf persons in particular, and its implications in the policies and praxis due to be implemented in Spain over the next few years on enhancing the health of the Deaf community through significant examples of good practice. Examples of good practice for distinct Deaf communities include collaboration between these communities and the health sector, health training for sign language users, the inclusion of the language and culture of Deaf persons in training programs for healthcare professionals, training of Deaf specialists as future health researchers and workers, and health care services that are more accessible via different sign languages., (Copyright © 2010 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

The capacity to recover from extremes of trauma and stress is termed resilience. Resilience reflects a dynamic confluence of factors that promotes positive adaptation despite exposure to adverse life experiences. Resilience is thought to be important as a component of successful psychosocial adjustment and is associated with mental health. In recent years, increasing attention has been drawn to the potential role that personality and neurobiology might play in determining resilience. This paper presents, from de current knowledge, an overview of the concept of resilience and its implications to the healthcare., (Copyright © 2009 SEP y SEPB. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

The study of voice disorders present some specific difficulties such as the aetiological variability of this kind of disorders or the heterogeneity and the poor data we have about the effectiveness of certain treatments used. Research has performed different types of questionnaires in this area to obtain data about the treatments used in clinical practice. These studies have shown lack or scarce of evaluation and control methods in the rehabilitation programs that the specialists commonly use. In this report, a screening questionnaire was sent to the Otorhinolaryngology Departments of the Spanish Hospitals to obtain information about evaluation and treatment resources in voice pathologies. The results show great variability in clinical voice disorders in Spain. However we can observe a full agreement in the need to systematize this evaluation and the collaboration of the speech-therapists in the treatment of the voice disorders.